采用flamelet模型分析旋流杯燃烧室近贫油熄火点

针对进口温度388 K不变,不同进气速度下对旋流杯燃烧室常压模化实验得到的贫油熄火油气比数据,采用带有详细化学机理的非预混flamelet燃烧模型进行数值模拟,对近贫油熄火点的局部热态流场进行了分析.结果表明:近贫油熄火点时刻,随着油气比的下降,回流涡旋中心和高温度区分离,回流区内气流温度下降,着火点后移,点火距离增加;进气速度的增加和燃油流量的下降,使得回流区回流量增加,回流涡旋中心两侧温差加大,而着火点更靠后,增加了对这种变化的耐受性.      

硼颗粒聚团着火过程研究

针对含硼推进剂固体火箭冲压发动机内硼颗粒聚团的着火过程开展了系统研究,考虑硼颗粒聚团内部气相扩散及颗粒聚团与周围环境的传热传质过程,建立了一维硼颗粒聚团着火模型,详细分析了环境总压、环境气体温度、氧气摩尔分数、聚团半径、聚团孔隙率以及硼颗粒粒径对硼颗粒聚团的着火温度和着火延迟时间的影响规律。结果表明:硼颗粒聚团能够在比单颗粒硼着火温度更低的环境温度下实现着火,且着火温度随聚团半径、氧气摩尔分数的增加而降低,随环境总压、聚团孔隙率以及硼颗粒粒径的增加而增大;硼颗粒聚团着火延迟时间随环境气体温度、氧气摩尔分数和颗粒聚团孔隙率的增加而减小,随硼颗粒粒径的增加而增大。在较高的环境总压下,硼颗粒聚团的着火延迟时间随环境总压增加而增大。     

中空纤维膜机载制氮装置的数学建模分析

建立了考虑浓差极化现象的微分方程数学模型,并用正交配置法求解,对中空纤维膜机载制氮装置(OBIGGS)进行了分析,并对部分状态点的计算结果进行了实验验证.结果表明:富氮气体(NEA)中氧气的质量分数随着进气温度的升高而降低,在达到最小值后又呈上升趋势;在进气与排气压力差保持不变的情况下,随着中空纤维膜排气压力的下降,中空纤维膜的富氮气体质量流量逐渐增加;随着中空纤维膜丝长度的增加,丝内气体的压降和富氮气体质量流量均有所增加;中空纤维膜空气分离制得的富氮气体质量流量越大,则所需进气的质量流量越大,且富氮气体氧气质量分数越高.      

多级旋流预燃区补氧对常压点火特性的影响

在常温常压进口条件下开展点火试验,研究对象为多级旋流空气雾化喷嘴模型燃烧室,在火焰筒压降为1%~6%工况下分别采用20J和12J点火能量的电火花点火器进行点火试验,控制预燃区补氧空气流量比在0~0.04范围内,研究了多级旋流空气雾化喷嘴的点火油气比变化规律.结果表明:在点火油气比足够小的情况下,预燃区补氧流量越高,临界进口速度越大;在相同点火能量和火焰筒压降下,预燃区补氧空气流量比越高,点火油气比越小;随着预燃区补氧空气流量比增大到一个阈值(20J点火能量时为0.01,12J点火能量时为0.015),点火油气比曲线的发展趋势将发生变化;当预燃区补氧空气流量比继续增大到另一个关键阈值(20J点火能量时为0.025,12J点火能量时为0.03),点火油气比不再发生明显改变.     

