单自由度扑翼模型脱落涡及其升力机制的实验研究

采用色流实验与particle image velocimetry(PIV)测量相结合的方法,对单自由度扑翼模型所产生的脱落涡进行实验研究,得到以下结论:①在扑翼上扑或下扑的过程中,前后缘处产生连续的牛角形涡环,且脱落涡均存在展向运动.②翼翅表面脱落涡的交替产生,使得翼翅上下表面交替产生不对称分布的压力差.③研究对象产生升力的条件是攻角与来流速度均不为零.④扑翼上扑和下扑过程中,脱落涡环量最大值均出现在单行程的3/5处.⑤脱落涡环量与扑动速度成正比.⑥相比上扑过程,下扑过程中翼翅对流场做功更多,在一个扑动周期内,这多余的能量转换为扑翼升力.     

组合小翼和翼梢喷流对翼尖涡的影响实验研究

对翼梢组合小翼构型和翼梢喷流控制翼尖涡进行了实验研究,在此基础上,提出组合小翼与翼梢喷流联合控制翼尖涡的方法,并对翼尖涡的控制效果进行了实验研究。实验在一低速直流式风洞中进行,基本模型为NACA0015二元截尖翼型,基于弦长和自由来流速度定义的雷诺数Re=5.3×10^4,喷流系数（喷流与自由来流的动量比）Cμ=0.017。研究结果表明：组合小翼构型能有效破碎主涡,改善翼尖部位的局部流动,并使最大升力系数提高12.3%;喷流可加剧涡核摆动,控制涡核位置,对翼尖涡的初始生成有一定的抑制作用;2种组合构型均达到了较好的翼尖涡控制效果,其中,喷流加强了组合小翼产生的同向涡之间的相互作用。在X/C=3时,瞬态涡量峰值的平均值相比单独用＂＋0-＂构型控制时减小37%,比没有任何控制时减小79%。组合构型的控制效果取决于喷流控制能否促使翼尖涡主涡与小涡涡系尽早、尽快地相互作用以及主涡涡核的偏移方向。     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

微型扑翼飞行器扑翼/尾翼气动干扰的数值研究

以二维刚性约束条件下的微型扑翼飞行器模型为研究对象,在动网格技术基础上,应用非定常数值分析手段对比分析了单翼/纵列翼布局的气动性能,深入研究了纵列翼缩减频率、扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距、来流攻角对其气动性能的影响.结果表明:①纵列翼尾翼对扑翼产生正效应干扰,相对于单翼布局,扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为0.5倍翼型弦长时的纵列翼布局的推力系数和推进效率分别增加28.7%和5.7%;②缩减频率是影响推力的关键参数,随着缩减频率的增加,脱落涡的强度增加,推力系数增大.对于单翼、纵列翼两种布局模式,当缩减频率在1.0附近时推进效率达到最优;③对于纵列翼布局,在扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为1.1倍翼型弦长时推进效率达到峰值;④在0°~20°来流攻角变化范围内,随着来流攻角的增加,升力系数增加,推力系数减小,当来流攻角大于9°时,两种布局的推力均为负值.      

求解非定常空气动力系数主导极点的近似方法

在计算与风洞实验的基础上, 提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局, 对平面形状与翼型进行了 优化设计, 达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向 分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法, 既能考虑气动力的非线性因素, 又有较高的计算精度与速度。计 算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到, 在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪 切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比, 且可改变展向环量分布, 使其接近椭圆分布; 剪切翼梢上的前缘 涡可抑制翼端涡的作用(使翼端涡强度变弱) , 并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力。     

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。     

Lift performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by considering surging motion

The flapping motion has a great impact on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. In this paper, a surging motion is added to an airfoil performing pitching-plunging combined motion to figure out how it influences the lift performance and flow pattern of flapping airfoils. Firstly, the numerical methods are validated by a NACA0012 airfoil pitching case and a NACA0012 airfoil plunging case. Then, the E377m airfoil which has typical geometric characteristics of the bird-like airfoil is selected as the calculation model to study how phase differences φ₁ between surging motion and plunging motion affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils. The results show that the airfoil with surging motion has comprehensively better lift performance and thrust performance than the airfoil without surging motion when 15°< φ₁ < 90°. It is demonstrated that surging motion has a powerful ability to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoil by adjusting φ₁. Finally, to further explore how flapping airfoil improves lift performance by considering surging motion, the flapping motions of E377m airfoil with the highest lift coefficient and lift efficiency are obtained through trajectory optimization. The surging motion is removed in the highest lift case and highest lift efficiency case respectively, and the mechanism that surging motion adjusts the aerodynamic force is analyzed in detail by comparing the vortex structure and kinematic parameters. The results of this paper help reveal the aerodynamic mechanism of bird flight and guide the design of Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

