圆柱形静电分析器的数值模拟

对美国DMSP系列卫星载60°圆柱形分析器的性能进行了数值模拟:以同时过松弛迭代法解Laplace方程,得到分析器内的势分布,由荷电粒子在分析器势场中的运动轨道以及传输概率的MontCarlo积分得出分析器的各种响应和几何因子．变动与分析器几何相联系的输入量,计算机程序可移用于其它圆柱形分析器.      

带顶盖的半球形静电分析器的计算机模拟

从解带顶盖的半球形90°静电分析器关于势分布的Laplace方程开始,建立了荷电粒子在分析器中的运动方程,确定了以时间为参量的粒子运动轨道,引出了传输函数和几何因子的表达式,从而提供了一套适用于带顶盖的半球形90°静电分析器的模拟方法.为了使用方便,给出了传输函数和几何因子的尺度性质.所编制的程序特别地被应用于Sablik等的分析器原型,在现在的模拟结果和Sablik等的结果的对比中,评估了本文描述的模拟技术的精确性.      

一种外日球层拾起离子探测器的设计与仿真

针对外日球层低速、低密度、低温的拾起离子(PUIs)的高分辨探测需求，以带顶盖超环面静电分析器、阻滞势分析器和线性场飞行时间系统为基础设计了一种新型高分辨拾起离子探测器。经过有限元仿真分析，探测器可实现离子(氢)的速度范围15.7～1 072.2 km/s，密度范围0.000 1～100 cm^-3，温度高于474.9 K的探测，同时可实现典型拾起离子(氢、氦、碳、氮、氧、氖)的成分分辨，质谱分辨率(M/ΔM)大于40。     

电离层综合探测器数据采集处理单元设计研究

电离层综合探测器(CDI)是一种面向快速响应航天器平台、用于原位综合探测电离层等离子体及未完全电离中性气体的新概念空间环境探测仪器, 实现了对常规平板朗缪尔探针、阻滞势分析器和离子阱质量分析器的小型化、一体化设计与集成. 本文基于USB2.0接口和FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array)技术, 选用高集成度的COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf)器件, 对CDI多通道数据采集处理单元的系统方案和硬件设计进行研究, 并对FPGA的逻辑资源利用情况和Fusion器件内部ADC采样以及FIFO (First Input First Output)读写时序进行了仿真和分析.      

基于均方根容积粒子的SMC-PHD算法

传统的序贯蒙特卡罗概率假设密度(SMC-PHD)算法采用状态转移密度作为重要性采样函数.当目标非线性运动时,少数粒子将具有较大的权值,导致估计精度低、结果发散.针对上述问题,提出了一种基于均方根容积卡尔曼滤波(SCKF)和统计门限技术的重要性采样函数设计方法.在重要性采样函数估计时,首先利用SCKF对重要性采样函数的均值和协方差阵进行预测,而后利用统计门限技术提取与重要性采样粒子相关联的量测.通过相应的权值对所提取的量测进行合并,更新重要性采样函数的均值和协方差阵.在此基础上将设计的重要性采样函数应用于SMC-PHD的强度预测和更新,最终实现多目标状态和数目的估计.实验表明,本算法在非线性多目标跟踪中具有精度高、估计结果稳定的优点.      

纳卫星微槽道冷却系统在轨动态热特性分析

针对纳卫星热流密度不断升高的发展趋势,介绍了一种基于微机电技术(MEMS,Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)的泵驱动单相流微槽道冷却系统.通过合理分析与简化,应用集总参数法建立了能够反映受控对象及冷却装置动态特性的温度响应模型;运用数值方法仿真计算了某纳卫星在轨飞行中受空间外热流影响下的外部散热面和内部电子设备温度的变化规律.仿真结果表明:应用MEMS技术的微槽道冷却系统可以满足高热流密度的纳卫星热系统的冷却需求;空间外热流相对于星体内部热功率的变化,对纳卫星散热面温度的影响较小;该建模方法和求解算法对分析计算纳卫星的温度动态特性是简便、合理的,并为进一步深入研究纳卫星热控制、热管理理论与技术奠定了理论研究及工程应用基础.     

