Bump进气道设计与试验研究

对一种先进的无隔道超音速进气道(Bump或者DSI)进行了设计方法和风洞试验研究。研究表明:Bump进气道性能优异,并且取消了传统的超音速战斗机进气道设计中的附面层隔道、泄放系统和旁路系统,使得飞机阻力小、重量轻、可靠性高。Bump进气道是根据锥型流理论,采用乘波原理设计的。即用机身形面去截取锥形流场,在此范围内进行压缩面的设计,由于锥型波波后产生等熵压缩,在压缩面展向形成一定的压力梯度,将附面层排出进气道口外。     

A study on turbulence transportation and modification of Spalart–Allmaras model for shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow

It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development of turbulent kinetic energy in impinging shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow at Mach 2.25 is analyzed based on the data of direct numerical simulation(DNS). It is found that the turbulent kinetic energy is amplified by strong shear in the separation zone and the adverse pressure gradient near the separation point. The pressure gradient was non-dimensionalised with local density, velocity, and viscosity. Spalart–Allmaras(S–A) model is modified by introducing the non-dimensional pressure gradient into the production term of the eddy viscosity transportation equation. Simulation results show that the production and dissipation of eddy viscosity are strongly enhanced by the modification of S–A model. Compared with DNS and experimental data, the wall pressure and the wall skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity profile of the modified S–A model are obviously improved. Thus it can be concluded that the modification of S–A model with the pressure gradient can improve the predictive accuracy for simulating the shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction.     

应用LDV研究二元管道内分离流动

应用二维激光多普勒仪测量了二元曲壁非对称扩张通道内的湍流附面层分离流动。得到了时均速度、雷诺应力、平均流动方向角及正反向间歇流动因子的分布。文中给出了所测结果的不确定度,并在激光测速的近壁测量上做了尝试。实验结果分析表明:间歇瞬时分离点对应于附面层内垂直压强梯度的最大值;Schofield的速度尺度和长度尺度可用于形成新的速度相似型;正反向间歇流动因子γpuo与平均流动方向角存在着简单的线性关系。     

Characteristics of reattached boundary layer in shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction

The reattached boundary layer in the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a flatplate turbulent boundary layer at Mach number 2.25 is studied by means of Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS). The numerical results are carefully compared with available experimental and DNS data in terms of turbulence statistics, wall pressure and skin friction. The coherent vortex structures are significantly enhanced due to the shock interaction, and the reattached boundary layer is characterized by large-scale...     

超疏水壁面湍流边界层减阻机理的TRPIV实验

利用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速（TRPIV）技术,开展超疏水壁面材料湍流边界层减阻机理的实验研究.在循环水槽中,对超疏水壁面和亲水壁面湍流边界层瞬时速度矢量场的时间序列进行了实验测量.得到了同一来流速度（0.17m/s）下超疏水壁面和亲水壁面湍流边界层的平均速度、湍流度及雷诺切应力沿法向的分布规律.提出了空间多尺度局部平均涡量的概念,并以此为特征量检测壁湍流发卡涡展向涡头的中心位置.用条件采样及空间相位平均技术提取了不同法向位置发卡涡展向涡头周围流向脉动速度和流线的空间拓扑,对发卡涡展向涡头的俯仰角进行了对比,并从鞍点-焦点动力系统的角度分析了发卡涡展向涡头附近的流线拓扑特征.研究表明：雷诺数约为13500时,相比亲水壁面,超疏水壁面实现了10.1%的减阻.超疏水壁面平均速度明显增大,雷诺切应力减小,流向湍流度减弱,发卡涡展向涡头俯仰角较小,近壁区相干结构的发展受到抑制.     

吸力面翼刀对压气机叶栅内二次流的影响

1引言在叶轮机械叶栅内流动控制中,可以通过在叶片吸力面、端壁上安装翼刀或隔片,控制二次流的发展,降低二次流损失,其中将翼刀加装在吸力面上的控制方式即为吸力面翼刀控制技术。吸力面翼刀主要是通过阻断端壁附面层和叶片吸力面附面层近端壁处低能流动沿吸力面的展向迁移来对     

建筑LES模拟脉动入口的适用性研究

采用周期人流边界,在展向等间距网格系统中对平板湍流边界层(驱动单元)进行LES模拟,并将顺压力梯度引人流体控制方程以维持湍流边界层厚度的稳定.记录驱动单元脉动时程并将其引人虚拟模拟网格系统(验证单元)以研究LES脉动人口方法的适用性.数值结果表明,采用周期人流边界可成功实现脉动输人,边界层在顺压力梯度下的自保持性良好;脉动人流特性在驱动单元内保持良好,可满足工程需求;顺流向平均流速剖面以及湍流强度剖面均满足低湍流度下的风场特性.数值结果可为我国B类地貌下抗风研究采用.     