微型旋转翼与拍动翼气动力特性的比较

 用拟压缩性法求解三维非定常不可压N-S方程,研究了旋转翼及拍动翼的气动力和流场。当昆虫正常悬停时,如果翅膀旋转,产生的平均升力以及气动效率并不比拍动时的差,甚至还略好,因此,厘米级微型飞行器可以采用旋转翼,这比拍动模式容易实现。另外,小迎角旋转时升阻比可达3.1（在15°迎角,雷诺数4 000情况下）,气动效率较高而且升力系数不小,多个桨叶可以产生很大的升力。因此,在悬停时,多个桨叶小迎角旋转是厘米级微型飞行器的一个很好的方案。     

环翼机低速气动特性风洞实验研究

环翼机具有前、后翼,前翼后掠,后翼前掠,机翼在翼尖处连接,形成一个环状结构。为了解环翼的气动特性及环翼的几何参数对环翼机气动特性的影响,本文在低速风洞中对3种不同几何参数环翼飞机进行了纵向及横向测力实验,其中包括前、后翼几何参数改变对气动特性的影响。实验结果表明,与常规飞机相比,环翼机具有如下优点：诱导阻力小,失速特性好,操稳性能易于满足。实验得到的有价值结果,对环翼布局飞机的气动计算和合理设计具有重要意义。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ te...     

悬停飞昆虫拍动翼低雷诺数高升力气动机理研究

采用数值方法对果蝇翼悬停飞行拍动翼问题进行了模拟,介绍了前人生物观察和动态比例模型得来的简化拍动翼运动规律。果蝇翼模型平面形状采用Dickinson动态比例试验采用的形状,计算的无量纲参数根据Weis-Fogh,和Vogel果蝇捆绑飞行的数据得到。分别数值模拟了三种运动模态:超前模式(advanced mode),对称模式(symmetrical mode)和滞后模式(delayed mode)。数值模拟的结果同Dickinson的试验结果和孙茂的数值模拟结果进行了比较,吻合很好,表明本文的计算结果是合理的。根据数值模拟结果,结合气动力系数和流场结构进行分析,研究了果蝇悬停飞行获得高升力的流动机理。     

串列翼飞行器机翼耦合特性研究

串列翼飞行器由于其前后翼以及机身之间的相互干扰,气动特性复杂且难以预测。针对一款串列翼飞行器,以前后翼之间的垂直距离为变量,设计了五种气动布局,并使用CFD方法进行了数值模拟计算。通过对五种布局升阻特性与俯仰特性的比较及分析,发现前后翼垂直方向距离会显著影响整机升阻比、俯仰稳定性、气动中心位置以及压力中心位置。两翼间垂直方向上的距离越大,飞行器升阻比越高,且气动中心更加靠后。而在两翼间距离相同的情况下,前翼在下的布局拥有更高的升阻比,而前翼在上的布局拥有更好的俯仰静稳定性。     

倾转旋翼机流动机理及气动干扰特性试验

采用试验方法测量了悬停和过渡状态倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰特性,部分揭示了干扰流动的机理。基于3D-PIV(particle image velocimetry)技术的流场测量结果,发现大总距状态相对于小总距时倾转旋翼下洗流收缩更为剧烈,并有更强烈的卷起涡;揭示了“喷泉效应”的产生机理,受旋翼诱导作用的影响,“喷泉”中心的位置会随着总距和间距的改变而发生显著变化。测量了不同构型及状态参数对倾转旋翼/机翼之间气动干扰影响,发现减小垂直或水平距离均可使倾转旋翼升力有所增大,但将会增加机翼受到的旋翼下洗载荷。进行了该构型过渡状态气动干扰特性试验,获得旋翼、机翼综合气动特性与机翼攻角之间的影响关系,在较大机翼攻角时,将会加强对旋翼下洗流的阻碍作用,对旋翼起到类似“地面效应”的增升效果,但该现象随着机翼的偏转不断削弱;机翼升力随机翼段攻角增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。      

