A generalized rough set-based information filling technique for failure analysis of thruster experimental data

Interval-valued data and incomplete data are two key problems for failure analysis of thruster experimental data and have been basically solved by the proposed methods in this paper. Firstly, information data acquired from the simulation and evaluation system formed as intervalvalued information system （IIS） is classified by the interval similarity relation. Then, as an improvement of the classical rough set, a new kind of generalized information entropy called ＂H＇-information entropy＂ is suggested for the measurement of uncertainty and the classification ability of IIS. There is an innovative information filling technique using the properties of H＇-information entropy to replace missing data by some smaller estimation intervals. Finally, an improved method of failure analysis synthesized by the above achievements is presented to classify the thruster experimental data, complete the information, and extract the failure rules. The feasibility and advantage of this method is testified by an actual application of failure analysis, whose performance is evaluated by the quantification of E-condition entropy.     

Analysis of blade vibration response induced by rotating stall in axial compressor

An experimental and numerical study was conducted to investigate the forced response of blade vibration induced by rotating stall in a low speed axial compressor. Measurements have been made of the transient stalling process in a low speed axial compressor stage. The CFD study was performed using solution of 3-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with structure finite element models for the blades to identify modal shapes and structural deformations simultaneously. Interactions between fluid and structure were managed in a coupled manner, based on the interface information exchange until convergence in each time step. Based on the rotating stall measurement data obtained from a low speed axial compressor, the blade aeroelastic response induced by the rotating stall flow field was analyzed to study the vibration characteristics and the correlation between the phenomena. With this approach,good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data was observed. The flow phenomena were well captured, and the results indicate that the rotating field stall plays a significant role in the blade vibration and stress affected by the flow excitation.      

Numerical investigation of flow separation behavior in an over-expanded annular conical aerospike nozzle

A three-part numerical investigation has been conducted in order to identify the flow separation behavior––the progression of the shock structure, the flow separation pattern with an increase in the nozzle pressure ratio(NPR), the prediction of the separation data on the nozzle wall,and the influence of the gas density effect on the flow separation behavior are included.The computational results reveal that the annular conical aerospike nozzle is dominated by shock/shock and shock/boundary layer interactions at all calculated NPRs, and the shock physics and associated flow separation behavior are quite complex.An abnormal flow separation behavior as well as a transition process from no flow separation at highly over-expanded conditions to a restricted shock separation and finally to a free shock separation even at the deign condition can be observed.The complex shock physics has further influence on the separation data on both the spike and cowl walls, and separation criteria suggested by literatures developed from separation data in conical or bell-type rocket nozzles fail at the prediction of flow separation behavior in the present asymmetric supersonic nozzle.Correlation of flow separation with the gas density is distinct for highly overexpanded conditions.Decreasing the gas density or reducing mass flow results in a smaller adverse pressure gradient across the separation shock or a weaker shock system, and this is strongly coupled with the flow separation behavior.The computational results agree well with the experimental data in both shock physics and static wall pressure distribution at the specific NPRs, indicating that the computational methodology here is advisable to accurately predict the flow physics.     

A New Single-blade Based Hybrid CFD Method for Hovering and Forward-flight Rotor Computation

A hybrid Euler/full potential/Lagrangian wake method,based on single-blade simulation,for predicting unsteady aerodynamic flow around helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight has been developed.In this method,an Euler solver is used to model the near wake evolution and transonic flow phenomena in the vicinity of the blade,and a full potential equation(FPE) is used to model the isentropic potential flow region far away from the rotor,while the wake effects of other blades and the far wake are incorporated into the flow solution as an induced inflow distribution using a Lagrangian based wake analysis.To further reduce the execution time,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solution and rotor wake analysis(including induced velocity up-date) are conducted parallelly,and a load balancing strategy is employed to account for the information exchange between two solvers.By the developed method,several hover and forward-flight cases on Caradonna-Tung and Helishape 7A rotors are per-formed.Good agreements of the loadings on blade surface with available measured data demonstrate the validation of the method.Also,the CPU time required for different computation runs is compared in the paper,and the results show that the pre-sent hybrid method is superior to conventional CFD method in time cost,and will be more efficient with the number of blades increasing.     

