ADS-B监视报文参数统计及其所需性能

基于广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）报文的位置导航不确定性指标（NUC_P）的监视质量备受关注。针对位置导航不确定性参数好、监视质量却不高的问题，深入研究广播式自动相关监视报文数据项及其与基于性能的通信与监视的相关性。在充分考虑通信导航监视相关性及全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）广域增强等因素基础上，推导、构建了监视所需性能估计模型，并给予合理简化。在测试空域利用2个具有运行资质的生产商ADS-B接收站，连续采集近2亿条ADS-B报文，统计分析报文各信息项的状态参数，并应用到所需性能估计模型评估计算这两个ADS-B站的所需监视性能。此外还将参考文献报文参数代入模型评估所需性能。结果显示，当考虑报文各信息项统计状态及具备广域增强服务支撑时，ADS-B所需监视性能参数估计值未达到99.9%要求。若缺乏广域增强服务及相关性因素等，系统所需性能与国际民航组织（ICAO）监视要求的差距则更大。     

增广误差模型算法在目标跟踪中的应用

针对目标机动运行过程中,滤波模型与机动状态模型失配的问题,提出了一种新的增广状态误差滤波模型。不同于现有增广方案,该模型从模型失配所致状态滤波误差的角度出发,将状态估计误差增广为一状态量,通过滤波估计后用其校正原状态量。算法分析表明,该增广滤波模型具有自适应调节多重渐消因子的等效特性,增强了对目标的跟踪能力。基于该增广状态误差滤波模型,给出了滤波算法设计并进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明,基于该模型的滤波算法在对机动目标进行跟踪时具有更强的鲁棒性。     

基于角速度估计自适应的IMM目标跟踪算法

为了解决目标强机动时目标跟踪算法模型集不匹配的问题,提出了一种基于角速度估计的自适应交互式多模型算法。通过对角速度的估计,在目标的不同运动模式下选取最优模型集,角速度估计精度高时,通过角速度估计值构造模型集,减小模型间竞争;角速度估计精度低时,采用标准IMM算法的模型集,提高模型集的覆盖范围,从而提高跟踪精度。仿真结果表明该方法能够明显提升目标跟踪性能,对强机动目标的跟踪效果尤其显著。     

利用跟踪-微分器构造机动目标估计模型

在分析目标运动特点的基础上,提出了一种新的基于跟踪-微分器的机动目标估计模型。该估计模型与卡尔曼滤波算法相结合,能够在动态过程完全未知的情况下估计出目标运动参数,且估计模型简单,物理意义明确,能够适应于目标的各种机动行为模式。仿真结果表明,具有跟踪-微分器结构的估计模型不但具有很强的适应性,而且能够获得满意的估计精度。     

自适应高阶容积卡尔曼滤波在目标跟踪中的应用

针对传统容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)在系统状态发生突变时估计精度下降的问题,将强跟踪滤波(STF)算法与高阶容积卡尔曼滤波(HCKF)算法相结合,提出了一种自适应高阶容积卡尔曼滤波(AHCKF)方法。该算法采用高阶球面-相径容积规则,可获得高于传统CKF的估计精度,同时在HCKF算法中引入STF,通过渐消因子在线修正预测误差协方差阵,强迫残差序列正交,提高了算法的鲁棒性,增强了算法应对系统状态突变等不确定因素的能力。将提出的AHCKF算法应用于具有状态突变的机动目标跟踪问题并进行数值仿真,仿真结果表明,AHCKF算法在系统状态发生突变的情况下表现出良好的滤波性能,有效地避免了状态突变造成的滤波精度下降,较传统的CKF、HCKF、交互式多模型-容积滤波(IMM-CKF)和自适应容积卡尔曼滤波(ACKF)算法有更强的鲁棒性和系统自适应能力。     

交互作用的双自适应模型估计器

 通过对目标的不确定机动分析和对不确定机动的模式分类(非机动、临界机动、弱机动、强机动),建立了一种新的目标状态自适应估计器——交互作用的双自适应模型估计器。它通过具有机动识别特性的二阶自适应模型和具有机动水平特性的三阶自适应模型,以及它们之间交互作用自适应组合方式的结合,达到了跟踪估计目标各种运动的“全面”自适应能力。应用新估计器对目标的5种基本运动进行了Monto-carlo仿真。仿真表明,它具有所期望的良好性能。     