主流压力梯度对气膜冷却效率影响的数值研究

分别对收缩通道、扩张通道和直通道中亚声速主流条件下的气膜冷却进行数值模拟,对比分析了不同主流压力梯度、次流吹风比条件下的主流和次流流场、温度场特征。研究结果表明:引起气膜冷却效率变化和不同发展趋势的因素可归结为主流边界层厚度、主次流自由剪切混合程度、肾形涡的强度和位置等因素。相对于零压力梯度的主流条件,在吹风比较小(M=0.25)的情况下,主流的逆压力梯度一方面增厚边界层、增强了气膜射流对主流的穿透,另一方面减小了肾形涡的强度,综合作用的结果是气膜平均冷却效率提高了4.91%。在吹风比较大(M=2)的情况下,主流的顺压力梯度扼制主流边界层的发展、抑制气膜射流的穿透能力,降低肾形涡涡核的位置,从而提高气膜冷却效率达17.40%。      

超声速压气机叶栅前缘通道激波损失的鼓包控制研究

为了有效减小超声速压气机叶栅变进气马赫数条件下的前缘通道激波损失及由激波诱导的边界层分离,提出了一种带有平直过渡区的新型鼓包结构,并采用数值方法详细分析了新型鼓包结构对激波与激波/边界层相互作用机理以及鼓包几何尺寸与位置对控制效果的影响机制。研究结果表明:新型鼓包在迎风侧凹面产生的压缩波系有效削弱了前缘通道激波的强度,鼓包过渡区产生的膨胀波系使边界层流体加速,明显抑制了局部流动分离,并使分离提前再附。当某一超声速压气机叶栅的前缘通道激波入射在鼓包的过渡区范围内,鼓包高度为0.35倍的边界层厚度且鼓包迎风侧与背风侧长度分别为过渡区长度4倍与5倍时,可以实现较好的控制效果。此外,与无鼓包方案相比,新型鼓包结构可使超声压气机叶栅在设计工况下的总压损失减少4.6%,同时超声速压气机叶栅进气马赫数在1.65~1.8范围内仍能取得较好的气动减损效果。      

Direct numerical simulation of impinging shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction over a wavy-wall

The interaction of an impinging oblique shock wave with an angle of 30° and a supersonic turbulent boundary layer at Ma_∞=2.9 and Re_θ = 2400 over a wavy-wall is investigated through direct numerical simulation and compared with the interaction on a flat-plate under the same flow conditions. A sinusoidal wave with amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.26 moves in the streamwise direction and is uniformly distributed across the spanwise direction. The influences of the wavy-wall on the interaction, including the characterization of the flow field, the skin-friction, pressure and the budget of turbulence kinetic energy, are systematically studied. The region of separation grows slightly and decomposes into four bubbles. Local peaks of skin-friction are observed at the rear part of the interaction region. The low-frequency shock motion can be seen in the wall pressure spectra. Analyses of the turbulence kinetic energy budget indicate that both diffusion and transport significantly increase near the crests, balanced by an amplified dissipation in the near-wall region. Proper orthogonal decomposition analyses show that the most energetic structures are associated with the separated shock and the shear layer over the bubbles. Only the bubbles in the first two troughs are dominated by a low-frequency enlargement or shrinkage.     

