Interaction of wake vortices with the ground

The aim of this study is to describe wake vortices near the ground, including rebound. A calculation code solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations has been developed; it allows us to compute unsteady two-dimensional flows and steady three-dimensional flows having a preferential direction. The two-dimensional version of the code allows the capture of the rebound of the vortices near the wall as well as the creation of secondary vortices. In the three-dimensional case, the results are compared with experiments. The importance of the axial velocity is also analyzed.     

Temporal evolution of the RCS of aircraft wake vortices

Knowledge of the radar scattering characteristics is one of the key issues for the development of wake vortex detection technology. This paper studies the temporal evolution of the RCS (radar cross-section) of wake vortices. The RCS–time plot is observed to increase as a whole and step at a certain time. These properties could provide help to the design of wake vortex detection radar and the optimization of radar station layout. The special spiral structures within the wake, together with the Bragg scattering theory, are used to well explain these phenomena, and some representative radar experiments are also included to verify them.     

Instability and unsteadiness of aircraft wake vortices

This paper presents a review of theoretical and experimental results on stability and other unsteady properties of aircraft wakes. The basic mechanisms responsible for the propagation and the amplification of perturbation along vortices, namely the Kelvin waves and the cooperative instabilities, are first detailed. These two generic unsteady mechanisms are described by considering asymptotic linear stability analysis of model flows such as vortex filaments or Lamb–Oseen vortices. Extension of the linear analysis to more representative flows, using a biglobal stability approach, is also described. Experimental results obtained using LDV, hot wire and PIV in wind tunnels are presented and they are commented upon the light of theory.     

旋成体非对称涡Re数效应的分区性态研究

本文利用长细比为3.0的尖拱形头部,其后为圆柱段,整体长细比为6.0的旋成体模型在北京航空航天大学流体力学研究所D4低速风洞和西北工业大学翼型、叶栅重点实验室NF-3风洞中进行了大攻角非对称涡绕流的ReD数效应及其分区性态的实验研究,其ReD数变化范围是0.6×105～13.3×105.文内首先研究和详细讨论了不同ReD数下非对称涡性态的分区特性;其次,为了研究湍流分离下过临界非对称涡流动的性态及其ReD数效应,本文发展了利用粘贴转捩带或转捩丝的人工转捩实验技术;在此基础上详细研究了过临界ReD数下非对称涡流动的性态包括流动的确定性、头部扰动周向位置变化引起非对称涡的演化规律以及过临界区的Re数影响规律.     

Numerical study of aircraft wake vortex evolution near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer

The evolutions of aircraft wake vortices near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer are studied by Large Eddy Simulation(LES). The sensitivity of vortex evolution to the Monin-Obukhov(M-O) scale is studied for the first time. The results indicate that increasing stability leads to longer lifetimes of upwind vortices, while downwind vortices will decay faster due to a stronger crosswind shear under stable conditions. Based on these results, an empirical model of the vortex lifetime as a function of 10-m-high crosswind and the M-O scale is summarized. This model can provide an estimate of the upper boundary of the vortex lifetime according to the realtime crosswind and atmospheric stability. In addition, the lateral translation of vortices is also inspected. The results show that vortices can travel a furthest distance of 722 m in the currentlystudied parameter range. This result is meaningful to safety analysis of airports that have parallel runways.     

高空巡航阶段的飞机尾涡流场演化特性研究

为研究飞机尾涡在高空巡航阶段的形成及消散特性,基于飞机尾涡流场快速仿真计算模型计算了不同飞行高度处尾涡的初始强度以及尾涡的危险区域,并分析了高空尾涡消散规律;然后计算不同飞机重量、大气湍流度、大气层结稳定性以及前机飞行速度下的高空尾涡危险区域,并对高空尾涡危险区域的影响因素进行分析.结果表明,与中低空相比,高空尾涡的初...     

圆盘绕流近尾迹实验研究

采用烟线和PIV实验研究Re=22400时直径与厚度比D／H=5圆盘近尾迹（x／D〈5）流场结构。流向平面烟线显示表明圆盘尾迹有稳定的回流区和随机扭曲倾斜的三维涡旋结构。对烟线平面PIV测速数据统计平均,发现该回流区具有较好的对称性,且长度为2．1D。对PIV数据进行POD重构,发现流向雷诺正应力和切应力峰值出现在回流区两侧剪切层,横向雷诺正应力峰值出现在回流区驻点附近,其正是烟线显示涡旋结构脱落区域。圆盘尾迹涡旋结构的产生和脱落源于剪切层的不稳定性及其与回流区的相互作用。圆盘尾迹前两个模态含能仅为10．9％和10．2％,表明湍流结构的随机性;前10个模态含能45．9％可较好描述流场的平均雷诺切应力。     

Equilibrium state of trailing vortices: two-dimensional model of a far-field vortex wake

The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a system composed of a large number of two-dimensional point vortices is employed to describe the vortex system shed from aircraft wings. According to this theory, these higher energy states of the vortex system can only be achieved by segregating the point vortices of like kind into two clusters that descend with a constant velocity. The solution is given in terms of the integral constraints for each cluster: total circulation, center of inertia, and kinetic energy. The negative non-dimensional inverse temperature of the system and the length scale related to angular momentum of a single trailing vortex are obtained versus initial interaction energy of the vortex system. Comparison of the theoretical results with available experimental data shows good agreement between the calculated tangential velocity distribution in the trailing vortex and the data. The flow characteristics for three different wing loads are also compared to emphasize the effect of initial circulation distribution along a lifting wing on the vorticity distribution in the equilibrium trailing vortices.     

