基于状态空间法的低马赫数翼型气动载荷计算

Leishman-Beddoes(L-B)非定常动态失速模型适用于中等马赫数(Ma>0.3),而在低马赫条件(Ma<0.3)下存在与翼型气动试验数据不符合的问题,为此首先研究了低马赫数条件下翼型的非定常动态失速气动特性,其次采用状态空间法从翼型表面气流变化的角度修正了L-B模型,最后通过与翼型气动载荷试验数据的对比表明在低马赫数条件下对L-B模型的修正是正确的,能够准确预测及分析翼型的气动载荷,且该修正模型易于耦合进直升机综合分析代码中.      

A methodology for simulating 2D shock-induced dynamic stall at flight test-based fluctuating freestream

A comprehensive methodology for simulating 2 D dynamic stall at fluctuating freestream is proposed in this paper.2 D CFD simulation of a SC1095 airfoil exposed to a fluctuating freestream of Mach number 0.537 ± 0.205 and Reynolds number 6.1 × 10~6(based on the mean Mach number) and undergoing a 10° ± 10° pitch oscillation with a frequency of 4.25 Hz was conducted.These conditions were selected to be representative of the flow experienced by a helicopter rotor airfoil section in a real-life fast forward flight.Both constant freestream dynamic stall as well as fluctuating freestream dynamic stall simulations were conducted and compared.The methodology was carefully validated with experimental data for both transonic flow and dynamic stall under fluctuating freestream.Overall, the results suggest that the fluctuating freestream alters the dynamic stall mechanism documented for constant freestream in a major way, emphasizing that inclusion of this effect in the prediction of dynamic stall related rotor loads is imperative for rotor performance analysis and blades design.     

基于后缘小翼的旋翼翼型动态失速控制分析

针对后缘小翼(TEF)的典型运动参数对旋翼翼型动态失速特性的控制进行了研究。发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度CFD方法。通过求解Poisson方程生成围绕旋翼翼型的黏性贴体和正交网格,为保证后缘小翼附近的网格生成质量,建立了基于翼型点重构的方法来描述后缘小翼的偏转运动;为克服变形网格方法可能导致网格畸变的不足,发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型运动嵌套网格方法。基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方程、双时间法、Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型和Roe-Monotone Upwind-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws(Roe-MUSCL)插值格式,发展了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU-SGS)隐式时间推进方法及并行技术提高计算效率。以有试验结果验证的HH-02翼型和SC1095翼型为算例,精确捕捉了动态失速状态下的气动力迟滞效应,验证了本文方法的有效性。着重针对SC1095旋翼翼型的动态失速状态开展后缘小翼的控制分析,提出了可以体现翼型升力、阻力及力矩综合特性的关系式Po和Pc,揭示了后缘小翼振荡频率、相位差和偏转幅值对动态失速特性影响的规律。研究结果表明:当后缘小翼偏转的相对运动频率为1.0,且小翼运动规律与翼型振荡规律之间的相位差为0°时,后缘小翼能够更好地抑制翼型动态失速现象;在此状态下,当偏转幅值为10°时,SC1095翼型最大阻力系数和最大力矩系数可以分别降低19%和27%。     

Dynamic stall on a supercritical airfoil

For the present investigations of dynamic stall a supercritical airfoil was chosen. This new airfoil designed by DLR will be used in dynamic stall control research activities (project ADASYS) planned for the near future: the leading edge portion of the airfoil will be drooped down dynamically to improve dynamic stall characteristics on the retreating side during blade motion. The optimised transonic properties of the airfoil, i.e., reduction of shock strength over a Mach number range will improve in addition the performance of the advancing rotor blade. Dynamic stall experiments on the rigid supercritical airfoil have first been carried out in the DNW-TWG transonic wind tunnel with a 1 m × 1 m cross section of the test section and adaptive top and bottom – walls. This tunnel has the advantage to cover the speed range of both retreating and advancing blade. Emphasis has been placed on unsteady pressure measurements along the adaptive walls simultaneously with the unsteady pressure measurements on the pitching model. In addition to the experiments corresponding numerical simulations with a RANS-code have been carried out and their results are compared with the experimental data. Of main concern are the influence of laminar-turbulent boundary-layer transition as well as wind-tunnel-wall interference effects on the unsteady results.     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