Design and numerical investigation of swirl recovery vanes for the Fokker 29 propeller

Swirl recovery vanes（SRVs） are a set of stationary vanes located downstream from a propeller, which may recover some of the residual swirl from the propeller, hoping for an improvement in both thrust and efficiency. The SRV concept design for a scaled version representing the Fokker 29 propeller is performed in this paper, which may give rise to a promotion in propulsive performance of this traditional propeller. Firstly the numerical strategy is validated from two aspects of global quantities and the local flow field of the propeller compared with experimental data, and then the exit flow together with the development of propeller wake is analyzed in detail.Three kinds of SRV are designed with multiple circular airfoils. The numerical results show that the swirl behind the propeller is recovered significantly with Model V3, which is characterized by the highest solidity along spanwise, for various working conditions, and the combination of rotor and vane produced 5.76% extra thrust at the design point. However, a lower efficiency is observed asking for a better vane design and the choice of a working point. The vane position is studied which shows that there is an optimum range for higher thrust and efficiency.     

Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow with vortex production——A general model

By using a special momentum approach and with the help of interchange between singularity velocity and induced flow velocity, we derive in a physical way explicit force formulas for twodimensional inviscid flow involving multiple bound and free vortices, multiple airfoils, and vortex production. These force formulas hold individually for each airfoil thus allowing for force decomposition, and the contributions to forces from singularities(such as bound and image vortices,sources, and doublets) and bodies out of an airfoil are related to their induced velocities at the locations of singularities inside this airfoil. The force contribution due to vortex production is related to the vortex production rate and the distance between each pair of vortices in production, thus frameindependent. The formulas are validated against a number of standard problems. These force formulas, which generalize the classic Kutta–Joukowski theorem(for a single bound vortex) and the recent generalized Lagally theorem(for problems without a bound vortex and vortex production) to more general cases, can be used to identify or understand the roles of outside vortices and bodies on the forces of the actual body, optimize arrangement of outside vortices and bodies for force enhancement or reduction, and derive analytical force formulas once the flow field is given or known.     

Numerical optimization of transonic natural laminar flow nacelles

Natural laminar flow nacelle is a promising technology for drag reduction. In this paper,an optimization platform is established for the design of transonic axisymmetric and threedimensional natural laminar flow nacelles for large civil aircraft. The platform adopts the class/shape transformation method for geometric parameterization, a four-equation transition model for transition prediction, and the differential evolution algorithm combined with the radial basis function surrogate model as the...     

Mechanism of unconventional aerodynamic characteristics of an elliptic airfoil

Abstract The aerodynamic characteristics of elliptic airfoil are quite different from the case of conventional airfoil for Reynolds number varying from about 10~4to 10~6.In order to reveal the fundamental mechanism,the unsteady flow around a stationary two-dimensional elliptic airfoil with 16%relative thickness has been simulated using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the γ-Reθt transition turbulence model at different angles of attack for flow Reynolds number of 5×10~5.The aerodynamic coefficients and the pressure distribution obtained by computation are in good agreement with experimental data,which indicates that the numerical method works well.Through this study,the mechanism of the unconventional aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil is analyzed and discussed based on the computational predictions coupled with the wind tunnel results.It is considered that the boundary layer transition at the leading edge and the unsteady flow separation vortices at the trailing edge are the causes of the case.Furthermore,a valuable insight into the physics of how the flow behavior affects the elliptic airfoil’s aerodynamics is provided.     

Design and optimization of electrolyte flow fields in electrochemical machining of cross-channel array with tool vibration

A metallic interconnect plate with a flow channel array is one of the most important elements in a solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC). Electrochemical machining(ECM) is considered to be an adoptable technology for fabricating flow channels in an interconnect plate on account of its efficiency and low cost. With respect to the traditional electrolyte flow mode in ECM cross-channel array, the electrolyte usually flows from one side to the opposite side of the rectangular processing area. However, obvious...     

Fuzzy norm method for evaluating random vibration of airborne platform from limited PSD data

For random vibration of airborne platform, the accurate evaluation is a key indicator to ensure normal operation of airborne equipment in flight. However, only limited power spectral density（PSD） data can be obtained at the stage of flight test. Thus, those conventional evaluation methods cannot be employed when the distribution characteristics and priori information are unknown. In this paper, the fuzzy norm method（FNM） is proposed which combines the advantages of fuzzy theory and norm theory. The proposed method can deeply dig system information from limited data, which probability distribution is not taken into account. Firstly, the FNM is employed to evaluate variable interval and expanded uncertainty from limited PSD data, and the performance of FNM is demonstrated by confidence level, reliability and computing accuracy of expanded uncertainty. In addition, the optimal fuzzy parameters are discussed to meet the requirements of aviation standards and metrological practice. Finally, computer simulation is used to prove the adaptability of FNM. Compared with statistical methods, FNM has superiority for evaluating expanded uncertainty from limited data. The results show that the reliability of calculation and evaluation is superior to 95%.     

