Applying international space station (ISS) and solar-sail technology to the exploration and diversion of small,dark near earth objects (NEO's)

Space-Station technology, micron-thick 100-m solar sails, and a near-Earth propulsion system allow exploration of small, dark Near-Earth-Objects (NEO's) of cometary origin. Early crewed missions to NEO's could analyze the objects' properties and evaluate resource-mining possibilities. Later missions to Earth-threatening 100-m radius NEO's could deploy NEO-centered, high-area, low-mass reflective structures. The solar gravitational parameter (GM_sun) on a NEO is slightly reduced by increased radiation pressure. The central-force-field equations reveal that NEO eccentricity and average solar distance are thereby slightly increased. Given decades of warning and long-lived reflective canopies, such structures can convert Earth-impacts into near-misses. Although not suitable for NEO mining, such structures are superior to nuclear detonations because (as revealed by the 1994 Jupiter-comet interaction) NEO calving may be a consequence of explosions. NEO despinning is not required.     

转捩诱导法向力及其对细长尖锥气动特性的影响

边界层转捩时,是否会出现诱导法向气动载荷,这是一个很有意义的问题。本文介绍了在高超音速风洞中完成的静态气动力实验与动态气动力实验,它证实这种诱导法向载荷是存在的,是边界层转捩的不对称性造成的,并对细长锥的气动特性有明显而呈规律性的影响。     

Nuclear Defense Against Kilometer-Long Asteroids

Cosmic Research - The possibility of correcting the trajectory of kilometer-long chondrite asteroids threatening the Earth with the help of nuclear explosions in near-Earth and distant outer space...     

地球轨道卫星电推进变轨控制方法

针对地球同步轨道（GEO）卫星,采用电推进系统完成转移轨道变轨。采用基于Lyapunov函数的反馈控制方法确定时间最短变轨策略。首先在开普勒模型下研究变轨过程,然后在开普勒模型的基础上考虑地球J2项摄动和地球阴影,最后在全引力模型下研究变轨过程,即在开普勒模型的基础上考虑地球非球形引力摄动、日月第三体引力摄动、太阳光压摄动和地球阴影。仿真结果显示在变轨过程中摄动项不可忽略,除地球J2项摄动外还应该考虑日月第三体引力摄动和太阳光压摄动。对比上述三组仿真结果,发现考虑摄动后轨道转移时间的增加比燃料消耗的增加更为明显。数值仿真结果表明本文研究对未来的全电推进任务具有良好的通用性和应用参考价值。     

Strategies of developing advanced lunar power systems

Electric and thermal power have to be available at the base site on the lunar surface before the first lunar crew arrives. Unlimited solar energy is available during the lunar day, but this must be stored for use during the lunar night unless nuclear energy systems are available. State-of-the-art candidate systems are reviewed and the production of solar cells on the moon is discussed. Various options for developing a lunar power plant are proposed. These must be simulated and optimized in a real lifecycle systems scenario to provide operations and cost data essential for choosing a strategy.     

Strategies of developing advanced lunar power systems

Electric and thermal power have to be available at the base site on the lunar surface before the first lunar crew arrives. Unlimited solar energy is available during the lunar day, but this must be stored for use during the lunar night unless nuclear energy systems are available. State-of-the-art candidate systems are reviewed and the production of solar cells on the moon is discussed. Various options for developing a lunar power plant are proposed. These must be simulated and optimized in a real life-cycle systems scenario to provide operations and cost data essential for choosing a strategy.     

Propulsion of space ships by nuclear explosion

Recent progress in the research on deuterium-tritium (D-T) inertially confined microexplosions encourages one to reconsider the nuclear propulsion of spaceships based on the concept originally proposed in the Orion project. We discuss first the acceleration of medium-sized spaceships by D-T explosions whose output is in the range of 0.1–10 t of TNT. The launching of such a ship into an Earth orbit or beyond by a large nuclear explosion in an underground cavity is sketched out in the second section of the paper, and finally we consider a hypothetical Mars mission based on these concepts. In the conclusion it is argued that propulsion based on the Orion concept only is not the best method for interplanetary travel owing to the very large number of nuclear explosion required. A combination of a super gun and subsequent rocket propulsion using advanced chemical fuels appears to be the best solution for space flights of the near future.From Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2005, pp. 67–75.Original English Text Copyright © 2005 by Linhart, Kravárik.     

