电离层拟合方法及路径参数量化分析

针对多层电离层,采用反抛物层作为连接层来描述电离层之间区域的电子密度分布.以电子密度和其相对于高度的一阶偏导数连续为依据,拟合出连接层的临界频率、半厚度和底高等电离层参数.将电离层的准抛物模型和连接层的反抛物模型中计算出来的等离子频率代入Appleton-Hartree公式和Snell定理,结合射线的几何结构完成多层电离层中的射线追踪,同时计算群路径、相路径和传输距离这3种重要的路径参数.分析当给定频率时,路径参数与入射角之间的关系,群路径、相路径与传输距离之间的关系,频率对路径参数之间变化关系的影响;同时分析了给定入射角时,路径参数与射线工作频率之间关系和入射角对于路径参数之间变化关系的影响.     

时延-角度特性研究

本文在球不对称局域准抛物电离层模型下,设计了一套射线追踪算法的计算机程序。研究了时延随角度变化特性。指出了最小时延的传统求解方法的适应范围,讨论了时延-角度特性曲线与返回散射电离图的关系及其能量分布特点。      

电离层薄层高度对电离层模型化的影响

利用IRI2012模型分析了电离层薄层高度的时空变化规律,提出了基于应用中STEC的电离层改正误差分析理论,分析了电离层薄层高度变化的相关影响.结果表明,电离层薄层高度变化对电离层穿刺点位置、投影映射函数值、电离层建模结果、电离层模型精化和电离层模型精度评估结果的影响较大.高度截止角为10°时,电离层薄层高度变化导致电离层穿刺点的经纬度差异最大可达3.2°,投影映射函数最高可引入约15.46%的误差,电离层建模结果差异和建模实用误差最高分别达9.71%,3.64%,采用不同薄层高度数据的电离层模型参数拟合和模型精化结果最大可引入约9.26%的误差,采用不同电离层薄层高度数据进行模型精度评定时最大可引入约9.62%的误差.根据这些研究结果可知:在实际应用中应采用电离层薄层高度模型,并选取较大的卫星高度截止角来减小薄层高度变化引入的误差;采用固定高度时,区域电离层建模采用与实际电离层薄层一致的固定高度;进行精度评估时,参考数据的电离层薄层高度与需要精度评估的电离层模型薄层高度相等.      

受限空间中天线产生的电波覆盖研究

受限空间中的有效电波覆盖直接影响通信质量和可靠性,对天线系统的布局优化尤为重要.然而现有的研究很少考虑本来就处于隧道中的天线参数对电波覆盖的影响.针对铁路隧道这种特殊的受限空间情况首先介绍了电波覆盖的研究方法和现状,然后利用射线追踪方法、波导模式方法和矢量抛物方程方法对电波覆盖进行了预估,针对笔形方向图的特征采用高斯方向图重点研究了不同的天线主瓣宽度、波束指向以及在隧道截面的位置对电波覆盖的影响,分析了沿隧道轴向不同区域内电波覆盖的不同特征,最后研究了受限空间中电波覆盖的三段式模型.本文的方法和模型可以为隧道内的天线选型及优化布局提供理论依据和参考.      

电离层Es电波传播模型研究

考虑大气折射的影响,对不同高度Es层条件下大圆路径传播距离与仰角的关系进行计算.基于电离层Es电子密度时空分布特点,建立高阶Es反射模型;运用高阶修正贝塞尔函数表示电离层Es电子密度扰动的自相关函数,综合考虑电离层Es各向异性结构的尺度关系,建立高阶Es散射模型.仿真计算Es层VHF斜入射传播衰减与频率、距离的关系.对于反射模型,Es层厚度越厚,电波衰减越大.对于散射模型,Es层不规则体水平尺度相同,垂直水平漂移的尺度越大,衰减越大;而垂直水平漂移的尺度相同,水平尺度越大,衰减越小.无论反射模型还是散射模型,f₀E_s越高,衰减越小;电波工作频率越高,衰减越大.对比建立的模型与VHF链路的测量结果,明确不同强度的电离层Es反射/散射机制,证明了建立模型的正确性.      