旋翼非定常动态失速的三维效应分析

采用建立的高精度计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,针对旋翼非定常动态失速的三维（3D）效应特性进行研究。以Helishape 7AD旋翼为基准,开展三维效应对旋翼非定常气动特性的影响分析。研究了来流马赫数对旋翼翼型动态失速特性影响。在此基础上,针对三维情形旋翼动态失速非定常涡流动特性及诱导分离特征开展了数值分析,通过与二维情形对比表明:受旋翼旋转、轴向诱导速度等三维效应影响,旋翼桨叶剖面动态失速涡的产生、对流和脱落明显滞后于二维翼型情形,并且涡强度也更弱。越靠近桨叶内段,桨叶剖面非定常动态失速特性与二维旋翼翼型情形的差距越为明显。      

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

Parametric analyses for synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoil

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of synthetic jet control on separation and stall over rotor airfoils. The preconditioned and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations coupled with a k x shear stream transport turbulence model are employed to accomplish the flowfield simulation of rotor airfoils under jet control. Additionally,a velocity boundary condition modeled by a sinusoidal function is developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jets. The validity of the present CFD procedure is evaluated by the simulated results of an isolated synthetic jet and the jet control case for airfoil NACA0015. Then, parametric analyses are conducted specifically for an OA213 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet parameters(forcing frequency, jet location and momentum coefficient, jet direction, and distribution of jet arrays) on the control effect of the aerodynamic characteristics of a rotor airfoil. Preliminary results indicate that the efficiency of jet control can be improved with specific frequencies(the best lift-drag ratio at F+= 2.0) and jet angles(40 or 75) when the jets are located near the separation point of the rotor airfoil. Furthermore, as a result of a suitable combination of jet arrays, the lift coefficient of the airfoil can be improved by nearly 100%, and the corresponding drag coefficient decreased by26.5% in comparison with the single point control case.     

内吹式襟翼环量控制翼型升力响应特性

传统尖尾缘翼型通过控制迎角,综合利用襟翼、缝翼来改变升力,升力对迎角变化的时间响应历程可以用Wagner函数来描述,而内吹式襟翼（IBF）主要通过控制分离来拓展最大升力,并在一定范围内通过调节射流强度改变驻点位置和环量来对升力进行有效控制,其升力随吹气动量变化的时间响应尺度是否与传统尖尾缘翼型相同还不是很清楚。本文主要研究内吹式襟翼升力响应过程,并将其与传统尖后缘翼型升力响应特性进行对比。首先通过某襟翼偏角为30°的双圆弧环量控制翼型对数值方法进行验证,再对某最大厚度为18%弦长的亚声速翼型内吹式襟翼定常吹气控制下的流场进行非定常数值模拟,并分析了其中的瞬态特征。结果表明内吹式襟翼环量控制翼型对激励响应的时间依赖特征与Wagner函数有很好的相互关系,并可以用该函数来描述。     

变来流速度下旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析

为分析变来流速度状态下的旋翼翼型气动特性,提出了利用翼型平移来模拟来流速度变化的数值方法.在此方法基础上,采用基于隐式LU-SGS(lower upper symmetric Gauss-Seidal)方法的非定常雷诺平均N-S(Navier-Stokes)(RANS)方程,模拟了SC1095旋翼翼型在定迎角 变来流速度及变迎角 变来流速度状态下的非定常气动特性.通过对比分析发现:翼型在变速度-定迎角状态下会表现出明显的非定常现象,产生了前缘分离涡,气动特性会出现明显的迟滞效应及波动现象,脉动速度越大,非定常效果越明显.并且基准速度越大,翼型气动特性的峰值越大;翼型迎角越大,非定常涡出现的也越早.考虑直升机旋翼翼型实际工作环境,在变速度-动态失速状态下,翼型最大迎角处的气动力会得到一定程度的削弱,在小迎角下的气动力得到一定程度的增强,且脉动速度越大,翼型的非定常特性也越强.      