跟踪飞机机动的自适应滤波方法

本文研究了对目标机动的最优检测问题,针对飞机主要有三种飞行状态:匀速直线运动、加速直线运动与圆运动这一特点,提出了既探测飞机机动又同时判断飞机作何种形式的机动的方法;并建议对飞机的不同飞行状态,采用相应的动态模型。在此基础上,给出了自适应滤波方法。最后给出的仿真计算果表明,自适应滤波方法有较高的跟踪精度。     

高超声速滑翔目标自适应跟踪方法

针对机动模式复杂多变的高超声速滑翔目标跟踪问题,提出了一种机动频率自适应跟踪方法。采用介于常速度和常加速度模型之间的Singer模型来表征目标气动力加速度的变化,从而建立跟踪系统的状态方程。根据地基雷达量测量获得系统的量测方程,鉴于距离和角度信息的量级相差较大将其由球形量测量转换为位置量测量。为了适应高超声速滑翔目标灵活多样的机动模式,基于正交性原理和无迹卡尔曼滤波算法实现了Singer模型中机动频率参数的自适应。利用滤波信息计算得到能够反映状态模型误差大小的调整因子,用于放大Singer模型中的机动频率,进而调整状态方程的过程噪声以降低模型误差。通过对2种典型机动轨迹的跟踪仿真,并与交互式多模型等方法进行比较,结果表明所提方法的跟踪精度高、计算量小,能够较好地适应阶跃机动和连续幅值变化的机动。     

探测与避让系统监视跟踪算法的设计与实现

无人机的探测与避让(Detect and Avoid, DAA)系统是无人机防撞的重要保证，监视跟踪算法对于DAA系统的可靠工作至关重要。基于DAA最低性能标准的描述，以雷达跟踪器、广播式自动相关监视和主动监视应答器监视跟踪入侵飞机的航迹信息，先用α-β滤波保证稳定跟踪，然后再用扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter, EKF)进行航迹估计，通过航迹管理算法计算出中心航迹，以供DAA系统作出警报和导引。通过基于ARM的嵌入式Linux平台设计的仿真验证系统和实验平台，验证了设计的DAA系统监视跟踪算法具有良好的监视跟踪性能。     

一种基于径向加速度的Singer-EKF机动目标跟踪算法

针对雷达均不能提供目标加速度信息,在目标机动时会出现跟踪精度差甚至跟踪发散的问题,提出一种基于径向加速度的Singer-EKF算法。该算法在信号处理阶段利用Radon-Ambiguity变换（RAT）估计出目标的径向加速度,并通过坐标转换将其引入量测向量中,然后采用基于Singer模型的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法实现机动目标的跟踪。仿真验证了该方法的有效性,并与传统的不带径向加速度的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）方法进行了比较,结果表明该方法在径向距离、位置、加速度和速度估计精度方面都有所提高。     

Multiple model nonlinear filtering for low signal ground target applications

The design and implementation of a multiple model nonlinear filter (MMNLF) for ground target tracking using ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar measurements is described. Like the well-known interacting multiple model Kalman filter (IMMKF), the MMNLF is based on the theory of hybrid stochastic systems. However, since it models the probability distribution for the target in a region, rather than just the distribution's first and second moments, a nonlinear filter is able to capture more fine-grained detail of the target motion and requires fewer models than typical IMMKF implementations. This is illustrated here with a two-model MMNLF in which one motion model incorporates terrain constraints while the second is a nearly constant velocity (CV) model. Another feature of the MMNLF is that it enables incorporation of prethresholded measurements. To implement the filter, the target state conditional probability density is discretized on a set of moving grids and recursively updated with sensor measurements via Bayes' formula. The conditional density is time updated between sensor measurements using alternating direction implicit (ADI) finite difference methods, generalized for this hybrid application. In simulation testing against low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) targets, the MMNLF is able to maintain track in situations where single model filters based on either of the component models or filters that use thresholded data fail. Potential applications of this work include detection and tracking of foliage-obscured moving targets.     