Overshooting from convective cores: Theory and numerical simulation

Convective overshooting increases the fraction of the star which is effectively mixed, thus altering models of stellar evolution. If the feed back of overshooting on the structure of the star is neglected the estimated extent of overshooting is very small. If the feed back is included in these estimates then the adiabatic core is extended by a distance comparable to a substantial fraction of the radius of the unstable region. An upper limit on convective overshooting is given by the integral constraint (Roxburgh 1978, 1989) with viscous dissipation neglected. If this constraint is applied to small convective cores then the maximum extent of the penetration region is shown to be at most about 0.18 times the radius of the core independent of the details of energy generation and opacity. The ratio of the maximum penetration distance to the scale height at the edge of the “classical boundary” varies very strongly with core size, and modelling overshooting by taking the penetration distance as a multiple of the scale height is likely to give misleading results. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional compressible convection in a fluid where the central regions are naturally convectively unstable, and the surrounding layers are stable, have been undertaken for different values of the Prandtl number. The results indicate that for low Prandtl numbers viscous dissipation is of decreasing importance and the simple integral condition gives a reasonable estimate of the extent of overshooting. Stellar seismology offers the possibility of detecting the location of the core — envelope interface through a periodic variation of the small frequency separation with frequency.     

HTPB固体燃料冲压发动机流场仿真与燃速分析

基于守恒方程建立了固体燃料冲压发动机燃速仿真模型,采用二维轴对称模型和二方程化学反应模型开展了HTPB(端羟基聚丁二烯)固体燃料冲压发动机流场数值仿真,分析了不同空气来流条件对流场分布及燃速的影响.结果表明:火焰层在氧气和固体燃料壁面之间形成,随着来流空气流量和空气总温的增加,火焰层厚度变薄并向固体燃料壁面侧移动;随着发动机轴向位置的增加,燃速先迅速增加后缓慢增加,最后在补燃室附近快速减小,变化趋势与文献中试验结果吻合较好;固体燃料平均燃速随来流空气总温及发动内空气流率的增加而增大,并根据仿真结果拟合得到了燃速公式.      

超临界环境下煤油替代物液滴燃烧特性数值研究

为研究液氧/煤油火箭发动机燃烧室内经喷注形成的煤油液滴的燃烧过程,基于实际气体状态方程、高压热物性修正、高压气液平衡和详细化学反应动力学,建立一维的全瞬态液滴燃烧模型,对超临界环境下两组分煤油替代物液滴的燃烧特性及液滴初始直径的影响进行仿真研究。结果表明,在超临界环境下,相比于煤油液滴纯蒸发过程,煤油液滴燃烧过程的迁移时刻大大提前;煤油液滴着火之后很快进入超临界燃烧阶段,此时液滴燃烧过程可以看成中心附近的燃料高浓度区与外侧氧气高浓度区之间的扩散燃烧过程;煤油液滴的火焰半径先增大,达到最大值之后开始减小,并减小为零,火焰温度在着火之后快速上升至最大值,并基本保持不变,在火焰半径减小为零之后开始降低;随着液滴初始直径的增大,火焰特性以及液滴中心参数变化曲线趋势不变、整体延迟,着火时间、迁移时间和液滴寿命增大。     

两相爆震波多管同步点火技术的实验研究

为了研究基于液态燃料的爆震波点火技术,进行了一系列液态煤油/氧气爆震波点火实验。实验中氧气和煤油的供给压力分别为1.0 MPa和0.7 MPa,火花塞点火能量为50 mJ。研究了两相爆震波点火技术的基本特性,实验表明:采用低点火能量能够快速产生充分发展的爆震波,煤油/氧气爆震压力可达4.0 MPa,爆震波速度可达1500 m/s到2001 m/s,尾焰温度约为2075 K。开展了两相爆震波由单管向多管传播的实验,验证了两相爆震波多管点火技术的可行性,目前可实现四管同步点火。实验显示两相爆震波点火技术重复性强,多管点火具有较好的同步性,时间差别为几十个微秒量级,适用于多燃烧室液态火箭发动机的同步点火。     