电离层Es对HF和VHF传播信号的影响

Es层是存在于电离层中的电子密度非常高的偶发E层（Sporadic E）,其电子密度可达常规E层的100倍.电离层Es能够反射原本穿透F层的VHF低频段（30~150MHz）无线电波,而且对HF高频段（10~30MHz）无线电波传播具有显著影响.运用垂测和斜测观测数据,研究HF频段Es层电波传播特征,得到了不同类型及不同高度Es层的衰减系数.根据f₀E_s的日变化规律,可得HF频段衰减系数的日变化规律,进而分析并得到Es层对短波传播的影响.不存在电离层Es时,通常无法通过电离层实现VHF超远距离通信.为了对VHF链路通过电离层Es的传播衰减进行定量分析,根据EBU多条链路的观测结果,拟合并建立了电离层Es衰减模型.将该模型、ITU模型和观测数据进行对比,发现本文建立的模型准确度更高.利用建立的模型,对电离层Es不同临频f₀E_s条件下接收信号场强和电压随传播距离的变化进行了计算,结果可为VHF链路设计及建立提供参考.      

基于空间统计方法的电离层折射修正技术

针对中国上空电离层所具有的特殊性和GPS观测站在中国西部分布相对稀疏的特点, 尝试探索中国卫星增强系统电离层时延信息修正技术, 为卫星导航定位以及遥感、遥测等空间应用工程的电波修正提供数据. 利用中国地壳形变监测网提供的双频GPS数据, 以空间统计方法为主要工具, 给出了普通Kriging电离层估计算法, 构建了平静期和磁暴期电离层理论变异模型, 详细分析了电离层折射修正的精度. 结果表明, 将空间统计方法应用于卫星增强系统中的电离层时延改正问题, 有利于提高增强系统的电离层折射修正精度, 特别是在观测样点相对较少的情况下, 有利于系统完整性的实现.      

基于BDS/GPS和经验模型的区域电离层建模

基于北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）和全球定位系统（GPS）实测电离层穿刺点（IPP）数据,结合国际参考电离层（IRI）经验模型历史数据,提出一种对区域二维电离层总电子含量（TEC）进行高精度建模的方法.针对缺乏穿刺点的区域内短时间电离层建模时精度较低且各时段穿刺点空间分布不同的问题,该方法使用IRI模型在建模区域内均匀添加虚拟穿刺点数据,并根据与实测穿刺点的距离,使用构造的权重计算公式赋予其动态权重值,通过加权最小二乘法进行球谐模型参数解算.与欧洲定轨中心（CODE）发布的全球电离层图（GIM）进行数据比对发现,相对于只使用BDS/GPS实测穿刺点数据的建模方法,利用本文建模方法计算获得的垂直总电子含量（VTEC）值对缺乏实测穿刺点的区域精度有明显的提升.      

飞机进近着陆电磁环境建模与辐射分布分析

机场终端区电磁、地形和地物在拓扑、物理和语义上的异构性导致进近着陆电磁环境构成机理复杂,很难用单尺度解析模型表征电磁环境的本质属性.在分析终端区多要素层次构成机理和关联耦合特征的基础上,提出一种多层融合的进近着陆电磁环境模型架构.综合采用矩量法和射线追踪法模拟台站辐射特性和地空电波传播模式,建立进近着陆区域电磁辐射强度量化表征与空间分布计算模型,有效降低了场边界特性不规则时空变化带来的电波预测误差.结合某机场地形和航向台数据,对终端区主航道和余隙航道的电磁辐射强度和覆盖范围进行计算和对比分析.仿真结果验证了本建模与分析方法的有效性.     

电离层对星载SAR影响的多相位屏仿真方法

利用多相位屏技术对电离层色散、相位闪烁、幅度闪烁等影响的P波段星载SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)回波进行了仿真.将电离层建模为只改变信号相位的多个薄屏,信号在屏之间的衍射效应实现电离层的幅度闪烁和相位闪烁.衍射结果由斜入射条件下球面波的抛物方程在自由空间的解析解得到.穿过多相位屏的信号复振幅中包含了电离层色散、相位闪烁、幅度闪烁等影响.回波信号通过发射信号的频谱与受电离层影响的复振幅相乘得到.仿真表明,该方法可以真实反映电离层色散、相位闪烁、幅度闪烁等效应,为研究电离层影响下的星载SAR成像提供真实可靠的数据.     