近耦合鸭式布局鸭翼展向零质量射流控制技术实验研究

结合鸭式布局和机翼展向吹气的优点,采用鸭翼展向零质量射流间接涡控技术提高战斗机大迎角和过失速机动性能。其主要利用鸭翼涡与主翼涡之间的有利干扰,零质量射流直接增强鸭翼涡,同时间接增强主翼涡。本文利用低速风洞测力测压实验,研究展向零质量射流对近耦合鸭式布局增升影响规律。在不同雷诺数下,通过改变零质量射流的频率来揭示零质量射流与鸭式布局气动力之间的关系。本研究为新一代战斗机研制提供一定的技术储备。     

压电致动器扑翼结构动力学仿真

采用传统扑动机构的微型扑翼,气动效率低、扑动能耗大。采用压电致动器的微型扑翼通过压电材料进行致动使机翼产生上下扑动,有效地将扑动机构和机翼两个主要系统进行集成,不仅节省重量,同时它具有任务变形自适应能力强、气动效率高和扑动能耗小的特点。通过PCL语言建立采用压电致动器的扑翼有限元模型,结合同尺寸扑翼气动力试验数据,进行采用压电致动器扑翼结构仿真。利用仿真结果研制采用压电致动器扑翼原理样机,研究表明,采用压电致动器后扑翼扑动频率得到明显提高,压电片可有效控制机翼的弯扭变形,有助于提高扑翼的气动效率。     

Aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics

Natural flyers have extraordinary flight skills and their prominent aerodynamic performance has attracted a lot of attention. However, the aerodynamic mechanism of birds' flapping wing kinematics still lacks in-depth understanding. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics extracted from a free-flying owl wing has been numerically investigated. The overset mesh technique is used to deal with the large range movements of flapping airfoils. The bio-inspired kinematics consist of plunging and pitching movement. A pure sinusoidal motion and a defined motion composed of plunging of sinusoidal motion and pitching of the bio-inspired kinematics are selected for comparison. The other two NACA airfoils are also selected to figure out the advantages of the owl-like airfoil. It is found that the cambered owl-like airfoil can enhance lift during the downstroke. The bio-inspired kinematics have an obvious advantage in lift generation with a presence of higher peak lift and positive lift over a wider proportion of the flapping cycle. Meanwhile, the bio-inspired motion is more economical for a lower power consumption compared with the sinusoidal motion. The sinusoidal flapping motion is better for thrust generation for a higher peak thrust value in both upstroke and downstroke, while the bio-inspired kinematics mainly generate thrust during the downstroke but produce more drag during the upstroke. The defined motion has similar lift performance with the bio-inspired kinematics, while it consumes more energy and generates less thrust. The unsteady flow field around airfoils is also analyzed to explain the corresponding phenomenon. The research in this paper is helpful to understand the flight mechanism of birds and to design a micro air vehicle with higher performance.     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

剪切翼梢增升减阻机理

在计算与风洞实验的基础上 ,提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局 ,对平面形状与翼型进行了优化设计 ,达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法 ,既能考虑气动力的非线性因素 ,又有较高的计算精度与速度。计算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到 ,在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比 ,且可改变展向环量分布 ,使其接近椭圆分布 ;剪切翼梢上的前缘涡可抑制翼端涡的作用 (使翼端涡强度变弱 ) ,并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力     

多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器设计

多段柔性变体扑翼模仿海鸥翅膀的复杂运动.观察海鸥翅膀的运动周期,设计了包含慢频率扑动、展向折弯、弦向扭转和结构柔性变形的扑翼模型,并应用准定常方法计算气动力,为该扑翼飞行器设计提供依据.在CATIA和3DMAX中设计多段柔性变体扑翼机的三维模型和运动模拟,制作样机进行飞行试验,研究其平飞、爬升、偏航等飞行姿态,结果表明升力和推力与数值计算结果吻合.相较于原有扑翼飞行器,多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器可以慢频率扑动飞行,调整扑翼形状.      

新型无尾联接翼布局气动特性研究

提出一种上下错开的无尾联接翼,即前翼或者后翼上反一定角度,使得前后翼垂直方向的相对距离从翼根处开始到翼梢处逐渐增大,以达到减小前后翼气动干扰的目的,搭接的小翼具有翼梢小翼作用,可有效减小诱导阻力。采用基于RANS方程的数值方法,研究了前后翼分别上反10°,20°和30°时对总体气动特性的影响,结果表明,当前翼上反且上反角为30°时其联接翼系统气动性能最佳。对该联接翼布局在Ma=0.85,0.95和1.20下进行了数值分析,结果表明,其升力系数变化较小,阻力系数在Ma0.85后才急剧增大,有应用于未来跨声速/超声速客机布局的潜力。