基于多物理场耦合的双脉冲发动机点火过程数值模拟

为研究双脉冲固体火箭发动机Ⅱ脉冲点火瞬态过程,发展一套多物理场耦合求解器。流体控制方程基于有限体积法求解,时间推进采用双时间步LU-SGS(Lower Upper Symmetric Guass Seidel)方法;固体推进剂表面温度基于耦合传热方法计算;结构动力学运动方程基于有限元方法离散,采用经典的Newmark格式进行时间推进,流固耦合采用松耦合算法,并通过算例验证求解器的可靠性。计算结果表明:该求解器能够数值模拟Ⅱ脉冲启动过程中的点火药气体冲击、燃气非定常流动及金属膜片机械响应过程,获得金属膜片的破裂时间和压强;且随着点火质量流率增加,推进剂装药首次点燃时间和金属膜片破裂时间变短,膜片破裂压强降低;金属膜片破裂时间和压强不仅与作用在其表面的压强载荷大小相关,而且与压强载荷加载的过程相关;金属膜片厚度越薄,膜片破裂时间越短,膜片轴向位移越大,膜片破裂压强越低。     

木材在锥形量热仪上的点燃实验研究

利用锥形量热仪研究了外加辐射热流和电火花点火高度对木材着火时的点燃时间、表面温度、质量损失速率等点燃特征参数的影响,提出了室内火灾中木材点燃的临界质量通量判据。研究结果表明,增大外加辐射热流,木材点燃时间缩短,点燃的临界表面温度减小,但临界质量通量不变;增大电火花的点火高度,木材点燃时间延长,点燃的临界表面温度升高,临界质量通量增大;对于特定场所,可以用临界质量通量作为木材点燃的判据。     

新型空间站氢/氧变轨发动机研究

基于气动谐振点火技术的氢／氧变轨发动机是一项新型的液体火箭推进技术,尤其适用于空间站应用。通过氢氧推力室理论热力计算以及同轴氢氧谐振点火试验研究,采用了同轴氢氧谐振点火器加氧气补燃喷嘴的发动机头部结构方案。在同轴氢氧谐振点火器进行性能试验研究基础上,依次成功进行了发动机头部的谐振点火及氧气补燃试验。最后,成功完成了包括单脉冲、连续双脉冲及3．0S持续工作几种形式下的发动机地面试车试验,验证了发动机工作的可靠性及可行性。发送机起动时间达到0．2S以内。     

氦气谐振点火器和气氧/煤油火炬点火器研究

为了实现液体推进剂火箭发动机重复多次可靠启动，研究了利用气动谐振热效应形成的高温高能点火源进行气氧／煤油等可贮存推进剂多次点火的方案。为此研制了氦气谐振点火器和气氧／煤油火炬点火器。氦气点火器在较宽的气源温度(-2℃～33℃)变化范围、较大喷嘴入口压力(1．5MPa～3．OMPa)变化范围内均具有好的谐振加热性能。气氧／煤油火炬点火器能够多次可靠地点火并生成稳定的点火火炬。由于不受谐振产生条件的限制，气氧和煤油的流量可以在较大的范围内选择，生成点火火炬的温度范围也很宽，富燃点火炬更具工程应用价值。研究结果表明氦气谐振点火器及其气氧／煤油火炬点火器具有结构简单，可靠性高，无毒无污染等优点，对于重复多次启动的液体火箭发动机有着诱人的应用前景。     

三级旋流燃烧室流动和点火过程中火焰传播特性

为了研究三级旋流燃烧室的流动以及预燃级煤油非预混燃烧特性,设计了三级旋流燃烧室结构方案与光学非接触测量方案,研究了总压损失与当量比对三级旋流燃烧室流动特性及火焰结构的作用和油气参数对点火过程中火焰特征结构与特征时间的影响规律。研究结果表明：在高速气流碰壁区存在内、外剪切层,剪切层的无量纲高度随总压损失变化较小,剪切强度随总压损失增大而增大;火焰结构随着当量比变化存在“V”型火焰、过渡火焰以及包络火焰三种形态,过渡当量比约在0.6左右;热态回流区扩张段扩张角度随总压损失的增大而增大,随着当量比先减小后增大;点火过程中存在大尺度火焰的熄灭与复燃,复燃火焰从回流涡附近以三维螺旋方式回传;点火过程中,随总压损失的增大,火核生成时间增大,火焰传播时间减小,熄火复燃时间减小;随当量比增大,火核生成时间增加,火焰传播时间先增大后减小,熄火复燃时间减小。     