一种背负式无附面层隔道进气道的数值模拟研究与实验验证

采用CFD方法对背负式无隔道进气道/机身一体化流场进行了研究。主要分析了机身上表面附面层的发展情况、进气道进口鼓包排除附面层气流的特性以及进气道内部的流动特征,并将所得到的结果与实验数据进行了对比,比较了两种不同网格的计算准确度。研究发现进口鼓包能够有效地隔除机身上表面的附面层气流,进口段横向压力梯度是导致附面层气流"溢出"进气道的主要驱动力,另外进气道的流量系数对排除附面层气流的效果有着显著影响。     

Large-eddy simulation of shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction with and without SparkJet control

The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ‘‘Spark Jet" and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper.The base flow is the interaction of an oblique shock-wave generated by 8° wedge and a spatially-developing Ma = 2.3 turbulent boundary layer.The Reynolds number based on the incoming flow property and the boundary layer displacement thickness at the impinging point without shock-wave is20000.The detailed numerical approaches were presented.The inflow turbulence was generated using the digital filter method to avoid artificial temporal or streamwise periodicity.The numerical results including velocity profile,Reynolds stress profile,skin friction,and wall pressure were systematically validated against the available wind tunnel particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements of the same flow condition.Further study on the control of flow separation due to the strong shock-viscous interaction using an active control actuator ‘‘Spark Jet" was conducted.The single-pulsed characteristic of the device was obtained and compared with the experiment.Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields have shown that the jet flow issuing from the actuator cavity enhances the flow mixing inside the boundary layer,making the boundary layer more resistant to flow separation.Skin friction coefficient distribution shows that the separation bubble length is reduced by about 35% with control exerted.     

平板空气舵干扰区烧蚀凹陷对热环境影响

针对高速飞行条件下空气舵干扰区烧蚀产生的局部凹陷对气动加热的影响问题,建立了平板-空气舵流动模型,针对典型高速飞行状态,采用高温热化学非平衡数值模拟,研究了空气舵缝隙区的流动结构和气动加热规律,并对舵缝干扰区的烧蚀外形进行了模化,分析了干扰区烧蚀凹陷对流动结构和气动加热的影响,结果表明:烧蚀凹陷改变了干扰区压力分布规律,降低了沿展向压力梯度,从而抑制了边界层的横向流动和厚度减薄效应,使得干扰区热流降低,且热流降低量值与烧蚀凹陷深度呈正相关,凹陷深度为5 mm时干扰区热流降低量达到28.9%。      

一类新的速度入流条件在管道流模拟的应用

基于经典边界层理论,发展了一类简化的、按边界层厚度描述的速度入流边界条件。基于入流条件,对低速后向台阶流动和超声速压缩拐角流动进行了数值模拟。通过细致比较空间流场、边界层内速度型、表面摩擦阻力和压力分布等特性,对该类型边界条件进行了计算确认。结果表明,所发展的简化边界层厚度速度入流条件提法正确、合理,具有描述方法简单、鲁棒性好、适合工程计算的优点,可显著简化不同流速的管道流动的数值模拟。     

涡发生器控制平板边界层分离的大涡模拟

为了研究涡发生器(VGs)间距λ对控制边界层分离效果的影响,选取了4种涡发生器间距,λ/H(H为涡发生器高度)分别为5,7,9,11.采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对带逆压梯度的平板边界层分离流动及VGs控制分离流动进行了数值模拟.分析了有无VGs控制时,湍流场中大尺度相干结构及其演化规律,分别从旋涡间距、边界层内流体动能、压差损失等方面考察了VGs间距对控制流动分离效果的影响.研究结果表明当λ/H为5时,VGs间距过小抑制了旋涡的展向发展,λ/H为9,11时,VGs间距过大边界层内流体动能偏低,当间距λ/H为7时流动控制效果更优,此时计算域压差损失最小,相比较无VGs控制时,压差损失降低了30.95%.      

利用PIV技术对非光滑表面湍流边界层的实验研究

利用在线式 Ｐ Ｉ Ｖ 系统在低速风洞中对两种非光滑表面：阵列涡发生器表面和波纹壁面的湍流边界层进行了实验测量。观察到了壁面几何形状的改变对非光滑表面湍流边界层拟序结构的产生和发展的影响：阵列涡发生器表面（１０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内有明显的双剪切带状结构,外剪切带状结构接近边界层的外边界,小尺度的涡在内剪切带状结构的附近产生;波纹壁面（２０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内涡的尺度比较小。并在相同的壁面几何形状条件下,在不同的流动工况下,研究了非光滑表面对湍流边界层拟序结构的影响。实验结果表明,壁面几何形状的改变对外层的大尺度横向涡的产生和发展有明显的影响;而这种影响效果在不同的流动工况下相差很大。     

