旋涡运动与湍流模型

本文力图将熟知的湍流大涡运动现象与湍流模型理论联系起来以减少模型理论中的经验关系。 在剪切流中以球的流体动力系数,分析确定了涡球的运动,并以此确定剪切流中的湍流剪应力。由此得到了一个二方程模型,方程中仅包含球的流体动力系数。 平板湍流边界层的实例计算表明,计算的速度剖面在整个边界层中都能很好地与实验符合。     

在电离层飞行的航天器近尾迹内电子数密度渐近解

本文讨论了航天器近尾迹流场电子数密度分布,给出无碰撞假设下等离子体绕带电圆盘流动的近尾迹流场渐近解。用匹配渐近展开法求解实际可能现出的三种情形的电子数密度分布。所得的摄动解对近尾迹流动的理论和数值研究有指导意义。     

180°矩形弯管流场的LDV测量

采用激光多普勒测速仪（简称LDV）对180°矩形弯管内流场进行了测量,得到时均速度、湍流强度等数据。除靠近内壁r^＋=0．1位置,弯管纵截面上的切向速度沿轴向基本不变,但靠近弯管上下壁面的切向速度逐渐减小直至为零。在弯管的主流区域,0°～60°之间的纵截面上,内侧切向速度增大,外侧切向速度减小;60°～180°之间的纵截面上,内侧切向速度减小,外侧切向速度增大。在整个弯管段内,内侧切向速度总是大于外侧的切向速度。由于受到边界层分离和二次流的影响,90°～180°纵截面上r^＊ =0．1位置的切向速度产生明显的变化。轴向速度值远小于切向速度值,并且沿轴向变化不大。轴向速度的正、负之分,说明了二次流的存在,并且二次流的旋转中心从外壁向内壁移动。切向和轴向湍流强度的数量级一样,基本在0．1V。左右。切向湍流度在150°～180°纵截面r^＊ =0．1位置的变化很大;但是轴向湍流强度分布比较平稳,其值沿轴向和径向变化不大。     

翼型尾缘噪声源空间分布与辐射特性关系

详细研究了翼型湍流边界层尾缘宽频噪声源空间分布与辐射特性的关系.采用基于雷诺平均流场的翼型尾缘宽频预测方法研究了NACA0012翼型湍流边界层尾缘宽频噪声在4种不同工况下的噪声源空间分布与辐射特性.首先计算了NACA0012翼型湍流边界层尾缘噪声源在不同频率下的空间分布.计算结果发现:边界层中湍流是翼型湍流边界层尾缘噪声声源.随着频率的增加,噪声源强度和噪声源空间尺寸都是先增加后减小,噪声源位置不断靠近翼型尾缘.同时也计算了边界层内不同位置处的噪声源对远场噪声的辐射特性,结果表明:边界层内层区域,其噪声频谱能量集中在高频;边界层外部区域,其噪声能量集中在中低频;攻角增大或者来流速度减小,噪声能量向低频转移.      

Numerical study of compression corner flowfield using Gao-Yong turbulence model

A numerical simulation of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction induced by a 24° compression corner based on Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model was presented.The convection terms and the diffusion terms were calculated using the second-order AUSM (advection upstream splitting method) scheme and the second-order central difference scheme,respectively.The Runge-Kutta time marching method was employed to solve the governing equations for steady state solutions.Significant flow separation-region which indicates highly non-isotropic turbulence structure has been found in the present work due to intensity interaction under the 24° compression corner.Comparisons between the calculated results and experimental data have been carried out,including surface pressure distribution,boundary-layer static pressure profiles and mean velocity profiles.The numerical results agree well with the experimental values,which indicate Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model is suitable for the prediction of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction in two-dimensional compression corner flows.      

旋流器后火焰流场的试验研究

 本文给出了用LDA测量旋流器后火焰流场的试验研究结果。试验表明,中心开孔的平底碟形火焰稳定器后方形成双回流区,湍流脉动的均方根速度在回流区边界区域上发生突变,且湍流脉动速度的概率密度分布图上存在双峰;用热电偶测出的温度分布表明内外两支火焰在双回流区的内外边界附近开始,并向下游伸展。试验结果为应用旋流器燃烧室性能改进提供了依据,也为发展带回流的湍流反应流数值计算方法提供了验证依据。     

Recent developments in scaling of wall-bounded flows

Proper scaling of a fluid flow permits convenient, dimensionless representation of experimental data, prediction of one flow based on a similar one, and extrapolation of low-Reynolds-number, laboratory-scale experiments to field conditions. This is a particularly powerful technique for turbulent flows where analytical solutions derived from first principles are not possible. We review in the present paper the topical development in scaling the canonical turbulent boundary layer and pipe and channel flows. Additional to utilizing some of the most comprehensive and high-quality databases available to date, the article focuses on contemporary advances in analytical and asymptotic approaches to determine the mean-velocity profile as well as to scale higher-order statistics. The current debate concerning the mean-velocity profile of turbulent wall-bounded flows has ruled out neither a logarithmic nor power law behavior. Furthermore, a Reynolds number dependence of the mean-velocity profile has not been excluded either. Clearly, a more complex functional form is needed to describe the profile. The present results can be utilized to extrapolate the available low-Reynolds-number physical and numerical data to the more practically important high-Reynolds-number field conditions. Knowledge of the proper scaling of the canonical cases can also be useful to non-canonical wall-bounded flows as well as to calibrate turbulence models and flow sensors in the vicinity of walls.     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