高马赫数低雷诺数条件下圆球绕流曳力系数

圆球绕流曳力系数通常表示为雷诺数的函数.而随着马赫数增大,曳力系数与马赫数的相关性逐渐增强.本文应用硬球-拟颗粒模型方法模拟研究1≤Re≤20和0.1≤Ma≤3条件下的圆球绕流过程.分析了模拟区域设置和拟颗粒-圆球作用的热适应系数对曳力系数结果的影响,得到合适的区域设置条件和热适应系数,获得高马赫数低雷诺数条件下圆球绕...     

翼身组合体复杂涡系相互干扰的数值模拟

本文应用有限体积法求解Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程，数值模拟翼身组合大攻角、跨声速绕流。成功地模拟了机身体涡、机翼脱体涡、翼尖侧缘涡的形成、发展及其相互间的干扰。     

不同进口雷诺数下双旋流杯下游回流区特征

为了分析旋流杯下游流场结构对航空燃气轮机燃烧室性能影响的作用,利用PIV(激光粒子测速仪)技术,在常温常压下对双旋流杯下游冷态流场进行测试,研究进口雷诺数对双旋流杯下游回流区的影响.试验结果表明:当进口雷诺数较低时,下游流场结构为收扩型;当进口雷诺数增大到25000后,流场结构变为扩张型;之后继续增加进口雷诺数,回流区流场结构不再改变,但回流区内的无量纲回流速度会随之增加.      

翼型低雷诺数层流分离现象随雷诺数的演化特征

层流分离现象是翼型低雷诺数条件下出现的典型流场特征。层流分离流动中包含流动分离、转捩、再附等非定常流动结构,层流分离流动的形成与演化会对翼型气动特性产生恶化作用。采用大涡模拟（LES）方法对低雷诺数范围内不同雷诺数下的翼型层流分离流动开展精细数值模拟,研究了雷诺数对翼型气动特性的影响规律及作用机理。LES方法采用隐式亚格子模型,基于结构化拼接网格,对流项离散和时间推进方法分别采用AUSM⁺格式以及双时间步方法。验证算例计算结果表明数值模拟方法的正确性及可靠性,雷诺数对翼型气动特性具有显著影响。随雷诺数降低,时均分离泡外形增大、位置后移,平均阻力系数增大,特别是在较低雷诺数下,翼型升阻力系数随时间出现振荡现象。进一步研究表明,造成不同时均分离泡形态和气动特性的原因在于翼型上表面分离剪切层的失稳与转捩特征。随雷诺数降低,流动黏性增大,导致分离剪切层速度梯度减小,流动发生转捩及再附位置后移,直至翼型表面不再发生转捩和再附。     

直升机近地飞行时的配平和机动操纵分析

在单旋翼带涵道尾桨直升机的非线性全量飞行动力学模型的基础上,提出了求解配平和机动操纵问题的一种混合算法,研究了地面效应对配平和机动操纵的影响.以某直升机为算例,在近地飞行和考虑不同速度与高度时,分别进行了直升机稳定飞行时的配平计算,然后以侧向紧急转弯机动为例,对机动操纵规律的问题进行了计算分析,计算结果与地面效应的理论相符合,机动过载和操纵变化规律可以为飞行试验提供借鉴.所建立的理论方法可以为直升机近地飞行时的动力学和控制分析提供参考.      

Behaviour of hypersonic wind tunnels diffusers at low Reynolds numbers

This paper deals with the behaviour of hypersonic wind tunnels diffusers at low Reynolds numbers. The phenomena that occur in the diffusers at relatively low Reynolds numbers are particularly critical due to the interactions between shock waves and the large boundary layers present in the long throat, which can reduce the maximum recovery pressure and therefore the efficiency of the diffuser. The aim of the present paper is to correlate the results obtained by numerical simulations of the diffusers with the experimental results, obtained using a high enthalpy blow down arc jet facility. The numerical and experimental results are in agreement and show that, for the range of Reynolds number investigated, the diffuser efficiency is smaller compared to the values determined for similar diffusers operating at larger Reynolds numbers.     