三维侧压高超声速进气道不启动流场试验与数值模拟研究

对某构型三维侧压高超声速进气道开展了Ma4的自由射流试验和数值仿真,研究 了低马赫数下不启动流场的流动机理。观测到了具有“对涡”结构的底板油流图案,并得到 了分离区的范围和内部流动特征。分析得出,“对涡”结构油流图案和流场中部分离区的形 成是唇口激波和内收缩形成的逆压梯度作用于侧板激波形成的流场中部低能流区的结果。根 据试验和数值模拟结果给出了流场结构示意图,并为下一步进气道构形设计和性能改善工作 提出了建议。     

高超声速边界层转捩高速纹影显示

为建立适用于激波风洞边界层转捩测量的高速纹影显示技术，在Ma10条件下，采用高速纹影显示技术，研究了半锥角7°钝锥边界层中第二模态不稳定波的演变特性。试验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所(HAI)的FD-14激波风洞上进行。试验来流单位雷诺数为4.9×10 6 m -1 、1.6×10 7m -1 ，模型攻角0°，头部钝度有0.2 mm、0.5 mm和2 mm三种。通过对纹影图像灰度进行功率谱密度(PSD)分析得到了第二模态不稳定波的波长，对不稳定波纹影图像进行互相关分析计算了不稳定波的传播速度。基于纹影显示结果计算的第二模态波主频与PCB压力传感器测量结果符合较好，证明了纹影测量的可靠性。     

论月球资源和航天月球探测

月球有珍贵的信息资源 ,丰盛的物质资源 ,奇特的环境资源和高远的位置资源。月球是航天深空探测的重点天体。长久以来的天文观察和最近 4 5年来的航天探测 ,已使人类对月球的面目有了相当多的认识。     

质量矩控制飞行器的压心不确定性问题研究

为了减小压心不确定性对质量矩控制的影响,提高活动质量块对系统的控制能力,本文推导了飞行器姿态配平角与压心偏差的关系,分析了压心系数偏差对飞行器控制性能的影响,给出了压心最大容许偏差范围的解析表达式,然后针对压心偏差对飞行器的影响进行了仿真计算,并在此基础上分析了压心测量偏差对质量矩控制飞行器总体参数的要求,提出了几种减小压心不确定性对飞行器控制性能影响的结构布局优化方法。结果表明:对于静稳定导弹,将径向滑块的滑道配置在飞行器的前鼻部,根据任务指标合理地设计各滑块的偏移量等措施都可以减小压心不确定性对质量矩控制的影响。     

Blasting methods to improve rock fragmentation

A method to improve rock fragmentation with explosives is based on a new way of explosion energy transfer to the solid media. It provides a considerably higher efficiency of the explosion energy by changing the gas dynamic processes of the expansion of detonation products in the charge chamber.In practice this method has been instrumental in developing two new types of charges: the air-spaced charge for rock fragmentation and the air-cavity charge for heaving blasts.The basic idea underlying charge construction in both types consists of a most efficient transfer of explosion energy into rock fragmentation or heaving process by reducing the initial peak pressure and increasing the time of explosive action upon the rock mass. When exploding such charges, shock waves and gas streams undergo gas dynamic interactions in air cavities causing the rock to be repeatedly loaded with a system of shock compressions. This makes it possible to reduce energy losses due to too fine rock fragmentation in the zone next to the charge, as well as to increase the amount of energy directed for a more even breakage of the entire rock material.An application of the new types of charges in both construction and mining industry increased the excavator efficiency by 20–40%, reduced the specific consumption of explosives by more than 20%, diminished seismic influence of explosions, etc.The new method of rock fragmentation described here paves the way for further development of the theory and practice of blasting operations yielding a higher efficiency of the use of explosions.     

基于纹理特征的地貌的统计贝叶斯划分方法研究

通过研究“嫦娥一号”拍摄的月球影像灰度图纹理特征,对月貌进行划分,提出一种利用月球纹理特征结合月球影像的灰度值,采用贝叶斯分类法来进行月球地貌的分类。月球影像的纹理特征是由灰度共生矩阵计算出来的13种纹理特征量来刻画的。具体方法是：首先,选择能将不同月球地貌区分开的最佳纹理特征及提取这些最佳纹理特征所采用的相应最优窗口尺寸;其次,对这些提取出的纹理特征进行主成分分析,去除相关性,再运用贝叶斯分类法进行月貌分类。实验表明,该方法能很好地提取出月球表面的纹理特征,并能成功地对月球地貌单元进行自动识别和分类。最后制作完成的月球地貌分区图能为月球的进一步研究提供参考,为更好地探索月球提供详细的资料。     

模拟平流层环境的加载试验风洞测试与控制系统设计

根据模拟平流层环境加载试验风洞的设计要求,对其测试与控制系统进行了设计。通过搭建风洞控制子系统、数据采集子系统和安全与报警子系统,实现了对试验风洞中的设备开关、压力、温度和风速等的精确控制,同时具有系统运行各项参数的实时采集和记录、故障处理以及自动报警等功能。测试结果表明,系统的各项参数控制精度高,压力偏差小于0.2 kPa、温度波动小于1.5 ℃,模拟平流层环境加载试验风洞运行稳定、安全可靠。     