扩散界面浸入边界法结合壁面模型在湍流模拟中的应用

提出了一种模拟高雷诺数湍流的扩散界面浸入边界法（IBM）。该方法采用壁面模型来减少壁面附近的网格量。为了实施壁面模型和边界条件，在物面外部设置了2个辅助层（一系列拉格朗日点）：外侧的参考层用于实施壁面模型来得到壁面剪应力，内侧的强制层用于实施离壁的边界条件。在实施壁面模型时，将动量方程沿物面法向积分，从而把物面切向的速度修正量与由壁面模型得到的壁面剪应力联系起来，而速度的法向分量则按二次曲线分布来近似重构。在实施边界条件时，为了严格满足无穿透条件，应用了基于隐式速度修正的IBM。最后，利用绕平板湍流和绕NACA0012翼型湍流来对方法的可行性进行了验证。     

某小型发动机环形回流燃烧室流场的数值计算

采用数值模拟方法对某小型发动机回流燃烧室流场进行了计算和分析,用双方程k-ε模型描述紊流特性,用二步化学反应模型模拟化学反应,并对复杂的边界条件进行了特殊处理。计算结果表明火焰筒主燃区形成了强烈的单涡回流,沿圆周方向主燃区速度场比较相似;在油雾场和速度场之间有较好的匹配,燃烧室有较好的性能。      

利用PIV技术对非光滑表面湍流边界层的实验研究

利用在线式 Ｐ Ｉ Ｖ 系统在低速风洞中对两种非光滑表面：阵列涡发生器表面和波纹壁面的湍流边界层进行了实验测量。观察到了壁面几何形状的改变对非光滑表面湍流边界层拟序结构的产生和发展的影响：阵列涡发生器表面（１０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内有明显的双剪切带状结构,外剪切带状结构接近边界层的外边界,小尺度的涡在内剪切带状结构的附近产生;波纹壁面（２０ｍ ／ｓ）湍流边界层内涡的尺度比较小。并在相同的壁面几何形状条件下,在不同的流动工况下,研究了非光滑表面对湍流边界层拟序结构的影响。实验结果表明,壁面几何形状的改变对外层的大尺度横向涡的产生和发展有明显的影响;而这种影响效果在不同的流动工况下相差很大。     

壁判据用于计算流体力学（CFD）可信度评估

本文把作者提出的近壁干扰剪切流动(ISF)全域理论与流体运动方程组及流体在壁面上无滑移条件相结合导出一组壁面判据.壁判据为计算流体力学(CFD)仿真的可信度评估提供了基于流体理论的一条直接验证途径.对不可压缩流动的十一个熟知的NS方程组精确解,包括二维驻点和斜入射再附点流,二维分离点和背风驻点流,轴对称驻点和背风驻点流,旋转圆盘附近的三维Von Karman 流、收缩和扩张渠道流和非定常斜入射三维驻点流;以及经典边界层及其无粘外流和相似性边界层及其粘外流的NS方程组解,提出可用于验证近壁流动计算的几个壁相关函数.证实它们准确满足所有壁判据;说明壁判据可用来检验NS方程组数值解近壁计算结果的计算精度并验证其可信度.     

湍流涡黏性模型方程中相位差的测量

基于理论上湍流相干结构复涡黏性模型对涡黏性系数的分析,应用热线测速技术测量了平板湍流边界层多尺度相干结构动力学方程中非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力分量与相干结构流向速度流向变形率之间的相位差。分析了湍流边界层相干结构猝发过程中,非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力分量与相干结构流向速度流向变形率之间的相位差沿湍流边界层法向的变化规律,为建立更加符合实际的湍流模型提供了实验依据。     

90°强曲率弯管内三维湍流流场的数值分析

本文根据作者发展的一种能计算任意截面形状 90°弯管内三维不可压缩湍流流场的分析方法,利用作者实验的圆截面弯管数据 ( R_c/D=0.87)检验 k- ε双方程湍流模型预示强曲率三维湍流流场的精度。计算了 R_c/D=2.3的矩形截面和 R_c/D=0.87的圆截面 90°弯管,并将计算结果与相应实验数据进行了比较分析。结果表明,即使对曲率很强的弯管,吸力面 (内侧壁 )不出现二次流迁移所形成的低速区前,标准 k- ε双方程模型仍能较好地预示出平均速度场。      

Laminarization of a boundary layer on the perforated surface with blind damping cavities in an accelerating flow

In this paper, a decrease of turbulent pulsations of velocity in a boundary layer and the coefficient of friction drag for an accelerating flow on the perforated surface with blind damping cavities is experimentally found. We generalize the mathematical model of partial boundary layer laminarization [1], which is based on the experimental data [2, 3] obtained earlier on a decrease of the friction drag coefficient and deformation of average velocity profiles in the stabilized section of flow in the perforated tube with blind damping cavities.     