基于基元关系模型的C++程序静态分析器

分析了面向对象软件测试和度量的特点,结合面向对象程序的性质提出了描述程序基本组成元素之间关系的基元关系模型(ERM),介绍了从基于MFC(Microsoft Foundation Class)的Visual C+ +6.0源程序中构造ERM模型的算法,据此构造了一个基于基元关系模型的VC+ +6.0程序静态分析器.对分析器实现中采取的名称空间符号表、增量式开发和增量式分析等关键技术进行了介绍.实践证明,该分析器可以高效正确地提取出模型中描述的各种关系,有助于面向对象软件测试和度量方面的进一步研究.      

基于联合供电的GEO卫星电推进工作策略

针对电推进系统高功率需求,以整星能源的高效利用为目标,以电推力器的复杂工程参数和整星能源为约束,提出基于太阳电池阵和蓄电池组联合供电的静止轨道卫星电推进在轨工作策略,定量分析不同电推进类型、太阳翼构型、电源系统配置等对工作策略的影响,得到复杂工程约束条件下的南北位保、东西位保和角动量卸载控制周期的优选方法.仿真算例表明,在留有工程设计余量的情况下,根据该方法优选得到的电推进工作策略可以满足电推进系统的使用要求和整星能源平衡要求,与采用增大太阳帆板面积的方法相比,可避免卫星平台承重能力降低（约60 kg）,并提高整星能源利用率.     

背景压强对电推进羽流场影响的数值模拟

真空舱内背景压强是电推力器地面试验过程中影响工作性能评估和羽流场参数诊断的重要参数。针对LIPS-200型离子推力器羽流场参数的数值仿真中采用的背景压强建立方法进行了仿真分析。仿真中采用混合粒子网格(PIC)方法和直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法处理羽流场中等离子体运动和粒子间碰撞,分别采用虚拟粒子和计算粒子建立压强的方式,对电推进羽流场进行了数值模拟,并与绝对真空环境进行对比分析。结果表明:背景压强的存在导致中性粒子和电荷交换离子数密度较绝对真空环境高1个量级以上。虚拟粒子可大幅提高计算效率,获得的流场中电荷交换离子分布与计算粒子结果相近,但中性粒子分布相差较大,虚拟粒子无法表征壁面及真空泵的影响。      

基于改进卡尔曼滤波的电池SOC估算

以研究电动汽车动力电池管理系统为背景,以电池荷电状态估算为关键技术,介绍了荷电状态与其主要影响因素的非线性动态关系,建立了二阶RC等效电池模型.在此基础上,考虑了温度对电池内阻的影响,采用卡尔曼滤波算法、改进的安时计量法和开路电压法,结合基于温度的电池模型参数在线辨识,对电池荷电状态进行估算,通过MATLAB仿真,并与基于经验公式的卡尔曼滤波算法进行了对比,平均误差为2.46%,提高了估算精度,验证了算法的可行性和可靠性.      

Broglio Drag Balance for neutral thermosphere density measurement on UNICubeSAT

The nanosatellite UNICubeSAT is described, carrying a Broglio Drag Balance Instrument for neutral thermosphere density in situ measurements. The aim of the mission is to contribute to the development of accurate thermosphere models, achieving in situ, real time measurements of atmosphere density, that could be exploited for global atmosphere model validation and accurate short term (1–3 days) real time space weather forecasts. The satellite is inexpensive and swarms could be easily launched operating as a distributed sensor network to get simultaneous in situ local (not orbit averaged) measurements in multiple positions and orbit heights. The nanosatellite is based on the Cubesat standard architecture, weighing about 1 kg for 1-L volume. Atmospheric drag force is measured by the displacement of light plates exposed to the incoming particle flux seen by the spacecraft, applying the original three dimensional Broglio Drag Balance concept to a single nanosatellite axis. The instrument concept and its relation to the satellite bus is depicted, showing that many long term potential measurement error sources and biases can be removed in data processing if the spacecraft is spin stabilized. The expected accuracy in density measurements is 20%. The instrument cost is a fraction of that of accurate accelerometers. The onboard systems are based on commercial off the shelf components, in accordance with the short lifetime typical of aeronomy satellites.     