Pressure wave propagation characteristics in a two-phase flow pipeline for liquid-propellant rocket

The aim of this paper is to investigate the pressure wave propagation behavior in LOX/kerosene rocket engine pump pipeline. A pressure wave propagation model for gas–liquid two-phase flow with phase change taken into consideration is first proposed by using ensemble-averaging techniques. Then condensation of gas oxygen in subcooled liquid oxygen and the corresponding mixing process in pump pipeline are numerically simulated with the application of thermal phase change model in Computational Fluid Dynamics code CFX. Finally, based on the established model and the predicted flow parameters, pressure wave in gas–liquid pipeline flow, characterized by the propagation speed and the attenuation coefficient, is studied by personally compiled code on MATLAB. The calculation results indicate that the propagation speed of two-phase pressure wave first slightly falls and then increases with the decreasing void fraction along the flow direction, and the increase of angular frequency causes the propagation speed and the attenuation coefficient of two-phase pressure wave to increase. The vapor bubble diameter, mass flow rate and inlet temperature of gas oxygen are shown to have strong effects on the mixing flow condensation process of gas oxygen and liquid oxygen. Bubble with larger diameter can weaken the condensation process, and leads to greater cross-sectional mean void fraction of gas oxygen. This phenomenon results in an overall decrease in pressure wave propagation speed and an increase in attenuation coefficient except for the short slug-flow region located at the pipeline inlet. Similar effects can also be achieved by increasing the mass flow rate or the inlet temperature of gas oxygen.     

Erosion of a Polyimide Material Exposed to Simulated Atomic Oxygen Environment

Oxygen plasma source generated by thermal cathode filament discharge has been used to study the erosion process of polyimide (PI) materials in atomic oxygen (AO) environment, and their mass loss, surface morphology and surface chemical compositions have been examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after exposure to incremental AO flux. The data indicate that the physical adsorption of AO at the samples' surface results in the increase of oxygen concentration when polyimide is exposed to AO flux. Then selective chemical reactions of groups of polyimide materials with AO yield volatile organic compounds, sample mass loss is on linear increase and carpet-like surface morphology forms. In the initial exposure to AO, the reaction occurs mainly between AO and carbon in specific location of aromatic ring, then the reaction rate of C=O groups gradually increases. After AO exposure, the oxygen concentration increases while nitrogen and carbon concentration decreases. Reaction rate of groups containing nitrogen is slower compared with carbon and oxygen.     

Experimental research of air-throttling ignition for a scramjet at Ma 6.5

An experimental investigation on ignition characteristics with air-throttling in an ethylene-fueled scramjet under flight Ma 6.5 conditions was conducted.The dynamic process of air-throttling ignition was explored systematically.The influences of throttling parameters,i.e.,throttling mass rate and duration,were investigated.When the throttling mass rate was 45% of the inflow mass rate,ambient ethylene could be ignited reliably.The delay time from ignition to throttling was about 45–55 ms.There was a threshold of throttling duration under a certain throttling mass rate.It was shorter than 100 ms when the throttling mass rate was 45%.While a 45%throttling mass rate would make the shock train propagate upstream to the isolator entry in about10–15 ms,four lower throttling mass rates were tested,including 30%,25%,20%,and 10%.All of these throttling mass rates could ignite ethylene.However,combustion performances varied with them.A higher throttling mass rate made more ethylene combust and produced higher wall pressure.Through these experiments,some aspects of the relationships between ignition,flame stabilization,combustion efficiency,and air-throttling parameters were brought to light.These results could also be a benchmark for CFD validation.     