Interacting acceleration compensation algorithm for trackingmaneuvering targets

The two-stage Kalman estimator has been studied for state estimation in the presence of random bias and applied to the tracking of maneuvering targets by treating the target acceleration as a bias vector. Since the target acceleration is considered a bias, the first stage contains a constant velocity motion model and estimates the target position and velocity, while the second stage estimates the target acceleration when a maneuver is detected, the acceleration estimate is used to correct the estimates of the first stage. The interacting acceleration compensation (IAC) algorithm is proposed to overcome the requirement of explicit maneuver detection of the two-stage estimator. The IAC algorithm is viewed as a two-stage estimator having two acceleration models: the zero acceleration of the constant velocity model and a constant acceleration model. The interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is used to compute the acceleration estimates that compensate the estimate of the constant velocity filter. Simulation results indicate the tracking performance of the IAC algorithm approaches that of a comparative IMM algorithm while requiring approximately 50% of the computations     

A Kalman Tracker with a Simple Input Estimator

Two Kalman filter based schemes are proposed for tracking maneuvering targets. Both schemes use least squares to estimate a target's acceleration input vector and to update the tracker by this estimate. The first scheme is simpler and by an approximation to its input estimator the computation can be considerably reduced with insignificant performance degradation. The second scheme requires two Kalman filters and hence is more complex. However, since one of its two filters assumes input noise, it may outperform the first scheme when input noise is indeed present. A detector that compares the weighted norm of the estimated input vector to a threshold is used in each scheme. Its function is to guard against false updating of the trackers and to keep the error covariance small during constant velocity tracks. Simulation results for various target profiles are included. They show that in terms of tracking performance, both schemes are comparable. However, because of its computation simplicity, the first scheme is far superior.     

Robust extended Kalman filter with input estimation for maneuver tracking

This study investigates the problem of tracking a satellite performing unknown continuous maneuvers. A new method is proposed for estimating both the state and maneuver acceleration of the satellite. The estimation of the maneuver acceleration is obtained by the combination of an unbiased minimum-variance input and state estimation method and a low-pass filter. Then a threshold-based maneuver detection approach is developed to determinate the start and end time of the unknown maneuvers. During the maneuvering period, the estimation error of the maneuver acceleration is modeled as the sum of a fluctuation error and a sudden change error. A robust extended Kalman filter is developed for dealing with the acceleration estimate error and providing state estimation. Simulation results show that, compared with the Unbiased Minimum-variance Input and State Estimation (UMISE) method, the proposed method has the same position estimation accuracy, and the velocity estimation error is reduced by about 5 times during the maneuver period. Besides, the acceleration detection and estimation accuracy of the proposed method is much higher than that of the UMISE method.     

一种地理围栏内无人机航迹跟踪方法

针对UTM体制中无人机在地理围栏内的飞行监视问题,提出一种约束状态相关模态转换混合估计算法(CSDTHE)。采用随机线性混杂系统模型对无人机运动状态进行建模,利用CV、CT和CA三种模态描述无人机的飞行状态,以构建地理围栏内无人机运行的通用模态转换模型框架。利用飞行模态改变点(FMCP)定义相关模态转换参数,设计模态转换条件,生成模态转换概率矩阵,从而建立与状态相关的模态转换模型。运用约束卡尔曼滤波(CKF)方法对直线阶段和转弯阶段的无人机运动速度分别施加等式约束,并通过仿真实验验证了CSDTHE算法对无人机跟踪的有效性。     

A Kalman Filter Based Tracking Scheme with Input Estimation

Beginning with the derivation of a least squares estimator that yields an estimate of the acceleration input vector, this paper first develops a detector for sensing target maneuvers and then develops the combination of the estimator, detector, and a "simple" Kalman filter to form a tracker for maneuvering targets. Finally, some simulation results are presented. A relationship between the actual residuals, assuming target maneuvers, and the theoretical residuals of the "simple" Kalman filter that assumes no maneuvers, is first formulated. The estimator then computes a constant acceleration input vector that best fits that relationship. The result is a least squares estimator of the input vector which can be used to update the "simple" Kalman filter. Since typical targets spend considerable periods of time in the constant course and speed mode, a detector is used to guard against automatic updating of the "simple" Kalman filter. A maneuver is declared, and updating performed, only if the norm of the estimated input vector exceeds a threshold. The tracking sclheme is easy to implement and its capability is illustrated in three tracking examples.     