Ionospheric heating due to solar flares as measured by SROSS-C2 satellite

The data on thermal fluctuations of the topside ionosphere have been measured by Retarding Potential Analyser (RPA) payload aboard the SROSS-C2 satellite over the Indian region for half of the solar cycle (1995–2000). The data on solar flare has been obtained from National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Boulder, Colorado (USA) and other solar indices (solar radio flux and sunspot number) were download from NGDC website. The ionospheric electron and ion temperatures show a consistent enhancement during the solar flares. The enhancement in the electron temperature is 28–92% and for ion temperature it is 18–39% compared to the normal day’s average temperature. The enhancement of ionospheric temperatures due to solar flares is correlated with the variation of sunspot and solar radio flux (F10.7cm). All the events studied in the present paper fall in the category of subflare with almost same intensity. The ionospheric electron and ion temperatures enhancement have been compared with the IRI model values.     

Improved interpretation of solar wind ion measurements via high-resolution magnetic field data

The Wind   spacecraft’s Faraday cups (FC) continue to produce high-quality, in situ observations of thermal protons (i.e., ionized hydrogen) and α$\alpha$-particles (i.e., fully ionized helium) in the solar wind. By fitting a Wind/FC ion spectrum with a model velocity distribution function (VDF) for each particle species, values for density, bulk velocity, and temperature can be inferred. Incorporating measurements of the background magnetic field from the Wind Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) allows perpendicular and parallel temperature components to be separated. Prior implementations of this analysis averaged the higher-cadence Wind/MFI measurements to match that of the Wind/FC ion spectra. However, this article summarizes recent and extensive revisions to the analysis software that, among other things, eliminate such averaging and thereby account for variations in the direction of the magnetic field over the time taken to measure the ions. A statistical comparison reveals that the old version consistently underestimates the temperature anisotropy of ion VDF’s: averaging over fluctuations in the magnetic field essentially blurs the perpendicular and parallel temperature components, which makes the plasma seem artificially more isotropic. The new version not only provides a more accurate dataset of ion parameters (which is well suited to the study of microkinetic phenomena), it also demonstrates a novel technique for jointly processing particle and field data. Such methods are crucial to heliophysics as wave-particle interactions are increasingly seen as playing an important role in the dynamics of the solar wind and similar space plasmas.     

冷而密的等离子体片及其对磁尾等离子体片分布特性的影响

地球磁尾等离子体片在太阳风-磁层耦合过程中起着重要的作用，其中冷而密的等离子体片是地磁活动平静期太阳风等离子体进入磁层的重要区域.以往的研究通常没有利用局地探测数据针对冷而密的等离子体片发生率在地心太阳磁层坐标系（GSM）中xy平面分布的统计分析.本文利用GEOTAIL卫星1996-2016年的局地测量数据，给出了等离子体片密度、温度及冷而密的等离子体片发生率的二维分布.与温度具有晨昏对称分布不同，等离子体片数密度呈现明显的晨昏不对称性，并且冷而密的等离子体片发生率在晨侧较高.      