超声速混合层燃烧研究进展

超声速混合层燃烧研究是解决超声速燃烧难点的有效途径,对于超燃冲压发动机的发展具有重要意义。这一领域在过去20多年中开展了大量工作,需要对此进行总结。由于无反应超声速混合层流动特性研究是超声速混合层燃烧研究的基础,因此,首先综述了该流动特性,包括瞬时流场结构和时均统计特性;其次,讨论了着火特性,包括着火距离和着火过程;再次,综述了火焰特性,特别是火焰结构;然后,关注了熄火特性;接着,对释热和可压缩性影响进行了总结;最后,给出了燃烧不稳定性的研究进展。通过综述可知,超声速混合层燃烧研究仍需开展大量工作。在着火特性、火焰特性和熄火特性方面,后续研究可重点采用湍流数值模拟和详细反应机理,研究着火过程、火焰传播过程和熄火过程,以及流动参数、热力学参数、组分参数和外界因素对着火距离、火焰结构和熄火位置的影响;在释热和可压缩性影响方面,后续研究可采用高精度数值或实验方法,重点研究高释热和高可压缩性条件下有反应超声速混合层的瞬变特性和统计特性;燃烧不稳定性方面,后续研究可采用高精度数值或实验方法,重点研究超声速混合层燃烧不稳定性产生的普遍准则及其内在机制。     

高超声速进气道中壁龛式预燃室进气特性

在空气流量４．６９ｋｇ／ｓ左右的地面连管试验台上,研究了高超声速进气道中壁龛式预燃室内外流场的气流特性。试验发现,壁龛式预燃室中流动状态的变化与激波－附面层之间相互作用关系密切。虽然在壁龛式预到中测得的总压值较低,气流总压损失较大,但仍满足两股气流之间超燃点火的压力匹配要求。因此,提出的壁龛式预燃室方案是可行的。     

双级轴向涡流器气量分配对燃烧室点火特性的影响

为研究双级轴向涡流器一、二级气量分配对燃烧室点火特性的影响,对4种不同气量比的双级轴向涡流器进行了单头部燃烧室点火试验,同时结合燃烧室头部流场和喷嘴匹配涡流器雾化试验结果对点火试验结果进行了分析。结果表明：随着一、二级气量比由0.55增加至1.28,涡流器出口旋流数、涡流器下游回流区宽度、回流空气流量以及喷雾锥角逐渐减小;过小的一、二级气量比会导致点火状态下的燃油粒径变大;点火边界油气比随着一、二级气量比的增加呈现先减小后增加的趋势,气量比为0.85~1的方案兼顾了流场和喷雾特性,获得了相对较好的燃烧室点火性能。     

Effect of particle size and oxygen content on ignition and combustion of aluminum particles

Particle size and oxygen content are two of the key factors that affect the ignition and combustion properties of aluminum particles. In this study, a laser ignition experimental system and flame test system were built to analyze the ignition and combustion characteristics and the flame morphology of aluminum particles. A thermobalance system was used to analyze the thermal oxidation characteristics. In addition, the microstructure of aluminum was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the oxidized products were some of the gas phase products agglomerated. Smaller particle size samples showed better combustion characteristics. The combustion intensity, self-sustaining combustion time and the burn-off rate showed a rising trend with the decrease in the particle size. Increasing the oxygen content in the atmosphere could improve the ignition and combustion characteristics of the samples. Four distinct stages were observed in the process of ignition and combustion. Small particle size samples had a larger flame height and luminance, and the self-sustaining combustion time was much longer.Three distinct stages were observed during the thermal oxidation process. The degree of oxidation for small-sized samples was significantly higher than that for the larger particle size samples.Moreover, it was observed that the higher the oxygen content, the higher the degree of oxidation was.