机器学习在流动控制领域的应用及发展趋势

流动控制作为流体力学中的重要跨学科领域,一直是科学研究和工程应用关注的焦点之一。由于流动系统具有强非线性等复杂特征,对流动的控制尤其是闭环控制,一直颇富挑战性。近年来机器学习的迅速发展为许多学科带来了新的方法、新的视角和新的观点,对于流动控制领域亦是如此。通过回顾现阶段三类基于机器学习的流动控制方法,为主动流动控制领域的研究者展示机器学习在流动控制中应用的整体概况,进而勾勒出本领域的发展趋势。     

智能赋能流体力学展望

人工智能（AI）是21世纪的前沿科技,流体力学如何在智能化时代焕发青春是值得本领域研究者思考的话题。从智能赋能流体力学角度,就其研究内涵、研究内容、近期研究及难点进行了总结,并对智能流体力学未来的发展进行了展望。研究指出,流体力学计算或试验中所产生的数据是天生的大数据,如何通过深度神经网络、随机森林、强化学习等机器学习方法来利用这些数据,缓解甚至替代理论和方法层面对人脑的依赖,挖掘新的知识,成为一种新的研究范式;相关研究将涵盖流动控制方程的机器学习、湍流模型的机器学习、物理量纲分析与标度的智能化以及数值模拟方法的智能化;借助人工智能技术,发展流动信息特征提取与多源数据融合的智能化是流体力学发展的迫切需求;研究内容应至少涵盖海量数据挖掘方法以及多源气动数据的智能融合;发展数据驱动的流体力学多学科、多物理场耦合建模与控制是工程应用的迫切需求,相关工作涉及多场耦合建模、气动外形智能优化设计以及流动智能自适应控制等方面。     

基于卷积神经网络的深度学习流场特征识别及应用进展

深度学习架构的出色性能使得机器学习在流体力学中的应用得到新的发展,可以应对流体力学中诸多问题和需求。卷积神经网络（CNN）强大的非线性映射能力以及分层提取信息特征的功能,使其成为当下流场特征研究不容忽视的工具。围绕这一研究前沿与热点问题,概述和归纳了这一研究领域的进展与成果。首先,对深度学习在流体力学中的发展以及卷积神经网络进行了简单的回顾。然后,从卷积神经网络能够识别特征出发,先后介绍了基于卷积的深度学习特征识别在流场预测、流动外形优化、流场可视化精度提升和生成对抗等应用方面的研究进展。最后,对深度学习在流场识别领域的应用进行了展望,为后续的研究提供参考。     

流体力学深度学习建模技术研究进展

深度学习技术在图像处理、语言翻译、疾病诊断、游戏竞赛等领域已带来了颠覆性的变化。流体力学问题由于维度高、非线性强、数据量大等特点,恰恰是深度学习擅长并可以带来研究范式创新的重要领域。目前,深度学习技术已在流体力学领域得到了初步应用,其应用潜力逐渐得到证实。以流体力学深度学习技术为背景,结合课题组近期研究结果,探讨了流体力学深度学习建模技术及其最新进展。首先,对深度学习技术所涉及的基本理论做了介绍,阐释流场建模中常用深度学习方法背后的数学原理。其次,分别对流体力学控制方程、流场重构、特征量建模和应用等几个典型的人工智能与流体力学交叉问题应用场景所涉及的深度学习技术研究进展进行了介绍。最后,探讨了流体力学深度学习建模技术所面临的挑战与未来发展趋势。     

Adaptive flow control of low-Reynolds number aerodynamics using dielectric barrier discharge actuator

Aerodynamic performance of low-Reynolds number flyers, for a chord-based Reynolds number of 10⁵ or below, is sensitive to wind gusts and flow separation. Active flow control offers insight into fluid physics as well as possible improvements in vehicle performance. While facilitating flow control by introducing feedback control and fluidic devices, major challenges of achieving a target aerodynamic performance under unsteady flow conditions lie on the high-dimensional nonlinear dynamics of the flow system. Therefore, a successful flow control framework requires a viable as well as accessible control scheme and understanding of underlying flow dynamics as key information of the flow system. On the other hand, promising devices have been developed recently to facilitate flow control in this flow regime. The dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator is such an example; it does not have moving parts and provides fast impact on the flow field locally. In this paper, recent feedback flow control studies, especially those focusing on unsteady low-Reynolds number aerodynamics, are reviewed. As an example of an effective flow control framework, it is demonstrated that aerodynamic lift of a high angle-of-attack wing under fluctuating free-stream conditions can be stabilized using the DBD actuator and an adaptive algorithm based on general input–output models. System nonlinearities and control challenges are discussed by assessing control performance and the variation of the system parameters under various flow and actuation conditions. Other fundamental issues from the flow dynamics view point, such as the lift stabilization mechanism and the influence on drag fluctuation are also explored. Both potentiality and limitation of the linear modeling approach are discussed. In addition, guidelines on system identification and the controller and actuator setups are suggested.     