前体非对称涡流动临界雷诺数效应及分区特性

通过模型表面测压和油流显示,对旋成体于50°迎角在临界雷诺数区域(0.13×106~0.81×106)的压力分布和侧向力特性随雷诺数变化的演化规律进行了研究,结果表明,随着Re数从亚临界增加至临界区域,模型表面的低位涡侧首先出现层流分离气泡成为转捩分离(Tr),而高位涡侧仍处于亚临界层流分离(L),非对称更为显著,侧向力较亚临界区有所增加;随着雷诺数进一步增加,高位涡侧才成为转捩分离,此时非对称流动逐渐演变成对称流动,压力分布呈对称的平台状,侧向力明显减小,因此,通过流动分离前的压力恢复值作为判则,根据旋成体两侧边界层分别处于L/Tr和Tr/Tr状态,可将临界雷诺数区域划分为临界起始发展区和临界区。最后据此判则讨论了旋成体绕流沿轴向多种流态共存的现象。     

飞机近场尾涡特性数值模拟研究

对飞机近场尾涡参数进行定量分析是研究尾涡运动、消散规律的基础,也是合理缩减空中交通尾流间隔的重要理论依据.采用有限体积法求解质量加权平均Navier-Stokes方程,湍流模型采用RSM模型,数值模拟了B757-200飞机的近场尾涡特性,并对飞机尾涡参数进行了相关计算.结果表明:在飞机尾涡的近场区域初始尾涡位置与飞机迎角无关;涡核间距随流向距离的增加线性减小;尾涡切向速度的最大值随流向距离的增加呈指数规律递减;涡核半径约为机翼展长的5％ ～ 10％.     

Influence of artificial tip perturbation on asymmetric vortices flow over a chined fuselage

An experimental study was conducted with the aim of understanding behavior of asymmetric vortices flow over a chined fuselage.The tests were carried out in a wind tunnel at Reynolds number of 1.87 · 105 under the conditions of high angles of attack and zero angle of sideslip.The results show that leeward vortices flow becomes asymmetric vortices flow when angle of attack increases over 20.The asymmetric vortices flow is asymmetry of two forebody vortices owing to the increase of angle of attack but not asymmetry of vortex breakdown which appears when angle of attack is above 35.Asymmetric vortices flow is sensitive to tip perturbation and is nondeterministic due to randomly distributed natural minute geometrical irregularities on the nose tip within machining tolerance.Deterministic asymmetric vortices flow can be obtained by attaching artificial tip perturbation which can trigger asymmetric vortices flow and decide asymmetric vortices flow pattern.Triggered by artificial tip perturbation, the vortex on the same side with perturbation is in a higher position, and the other vortex on the opposite side is in a lower position.Vortex suction on the lower vortex side is larger, which corresponds to a side force pointing to the lower vortex side.     

不同雷诺数下翼型气动特性及层流分离现象演化

低雷诺数下空气黏性效应突出,翼型表面普遍存在层流分离现象,相比常规雷诺数情况气动特性显著恶化。采用带预处理的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟技术和低雷诺数低湍流度风洞油流显示试验技术,对FX63-137翼型不同雷诺数下气动特性和流动结构展开深入研究。通过风洞油流显示试验可以清晰获得低雷诺数层流分离流动的两道油流汇集线。数值模拟结果表明其分别为时均化主分离线和二次分离线,两种结果定性定量均吻合较好,证明了本文的研究方法有效可靠;雷诺数从500 000降至20 000,翼型气动特性和层流分离流动结构均发生显著的变化,伴随阻力系数剧增和升力系数剧降,时均化流动结构从附体至出现经典的长层流分离泡,并最终演化为后缘层流分离泡,相应的两种分离泡的非定常流动结构也存在显著差异;对于阻力系数和升力系数而言,存在不同的临界雷诺数,因为导致阻力系数剧增的机理在于经典长层流分离泡的产生使翼型压差阻力大增,而造成升力系数剧降的主要原因在于后缘层流分离泡使得等效翼型后部弯度减小;非定常结果显示正是由于翼型表面漩涡周期性的生成与脱落,才造成了低雷诺数下升力系数的周期性波动。翼型上表面主分离涡即将脱落时,流线在后缘附近再附,升力系数达到峰值;而当流体从下表面向上卷起二次分离涡时,尾部流线大尺度分离,升力系数降至谷值。     

雷诺数对涡轮叶尖流场影响的数值研究

采用基于压力修正的三维计算流体力学程序，结合雷诺应力湍流模型和剪切应力传输湍流模型加壁面函数的方法，对某一轴流涡轮转子叶尖间隙流场进行了数值计算研究，详细计算了不同涡轮叶尖间隙高度和来流湍流度条件下雷诺数对涡轮转子间隙流场的影响，最后计算了转子效率。结果表明：当泄漏流流经叶尖时因为叶尖剪切力做功有块总压增大区；雷诺数带来的影响比湍流度和叶尖间隙高度带来的影响要大，湍流度的变化对流场影响不大；雷诺数对泄漏涡尺寸的影响不大，但低雷诺数会引起流动分离，带来损失，当雷诺数在文中的范围内变化时，效率下降近八个百分点。     

S1223翼型低雷诺数下分离泡及气动特性

采用表面测压技术,测量了低雷诺数下(Re=6.0×104、1.0×105、2.0×105)S1223翼型的表面压力分布,通过时均化处理及瞬态处理方法,分别获得了翼型稳态和瞬态压力系数、升力系数,分析了流场结构随雷诺数及攻角的变化规律,研究了雷诺数及攻角对翼型升力的影响机理.结果表明,从时均升力系数随攻角的变化规律来看,...