超临界压力正十烷对流传热实验及计算研究

针对主动冷却超燃冲压发动机的实际工作条件,利用电加热管设备开展了超临界压力正十烷流动和传热特性实验,目的在于获得适用于发动机传热设计的燃料对流传热关联式。管子材料为不锈钢、内径1．5 mm、外径3．0mm、长度1300mm。采用K型热电偶测量管壁沿程外壁温。实验中正十烷压力约4．0～4．3MPa,温度约335～870K,流量分别为0．93、1．24和1．86g/s。正十烷的流动经历了层流、过渡和湍流3种流态。采用最小二乘法拟合实验数据,获得了正十烷在3种流态下的传热关联式。通过外壁温计算值与实验值的对比,验证了本文给出的传热关联式的适用性。     

对安放直机翼的平板测定三维湍流边界层的低、亚音速特性

 本文介绍了在低速和亚音速来流情况下,对一安放着直机翼的平板,在其附体流部分所作的三维湍流边界层特性的测量;讨论了压强梯度和流线曲率对壁面律、尾流律以及湍流应力和混合长分布的影响。 测量结果表明:适用于二维湍流边军层的Coles速度型和混合长分布规律都应考虑当地的压强梯度和流线曲率的影响才能用于三维流情况。本实验测得的三维湍流边界层的亚音速特性在性质上与低速特性无显著区别。     

应用LDV研究二元管道内分离流动

应用二维激光多普勒仪测量了二元曲壁非对称扩张通道内的湍流附面层分离流动。得到了时均速度、雷诺应力、平均流动方向角及正反向间歇流动因子的分布。文中给出了所测结果的不确定度,并在激光测速的近壁测量上做了尝试。实验结果分析表明:间歇瞬时分离点对应于附面层内垂直压强梯度的最大值;Schofield的速度尺度和长度尺度可用于形成新的速度相似型;正反向间歇流动因子γpuo与平均流动方向角存在着简单的线性关系。     

Isothermal study of effusion cooling flows using a large eddy simulation approach

An isothermal numerical study of effusion cooling flow is conducted using a large eddy simulation(LES) approach.Two main types of cooling are considered,namely tangential film cooling and oblique patch effusion cooling.To represent tangential film cooling,a simplified model of a plane turbulent wall jet along a flat plate in quiescent surrounding fluid is considered.In contrast to a classic turbulent boundary layer flow,the plane turbulent wall jet possesses an outer free shear flow region,an inner near wall region and an interaction region,characterised by substantial levels of turbulent shear stress transport.These shear stress characteristics hold significant implications for RANS modelling,implications that also apply to more complex tangential film cooling flows with non-zero free stream velocities.The LES technique used in the current study provides a satisfactory overall prediction of the plane turbulent wall jet flow,including the initial transition region,and the characteristic separation of the zero turbulent shear stress and zero shear strain locations.Oblique effusion patch cooling is modelled using a staggered array of 12 rows of effusion holes,drilled at 30° to the flat plate surface.The effusion holes connect two channels separated by the flat plate.Specifically,these comprise of a channel representing the combustion chamber flow and a cooling air supply channel.A difference in pressure between the two channels forces air from the cooling supply side,through the effusion holes,and into the combustion chamber side.Air from successive effusion rows coalesces to form an aerodynamic film between the combustion chamber main flow and the flat plate.In practical applications,this film is used to separate the hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber liner.The numerical model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the injection,penetration,downstream decay,and coalescence of the effusion jets.In addition,the numerical model captures entrainment of the combustion chamber mainstream flow towards the wall by the presence of the effusion jets.Two contra-rotating vortices,with axes of rotation along the stream-wise direction,are predicted as a result of this entrainment.The presence and characteristics of these vortices are in good agreement with previous published research.      

Influence of periodic wakes on the development of a boundary layer

The flow in turbomachinery is strongly influenced by the rotor-stator interactions. It is known that the unsteadiness of the flow has for effect to advance the laminar-turbulent transition and to alter the heat transfer. The problem of the wake-boundary layer interaction has been studied experimentally by using a simplified geometrical configuration. The stator blade is simulated by a flat plate on which the development of the boundary layer disturbed by periodic wakes is observed. The wakes are generated by moving bars having a circular section, put upstream of the flat plate and running with a constant velocity in the wind of a low-speed tunnel. Numerical studies relating to the phenomenon of interaction are limited. Part of the experimental study has been carried out in a fully turbulent flow in order to avoid the problem of transition. These results are compared with those from a code solving the fully turbulent unsteady boundary layer equations.