Application of Active Flow Control Technique for Gust Load Alleviation

A new gust load alleviation technique is presented in this paper based on active flow control. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the beneficial effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil using arrays of jets during the gust process. Based on unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, the grid-velocity method is introduced to simulate the gust influence, and dynamic response in vertical gust flow perturbation is investigated for the airfoil as well. An unsteady surface transpiration boundary condition is enforced over a user specified portion of the airfoil’s surface to emulate the time dependent velocity boundary conditions. Firstly, after applying this method to simulate typical NACA0006 airfoil gust response to a step change in the angle of attack, it shows that the indicial responses of the airfoil make good agreement with the exact theoretical values and the calculated values in references. Furthermore, gust response characteristic for the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil is analyzed. Five kinds of flow control techniques are introduced as steady blowing, steady suction, unsteady blowing, unsteady suction and synthetic jets. The physical analysis of the influence on the effects of gust load alleviation is proposed to provide some guidelines for practice. Numerical results have indicated that active flow control technique,as a new technology of gust load alleviation, can affect and suppress the fluid disturbances caused by gust so as to achieve the purpose of gust load alleviation.     

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速响应的计算

基于旋翼非定常翼型气动模型,给出了计算分离流和深度失速状态下的翼型非定常升力、俯仰力矩的数值计算方法。该方法采用半经验指数响应公式,利用数值离散方法来求解翼型的非定常法向力和俯仰力矩。分别计算了NACA0012和SC-1095翼型上的非定常气动载荷,并与可得到的试验结果进行了对比,验证了方法的有效性。文中还讨论了缩减频率和马赫数对动态失速响应的影响;然后,这个模型被改进以适用于后掠流下的翼型动态失速响应计算,分析了后掠角对翼型动态失速响应的影响。最后,得出了一些结论。     

翼型大迎角振动对气动性能影响的实验研究与初步分析

通过在NF-3低速风洞专门研制的翼型模型及相应的俯仰和沉浮振动机构,选用NACA0012翼型进行大迎角下不同频率的振动实验,研究了模型振动平均状态下对其气动力特性的影响情况,并在N-S方程基础上对振动流场进行了初步分析。实验与计算研究的结果表明：在临近定常失速迎角的大迎角条件下,翼型的振动可以引起旋涡分离,导致翼型升力减小和失速迎角的提前。就所涉及的两种振动模式而言,俯仰振动的影响大于沉浮振动,所以,模型设计和加工时要特别注意加强机翼弦向的扭转刚度。     

TRIP2.0软件非定常模块的开发与确认

在TRIP软件定常模块的基础上,采用双时间法和动网格技术开发了非定常模块.通过NACA0012翼型小攻角俯仰振荡和深失速两个算例的计算,对比分析了不同网格规模、湍流模型、时间步长等的模拟结果,并与试验数据做了比较,结果表明计算结果与试验数据基本一致,验证了TRIP2.0软件的非定常模块的正确性和精度.     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

锯齿尾缘叶片气动特性和绕流流场的数值研究

以基于NACA 0018翼型的锯齿尾缘仿生叶片为研究对象,采用大涡模拟的方法研究锯齿相对齿宽与相对齿高对锯齿尾缘叶片的气动特性和非定常绕流流场的影响规律和机制.研究表明,尾缘锯齿参数对叶片气动性能的影响是复杂的非线性过程,在一定来流攻角范围内能提高升阻比,但失速提前.如在9.4°~14.8°来流攻角范围内,不同相对齿宽系列叶片的升阻比高于原始叶片,升阻比与锯齿相对齿宽之间没有线性关系.研究还表明,锯齿尾缘能延迟边界层分离,加速尾迹的流动掺混和能量扩散,改变非定常涡结构和涡脱落频率.相对齿高的变化对非定常流动特性的影响更为显著.尾缘锯齿诱导的二次湍流射流和吸力面侧反向涡对改变了原始叶片的绕翼环量,进而影响锯齿尾缘叶片的气动特性和绕流流场特性.      