微阴极电弧推力器羽流探针诊断研究

微阴极电弧推力器（micro-cathode arc thruster,μCAT）具备功率低和结构简单的特点,能够满足微纳卫星的任务需求,具有良好的发展前景。μCAT羽流的诊断可以揭示推力器的加速机理,对提高其性能具有重要意义。利用朗缪尔三探针对μCAT羽流进行诊断,得到了μCAT羽流不同位置的电子温度、电子密度和离子速度等羽流特性,研究了外加磁场、充电时间和阴极材料对羽流特性的影响。研究结果表明,μCAT放电初期产生的等离子体电子温度较高,密度较大;随着等离子体向下游运动,电子温度和电子密度降低,离子速度增大;外加磁场的磁感应强度越强,电子温度和离子速度越高,电子密度有所降低;磁场位置适当向推力器下游平移,能够有效提高推力器中轴线的电子密度;μCAT充电时间越长,电子温度、电子密度和离子速度越大;相比于CuW和AgW阴极,Ti阴极羽流的电子温度更高,电子密度更低。     

基于电子密度同化的热层大气密度预报方法

采用热层电离层耦合模式TIEGCM和集合卡尔曼滤波同化方法,利用同化COSMIC电离层掩星电子密度数据优化热层电离层参量,并将模式预报的大气密度与CHAMP卫星大气密度数据进行对比,分别开展模拟和实测数据的同化预报实验.在模拟数据同化实验中,状态向量包含温度、风场和离子成分的实验结果表明,仅优化温度即可达到最优的热层大气密度预报效果.在实测数据同化实验中,将温度作为状态向量参数,优化结果表明,循环同化过程中模式预报的大气密度相对偏差的均方根误差在48h内从38%减小到27%,同化稳定时间至少需要30h.预报过程中大气密度预报效果的改善持续时间为34h.这表明电子密度同化能够改善热层大气密度的预报精度,设计的实验方案合理可行,可获得较长的预报时效.      

随机误差对容腔瞬态换热试验影响分析及抑制

针对容腔瞬态换热试验中测试数据的随机误差被数据处理的差分过程放大的问题,定量分析了随机测试误差对换热特性的影响,并提出抑制方法。结果表明:容腔内壁面对流换热特性误差对瞬态温度随机误差最为敏感,导致换热特性试验结果不确定度高。将改进经验模态分解（EMD）算法应用于数据差分处理过程中可以有效抑制测试随机误差对换热特性的影响。在容腔充气过程中,采用误差抑制方法后,容腔壁面换热特性的最大误差从129.07%降到63.62%,时均误差从25.24%降到8.12%。      

Intra-annual variations of the thermospheric density at 400 km altitude from 1996 to 2006

We investigate the intra-annual variations of globally averaged thermospheric density at 400 km altitude from 1996 to 2006 by using Artificial Neural Network Method (ANNM). The results indicate that thermospheric density is governed by solar activity, and the absolute error of our model is 13.67%, less than NRLMSISE-00 model. Fourier representation can catch the intra-annual variations more accurately than NRLMSISE-00 model and JB2008 model especially during 2002. We find that the Autumn maximum is slightly greater than Spring maximum during solar minimum, while the reverse is correct during solar maximum. There is a strong linear relation between solar activity and the amplitude of annual/semiannual variations, and the correlation coefficients are 0.9534 and 0.9424, respectively. Moreover, the amplitude ratio of the annual to semiannual variation is about 1.3 averaged, and changes in different years, but it has little relation with solar activity. Besides that, the amplitude of annual variation is larger than semiannual variation during 1996 and 2006 except 1998 and 2000. The relative error of NRLMSISE-00 model is 14.95%, decreasing to 12.49% after revising, and the correlation coefficients between this empirical model and its improved results and the observation are 0.8185 and 0.9210, respectively. Finally, we suggest the revised version of MSIS series of model should use the Fourier representation to express the intra-annual variations.     

临近空间大气环境落球探测中的科氏力影响

气象火箭落球探测技术是临近空间大气环境探测的重要方法.在落球探测数据处理过程中,通常忽略科氏力项的影响.本文利用经验预报模式构建落球探测正演仿真模型,并根据落球探测原理建立参数反演模型,在此基础上仿真模拟了落球探测数据处理过程中忽略科氏力项对大气参数反演精度的影响.在95～100 km高度范围内,忽略科氏力项将引起温度...