低密度高亚声速引射风洞设计及性能研究

研究以火星表面大气条件和火星飞行器飞行速度为基础，设计一个低密度高亚声速引射风洞，并运用ANSYS FLUENT 15.0对多喷嘴引射风洞的性能进行了数值计算分析。首先对计算进行了网格无关性验证，在保证计算精度和减少时间与计算资源的基础上，通过研究发现：多喷嘴引射器作为风洞动力系统可满足试验段马赫数达到0.77的高亚声速马赫数要求，并且对试验段上下壁面采用各1°的扩张角可有效降低试验段边界层对压力的影响，从而使试验段静压基本维持不变；提高引射膨胀比是提高试验段雷诺数的一个有效措施，但是会降低引射系数，同时会增加试验段的静压梯度，影响试验段的气流品质。因此低密度引射风洞设计过程中必须综合考虑试验段扩张角，引射膨胀比等因素。     

Japanese moon lander SELENE-2—Present status in 2009

JAXA is planning exploration missions to the moon, following upon the Kaguya (SELENE) mission., These missions aim to demonstrate some new technologies, observe the moon scientifically, investigate technical, social and political feasibility of utilizing the moon. For the first step of the missions, the phase A study of SELENE-2 has started from the summer of 2007. This mission will demonstrate the effectiveness of several technologies including precision landing, hazard avoidance, surface mobility, and night survival technologies. In situ geological and geophysical observations will be conducted to improve our knowledge on the origin and the evolution of the moon. Investigating the lunar surface conditions and its potential for in situ resource utilization will provide key information for future human exploration missions. This paper presents the current status of the SELENE-2 mission, its objectives, its design, and other important aspects of its development such as international cooperation.     

基于快速响应PSP技术的跨声速脉动压力实验研究

利用快速响应压敏涂料(PSP)技术对弹箭类飞行器跨声速段的脉动压力特性开展风洞实验研究,获得了Ma=0.8～1.2范围内弹箭类飞行器全表面1.2s实验时间段内的脉动压力特性,较全面地研究了马赫数、攻角(舵偏角)对脉动压力分布特性的影响。实验结果表明,快速响应PSP技术的脉动压力测量结果与高精度脉动压力传感器结果较为吻合,均方根脉动压力系数的测量误差小于15%,精度要求满足工程设计使用,且快速响应PSP测量方式能够获得弹箭类飞行器全表面的脉动压力分布,有利于捕获压力峰值和辨识跨声速非定常流场结构,更好地指导脉动压力载荷设计,在弹箭类飞行器设计中有较高的工程应用价值。     

Single-Axis Solar Orientation of a Satellite of the Earth

The possibility of using the mode of single-axis solar orientation is considered for a satellite placed into a nearly circular orbit with an altitude of 900 km and bearing a solar sail. The satellite (together with the sail) has an axisymmetric structure, its symmetry axis being the principal central axis of the maximum moment of inertia. The center of the sail pressure lies on this axis and is displaced with respect to the satellite's center of mass. The symmetry axis of the satellite is set to the Sun so that its center of mass would be located between the Sun and the pressure center and would rotate around this axis with an angular velocity of a few degrees per second. The satellite's axis of symmetry makes a slow precession under the action of the gravitational moment and the moment of light pressure forces. Though the maximum magnitudes of these moments are comparable, the moment of the light pressure forces dominates and controls the precession in such a way that the symmetry axis orientation to the Sun remains unchanged.     

基于氢化镁的核电/核热双模共质空间核动力技术

针对未来空间任务对能源和动力日益提高的需求,提出了基于氢化镁的核电核热双模共质空间核动力技术。该技术以一种储氢密度高、热稳定性较好,能够以常温常压储存的氢化镁作为工质,通过核能加热后氢化镁分解成为核热推进可用的高压氢气和电推进可用的单质镁,并结合高效动态热电转换系统,形成大功率核电源、大功率超高比冲核电推进、高比冲氢气核热推进以及大推力镁核热推进多种工作模式。基于氢化镁的多模共质空间核动力技术解决了低温推进剂、气态工质在空间应用时的存储安全性和存储密度低的问题,其具备的多种工作模式能够针对不同任务需求提供相应的能源或者动力输出,提高核动力飞行器任务能力。     

不同月球借力约束下的地月Halo轨道转移轨道设计

针对地月系L2点不同任务需求下的低耗能转移轨道设计问题,基于不变流形理论与混合优化技术,深入研究了不同月球借力约束与不同幅值Halo轨道的入轨点（简称HOI点）对转移轨道飞行时间与燃料消耗的影响,给出了HOI点选择策略。首先结合任务要求并考虑月球引力影响,在月球借力点施加不同约束条件,通过微分修正算法调整Halo轨道的稳定流形,设计月球到Halo轨道的转移轨道。采用遗传算法与微分修正算法相结合的混合优化策略,在同时考虑地球停泊轨道高度、倾角、升交点赤经与航迹角等多约束条件下,对燃料最优的地月转移轨道进行研究。最后,分析月球借力高度、借力方位角和不同HOI点对平动点转移轨道飞行时间与燃耗变化量的影响,对于考虑月球借力的地月平动点转移轨道设计与应用具有重要的参考价值。