Adaptation of the bottomside electron density profile of the IRI model to data of topside radiosounding

A method is proposed for reconstructing the electron density profiles N(h) of the IRI model from ionograms of topside satellite sounding of the ionosphere. An ionograms feature is the presence of traces of signal reflection from the Earth's surface. The profile reconstruction is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the N(h) –profile is calculated from the lower boundary of the ionosphere to the satellite height (total profile) by the method presented in this paper using the ionogram. In this case, the monotonic profile of the topside ionosphere is calculated by the classical method. The profile of the inner ionosphere is represented by analytical functions, the parameters of which are calculated by optimization methods using traces of signal reflection, both from the topside ionosphere and from the Earth. At the second stage, the profile calculated from the ionogram is used to obtain the key parameters: the height of the maximum hmF2 of the F2 layer, the critical frequency foF2, the values of B0 and B1, which determine the profile shape in the F region in the IRI model. The input of key parameters, time of observation, and coordinates of sounding into the IRI model allows obtaining the IRI-profile corrected to real experimental conditions. The results of using the data of the ISIS-2 satellite show that the profiles calculated from the ionograms and the IRI profiles corrected from them are close to each other in the inner ionosphere and can differ significantly in the topside ionosphere. This indicates the possibility of obtaining a profile in the inner ionosphere close to the real distribution, which can significantly expand the information database useful for the IRTAM (IRI Realmax Assimilative Modeling) model. The calculated profiles can be used independently for local ionospheric research.     

Numerical study of traveling ionosphere disturbances with vertical incidence data

High frequency ionosphere vertical sounding, as an important and representative application for detecting the ionosphere and studying the characteristics of radio propagation, can be utilized to monitor the ionosphere continuously variation and to acquire the ionosphere asymmetrical features of diverse scale above the ionosphere vertical sounding stations. This is a first article on real time application of numerical methods to obtain the parameters of traveling ionosphere disturbances (TIDs) using vertical incident ionograms. In this paper, the distribution of ionosphere electron density with TIDs is constructed using a background ionosphere model superimposed a perturbation theory model. The background ionosphere electron density is modelled by the inversion of vertical incident ionograms which are observed before the appearance of the disturbance. Based on the fourth order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (the so-called ABM) predictor corrector method, instead of Runge-Kutta method, the fast digital ray tracing method is established. According to process of the disturbed trace simulation and parameters inversion, the characteristic parameters of ionosphere disturbance at different detection time can be obtained in real time. The numerical analysis of TIDs is then captured completely.     

New field of application of the IRI modeling – Determination of ionosphere transfer characteristic for radio astronomical signals

We suggest a new field of application of IRI modeling – determination of ionosphere transfer characteristic (ITC) for radio astronomical signals (RAS). VHF and HF RAS are widely used for observations of the Sun and pulsars. It is necessary to take into account possible distortions of RAS in the Earth ionosphere. However, in contrast to modern navigation systems (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO), where very accurate reconstruction of ionosphere parameters is a built-in function, in present-day radio astronomy a retrieve of ITC has not been appropriately worked out yet. It collides with increasing requirements to accuracy of the analysis of RAS amplitude profile and to the angular and polarizing resolution of radio telescopes of new generation. We have developed a method and software for calculation of the ionosphere measure of rotation (RM) and the measure of dispersion (DM). We used the ionosphere model IRI-2001, magnetic-field model IGRF-10 and values of ionosphere total electron content as deduced from GPS measurements. The obtained values of the ionosphere DM and RM were recalculated into characteristics of phase delay, Faraday amplitude modulation and polarization changes. We made calculations for different levels of geomagnetic activity and for different angular position of radio sources as well.     

Validation of the Neustrelitz Global Model according to the low latitude ionosphere

Empirical modeling including empirical model for the total electron content (TEC) is important for the study of the ionosphere and practical applications. In this paper goodness of new Neustrelitz Global Model (then NGM) at low latitudes is studied. The NGM model includes such parameters as the maximal electron density (NmF2) and altitude of the maximum (hmF2). As of today, besides NGM there are several empirical models for NmF2 and hmF2. Therefore, a comparison of these parameters of the NGM model, not only with the experimental data, but also with two versions of the International Reference Ionosphere (the IRI model): IRI2001 and IRI-Plas would be instructive. Because the NGM model incorporates special factor describing the equatorial anomaly, the comparison in lower latitude areas is particularly interesting. As one can see from the presented example of the data from low latitude stations located in the northern and southern hemispheres near the Greenwich meridian, the NGM model may have certain advantages over the IRI model versions. In particular, NGM TEC is preferable regardless of solar activity level while NGM NmF2 is only preferable under high solar activity conditions. Next, NGM equivalent slab thickness of the ionosphere: τ(NGM) = TEC(NGM)/NmF2(NGM) has been calculated and tested to answer the question whether τ(NGM) can be used as a proxy of the slab thickness of the ionosphere for an empirical modeling. The answer is positive for the near equatorial stations and periods of high solar activity, and under such conditions predicted τ(NGM) can be used for deriving NmF2 from the experimental values of TEC(CODE) in real time.     