A Tracking Filter in Spherical Coordinates Enhanced by De-noising of Converted Doppler Measurements

Tracking problem in spherical coordinates with range rate (Doppler) measurements, which would have errors correlated to the range measurement errors, is investigated in this paper. The converted Doppler measurements, constructed by the product of the Doppler measurements and range measurements, are used to replace the original Doppler measurements. A de-noising method based on an unbiased Kalman filter (KF) is proposed to reduce the converted Doppler measurement errors before updating the target states for the constant velocity (CV) model. The states from the de-noising filter are then combined with the Cartesian states from the converted measurement Kalman filter (CMKF) to produce final state estimates. The nonlinearity of the de-noising filter states are handled by expanding them around the Cartesian states from the CMKF in a Taylor series up to the second order term. In the mean time, the correlation between the two filters caused by the common range measurements is handled by a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation-based method. These result in a new tracking filter, CMDN-EKF2. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed tracking filter can provide efficient and robust performance with a modest computational cost.     

飞行数据相容性检验技术

飞行试验测量数据中存在过程噪声和测量噪声,导致飞行数据之间不相容,国内目前常用的输出误差法不适用于耦合严重的直升机飞行数据相容性检验。采用增广卡尔曼滤波方法进行状态估计,大幅度地消除测量值中的误差;再用输出误差法对增广卡尔曼滤波估计的结果进行相容性检验,并将其应用于直升机四阶纵向等效模型辨识中。结果表明:提出的这种方法既解决了单独使用增广卡尔曼滤波进行数据相容性分析时由于初期收敛过程造成的滤波误差问题,又克服了单独使用输入误差法进行数据相容性时需手动修改时间延迟问题和测量值中误差过大时输出误差法无法收敛问题,使得检验效果与计算效率大幅提升。     

基于变分贝叶斯的星载雷达非线性滤波

星载雷达由于其探测范围广、距离远、全天候等优点,在预警防御系统中占有十分重要的地位。然而,由于观测平台的高速运动以及摄动干扰、传感器观测非线性等问题,使得星载雷达目标高精度跟踪带来严峻挑战。针对星载雷达非线性状态估计问题,采用一种基于变分贝叶斯的非线性滤波方法,该方法通过将非线性状态估计问题转化为优化问题,通过迭代优化获得了闭环解析解。此外,针对坐标变换中俯仰角量测缺失问题,提出了一种基于先验目标高度的俯仰角估计方法。通过数值仿真,验证了所提方法较传统非线性滤波方法,如扩展卡尔曼滤波、不敏卡尔曼滤波、转换量测卡尔曼滤波,具有更好的估计精度。     

基于可观测性分析的旋转式惯导系统在线自标定方法的设计

本文建立了速度误差外观测量的静基座双轴旋转式惯导系统在线标定卡尔曼滤波模型,其状态向量包括地速误差、姿态失准角和惯性器件零偏、标度因数误差、安装误差,可估计旋转式惯导系统失准角与惯性器件误差参数。通过分段线性定常系统(PWCS)可观测性分析方法分析不同旋转方式下系统可观测性变化情况,得出双轴连续旋转的角运动方案可以改善卡尔曼滤波滤波的可观测性。根据基于奇异值分解的可观测度分析结果进行模型降阶,同时结合旋转式惯导系统的工程应用特性,得到12阶卡尔曼滤波参数模型。降阶系统阶数降低约55%,可以显著降低运算量,有效提高了导航计算机运算效率和实时性。仿真实验表明：降阶模型的估计精度不低于原模型,而且部分状态量的滤波收敛速度有提高。