Electrochemical trepanning with uniform electrolyte flow around the entire blade profile

In the traditional machining process for diffusers, blades are easily deformed, and methods suffer from high tool wear and low efficiency. Electrochemical machining(ECM) possesses unique advantages when applied to these difficult-to-machine materials. In the ECM process, theflow field plays a crucial role. Here, an electrolyte flow mode that supplies uniform flow around the entire blade profile was adopted for electrochemical trepanning of diffusers. Various flow rates were employed to obtain the optimal flow field. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS software, and results indicated that increasing the flow rate substantially afforded a more uniform flowfield. A series of experiments was then performed, and results revealed that increasing the flow rate greatly improved both the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the diffusers. The maximum feeding rate of the cathode reached 4 mm/min, the blade taper of the concave part decreased to 0.02, and the blade roughness was reduced to 1.216 lm. The results of this study demonstrated the high feasibility of this method and its potential for machining other complex components for engineering applications.     

关于格子Boltzmann方法的几个问题(Ⅰ)

格子气方法及后续发展的格子Boltzmann方法,是一种完全不同于传统流场计算的基于介观物理的新方法.由于其内在的优势,尽管该方法问世不过几十年的时间,就在传统计算流体力学难于处理的研究领域得到了广泛的应用,被誉为是现代流体力学的一场变革.文章主要论述了格子Boltzmann方法有关学术思想的源头,论述在该论题发展过程中的一些关键性工作.     

NNW-TopViz流场可视分析系统

流场可视化技术采用图形图像直观地表现CFD数值模拟的计算结果,使用户能够方便地对这些数据进行分析、比较和研究。然而,CFD数值模拟的流动复杂,其产生的流场数据规模巨大、数据类型复杂、特征提取困难,传统的串行可视化软件效率低、交互手段单一,难以满足数据分析的需求。国家数值风洞（NNW）工程研制了一套流场数据处理可视化软件系统（NNW-TopViz,简称TopViz）,具有对流场数据处理与特征提取、几何图形绘制等可视化与交互功能。根据可视分析效率需求,TopViz实现了线程并行,在多核计算环境下有效提高了可视化计算和交互效率;针对流场特征提取困难、常规方法效率低的问题,TopViz实现了基于卷积神经网络的流场旋涡特征提取方法,提升了特征提取准确率和效率;为提高软件交互效率并提供便捷的交互方式和体验,基于头戴式显示设备和体感控制器构建沉浸式虚拟显示与交互平台,TopViz实现了手势和眼球凝视2种交互方法,提供沉浸式环境下多视图、多角度流场探测方式。     

The powered resonance tube: From Hartmann's discovery to current active flow control applications

Hartmann discovered the resonance tube phenomenon in 1918. Although researchers have conducted extensive studies on this topic during the intervening 90 years, no single resource lists, analyzes, synthesizes and interprets the vast body of findings. This review offers a consolidated resource tracing development of the Hartmann tube from discovery to recent advances in understanding, prediction and application of the resonance tube. This review (a) serves as a literature resource for researchers from diverse areas, (b) provides a critical assessment of the state of the art, and (c) provides examples of the vast possibilities for applying this device.Controlled flow-induced resonance can produce high-amplitude dynamic pressures and acoustic emission over a range of frequencies. Studies on such acoustic generators interested researchers during the last half of the 20th century. Hartmann demonstrated the possibility of obtaining high acoustic efficiencies when a jet is aimed at the open end of a tube closed at the other end. His work led to numerous other studies—some that examined the physics and others that developed geometric variants and explored industrial applications. In the last decade there has been renewed interest in powered resonance tubes (PRT) because of their potential as active flow control actuators. This article also evaluates the success of flow-control strategies using PRTs, and attempts to identify promising PRT applications.     

压气机叶栅叶片表面附面层流态变化影响因素探讨

以平面叶栅中的二元叶栅模型为试验对象,测量了在不同来流条件下叶片表面流场分布情况及栅后气流参数,分析了不同来流条件下叶片表面附面层流动状态的变化。并借助数值模拟手段重点研究了在不同来流马赫数和冲角下,叶片表面压力梯度对层流附面层向紊流附面层转捩过程的影响,通过利用实验数据分析研究来流条件对转捩过程的影响,为从机理上更深刻地认识叶片表面粘性附面层转捩机制提供了科学参考依据。