基于斜向探测最高可用频率反演电离层参数

提出了一种利用斜向探测F₂层最高可用频率及其对应时延反演传播路径中点临界频率f₀F₂和3000km传输因子M（3000）F₂的新方法.该方法从工程实用角度出发,利用射线传播理论直接反演得到临界频率和3000km传输因子.通过对长春-径阳和新乡-赤峰两条斜向探测链路中点电离层参数的反演分析,验证了方法的稳定性;利用反演结果与北京垂直探测数据对比,验证了方法的准确性;通过与Smith方法的对比,验证了方法的实用性.统计分析显示,此方法具有与Smith方法可比的精度,明显优于参考电离层模型给出的结果,其均方误差为0.48MHz,相对误差为10.50%;具有较好的稳定性,对不同距离的探测链路有较好的适应性,反演精度差异为0.03MHz;具有可操作性强,易于实现的特点.本研究成果可用于短波通信频率实时预报、动态频率管理及其相关领域.      

Ionospheric differential error determination using ray tracing for a short baseline

Since the United States government discontinued Selective Availability (SA) on 1 May 2000, ionospheric effects have been responsible for the largest errors in GPS systems. The standard Differential GPS (DGPS) method is incapable of completely eliminating the ionospheric error. This paper describes a new approach to determine the differential ionospheric error between geographically distributed receiver stations. The ray paths of GPS signals were simulated using a modified Jones 3D ray tracing programme that includes the effect of the geomagnetic field. A Nelder–Mead optimisation algorithm was embedded in the program to precisely determine the satellite-to-station path. A realistic ionospheric model is essential for accurate ray tracing results and for estimates of differential error that are accurate on sub-centimetre scales. Here, the ionospheric model used in the ray tracing programme was developed by fitting realistic ionosphere profiles with a number of exponential functions. Results were compared to the theoretical approach. Results show that the differential delay is about 1–5 cm at low elevation angles for a short baseline of 10 km, as reported in other literature. This delay is often neglected in DGPS application. The differential delay also shows a pattern similar to that predicted by the Klobuchar model. The method proposed here can be used to improve future GPS applications.     

Studying characteristics of traveling ionospheric disturbances using U-shaped traces on vertical incidence ionograms

This paper presents a case study when due to the descending additional U-shaped trace on vertical incidence ionograms, increased critical frequency stabilizes. This corresponds to an ionospheric disturbance that moves toward the ionosonde and then stays overhead.Within a 2D model, traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are superimposed on the inverted background ionosphere. So ray tracing is used to obtain propagation paths through non-stratified ionosphere thus synthesizing the disturbed ionogram traces. Investigated are changes in the cusp shape caused by varying TID parameters. A cusp-fitting method to determine the TID amplitude, spatial scale, and horizontal drift velocity are shown.     

基于BP神经网络技术的电离层VTEC融合

随着电离层探测技术的不断发展,电离层观测资料也越来越多,只使用单一的观测资料会出现电离层反演精度不高的问题。为了提高电离层的反演精度,使用BP神经网络技术将地基反演和国际参考电离层(international reference ionosphere,IRI)模型的垂直总电子含量（vertical total electron content,VTEC）数据进行有效融合。在温带地区\[35°(N)~45°(N),60°(E)~80°(E)\]进行电离层反演试验,结果表明基于BP神经网络技术的电离层数据融合和地基反演获得的电离层VTEC精度都比较高,但是基于BP神经网络的电离层数据融合反演精度比地基反演更高,所以基于BP神经网络技术的数据融合能够提高电离层的反演精度。     

Research on the disturbance of ballistic missile to ionosphere by using 3D ray tracing method

This study uses the 3D ray tracing to analyse ionospheric disturbance generated by a ballistic missile plume (which was simulated in our previous work). Ray tracing results show that the 6 MHz radio waves are completely reflected by the ionosphere and cannot reach the ionospheric disturbance zone. The 8 MHz radio waves partially penetrate the ionospheric disturbance zone, producing a focusing effect. Most of the 10 MHz radio waves pass through the ionosphere and the disturbance zone. The focusing effect and focus height are reduced. In the height range 65̃400 km, the ray absorption loss of reflection is greater than the transmitted ray. When the ray is reflected multiple times in the cavity formed by the plume, ray absorption loss greatly increases.