基于密切原理的Bump进气道外压缩鼓包逆向设计

基于密切乘波理论提出一种Bump进气道外压缩鼓包的设计方法,可根据制定的激波形状及其曲率中心分布来逆向求解外压缩鼓包型面。通过引入曲率中心分布这一变量,可以控制横截面激波形状并调节外压缩鼓包的三维外型及其表面横向压力分布,进而提高外压缩鼓包的附面层排移能力。同时,发展了一种Bump进气道的流量系数快速估算法,能够在设计初期以不超过2%的误差快速给出进气道的流量系数。结果表明:基于密切原理的外压缩鼓包设计有利于改进Bump进气道的流量捕获和附面层排移能力。算例中,较锥导鼓包模型,密切鼓包方法设计的Bump进气道流量系数提升4.03%,附面层排移能力提升2.12%。      

马赫数6柱-裙激波/边界层干扰直接模拟

高超声速激波/边界层干扰比超声速工况下具有更强的可压缩效应,再附之后会形成极高的局部力/热载荷,严重影响飞行器飞行安全。而激波/湍流边界层干扰区附近流动的三维特性使得流动更加复杂而难以预测。采用直接数值模拟对高超声速条件下的柱-裙激波/湍流边界层干扰进行了详细研究,特别是对Görtler涡结构对分离泡、物面压力和热流造成的展向差异开展了定性和定量分析。研究发现,干扰区附近的分离泡结构呈现出明显的三维效应,且Görtler涡展向分离位置截面的分离泡要明显小于再附位置,而这两个截面上分离泡的运动基本同步,没有明显的延迟或超前现象。物面压力和热流在展向出现显著的不均匀性,展向再附位置的平均压力和热流要比展向分离位置分别高13%和16.2%,脉动压力和热流比展向分离位置分别高28%和20%。截面流向速度特征正交分解结果显示两个位置上的能量都集中在剪切层附近,并且展向再附位置上低频模态占有更高的能量。在采用模态重构流场分析分离区面积发现,展向分离位置重构误差更小,而展向再附位置上的重构误差收敛更快。     

弯扭联合成型叶片控制二次流

国内外许多学者在设法控制二次流,减小二次流损失这一研究领域进行了卓有成效的工作,其中采用收敛型通道抑制二次流和采用可控涡设计减小二次流损失的技术措施在生产型发动机上均得到了成功的应用。60年代初,苏联的杰依奇教授和本文作者王仲奇教授,为了改善端壁附面层状况和改变沿叶片表面径向压力梯度,以便抑制流体的传输作用,研究了倾斜叶片并提出了弯扭联合成型叶片的设想。目前,它已在许多先进的航空发动机上得到了成功的应用。本文扼要地分析了这种叶片控制二次流的机理,并介绍了它的环形叶栅的实验结果。通过对一小型涡喷发动机涡轮导向器三元气动改型设计的算例分析,说明应用弯扭联合成型叶片是提高发动机性能的一个有效手段。      

Drag increment induced by a small-scale forward-facing step in Mach number 5 turbulent boundary layer flows

Small-scale roughness elements or imperfections are inevitable over the surface of a flight vehicle. The aerodynamics of these small-scale structures is difficult to predict but may play an important role in the design of a flight vehicle at high speed. The forward-facing step is a typical type of roughness element. Many experiments have been conducted to study the aerodynamics of supersonic forward-facing step, especially with a step height larger than boundary layer thickness. However, few studies focus on small steps. To improve the understanding of small-scale forward-facing step flow, we perform a series of simulations to analyze its aerodynamic influence on a Mach number 5 turbulent boundary layer. The general flow structures are analyzed and discussed. Several shock waves can be induced by the step even if the step height is much smaller than the boundary layer thickness. Two significant shocks are the separation shock and the reattachment shock. The influenced area by the step is limited. With the increase of the step height, the non-dimensional influence area decreases and gradually converges when the step height reaches the boundary layer thickness. There are two normalized distributions of the skin friction coefficient and pressure coefficient associated with step height. By using the normalized parameters, a power-law relationship between the step height and the drag increment coefficient is revealed and fits the simulation results well. It is further illustrated that this relationship still holds when changing the inlet angle of attack, but needs slight modification with the angle of attack.