大迎角下翼型振动的气动性能研究

众所周知,风洞试验中的飞机模型,尤其是带有大展弦比机翼的模型有时会出现翼梢振动现象,振动模式主要表现为翼梢沉浮和俯仰形式,以致影响实验结果的精度和可靠性。选取相对厚度较小的NACA0008翼型,在求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程的基础上,采用改进的无限插值理论和绕翼型的C型网格,模拟风洞实验中模型振动条件下的流场,研究振动模式及其不同耦合对流场、尤其是大迎角流场的影响,并考虑了模型弹性轴不同位置对结果的影响。研究结果表明：在临近传统定常失速迎角的大迎角条件下,翼型的振动可以引起翼型大尺度的分离,导致翼型失速的提前发生;振动在不同的相位滞后条件下,对翼型流场的分离程度不尽相同。     

Stall flutter prediction based on multi-layer GRU neural network

The modeling of dynamic stall aerodynamics is essential to stall flutter, due to the flow separation in a large-amplitude pitching oscillation process. A newly neural network based Reduced Order Model (ROM) framework for predicting the aerodynamic forces of an airfoil undergoing large-amplitude pitching oscillation at various velocities is presented in this work. First, the dynamic stall aerodynamics is calculated by solving RANS equations and the transitional SST-γ model. Afterwards, the stall flutter bifurcation behavior is calculated by the above CFD solver coupled with structural dynamic equation. The critical flutter speed and limit-cycle oscillation amplitudes are consistent with those obtained by experiments. A newly multi-layer Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network based ROM is constructed to accelerate the calculation of aerodynamic forces. The training and validation process are carried out upon the unsteady aerodynamic data obtained by the proposed CFD method. The well-trained ROM is then coupled with the structure equation at a specific velocity, the Limit-Cycle Oscillation (LCO) of stall flutter under this flow condition is predicted precisely and more quickly. In order to predict both the critical flutter velocity and LCO amplitudes after bifurcation at different velocities, a new ROM with GRU neural network considering the variation of flow velocities is developed. The stall flutter results predicted by ROM agree well with the CFD ones at different velocities. Finally, a brief sensitivity analysis of two structural parameters of ROM is carried out. It infers the potential of the presented modeling method to depict the nonlinearity of dynamic stall and stall flutter phenomenon.     

Lift performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by considering surging motion

The flapping motion has a great impact on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. In this paper, a surging motion is added to an airfoil performing pitching-plunging combined motion to figure out how it influences the lift performance and flow pattern of flapping airfoils. Firstly, the numerical methods are validated by a NACA0012 airfoil pitching case and a NACA0012 airfoil plunging case. Then, the E377m airfoil which has typical geometric characteristics of the bird-like airfoil is selected as the calculation model to study how phase differences φ₁ between surging motion and plunging motion affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils. The results show that the airfoil with surging motion has comprehensively better lift performance and thrust performance than the airfoil without surging motion when 15°< φ₁ < 90°. It is demonstrated that surging motion has a powerful ability to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoil by adjusting φ₁. Finally, to further explore how flapping airfoil improves lift performance by considering surging motion, the flapping motions of E377m airfoil with the highest lift coefficient and lift efficiency are obtained through trajectory optimization. The surging motion is removed in the highest lift case and highest lift efficiency case respectively, and the mechanism that surging motion adjusts the aerodynamic force is analyzed in detail by comparing the vortex structure and kinematic parameters. The results of this paper help reveal the aerodynamic mechanism of bird flight and guide the design of Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).