辐射加热对返回舱气动热环境影响的数值研究

基于高超声速再入飞行器气动热环境预测分析的需要,建立了高温非平衡气体辐射加热对飞行器热环境影响的计算分析手段。采用数值求解化学非平衡N-S方程的方法,对返回舱绕流流场进行模拟,获得高温空气组分质量分数和温度等流场参数分布。基于辐射传输方程,考虑高温气体组分的主要辐射机制,计算分析高温流场气体辐射加热对返回舱热环境的影响。分析表明,在同一飞行弹道条件下,返回舱大底半径尺寸对气动加热的影响较大,在再入热环境严酷区,辐射加热对物面总热流的贡献达30!;产生辐射加热效应的主要机制是高温流场中O和N原子产生连续谱和线状谱以及N2的第一正带系;物面催化效应对辐射加热影响不大。     

高超声速钝头双锥体高温流场辐射研究

研究再入高温绕流及尾流流场的辐射特性对高超声速飞行器突防和识别技术的发展具有重要意义。本文基于Navier-Stokes方程和辐射传输方程,建立了沿任意视角方向的再入体全目标区流场(包括绕流及尾迹流场)辐射特性计算方法,计算分析了在0.4~12.0μm光谱范围内钝头双锥体高温化学反应流场辐射在不同视角(0°~180°)方向以及不同再入高度(40~60km)下的变化特征。     

高焓激波风洞自由流参数测量的数值重建

高焓风洞中参数测量本身受到高温非平衡效应影响,单纯依靠实验测量不足以确定详细的风洞自由流参数.本文以JF-10高焓激波风洞为背景,通过喷管-试验段-测量仪模型非平衡流场的连贯计算,开展自由流参数测量的数值重建.在比较分析测量仪模型绕流场的计算结果和实验测量值的基础上,结合喷管流场的数值模拟结果,共同确定高焓风洞的详细自由流参数.     

面向稀薄流非线性本构预测的机器学习方法

稀薄非平衡流域内连续介质假设已经失效,主要围绕Boltzmann方程及模型方程对稀薄非平衡流开展理论与计算研究,统一气体动理论格式（UGKS）是其中一种代表性方法。在稀薄非平衡流数值模拟中,Navier-Stokes （N-S）方程连续介质假设已经失效,不能有效描述流场非平衡特征。UGKS方法虽然计算精度高,但速度空间离散导致计算效率低下,多维高速条件下数值计算难以开展。基于数据驱动的思想,在N-S方程与UGKS方法的研究基础上发展出了一种稀薄非平衡流非线性本构关系求解方法（DNCR）。该方法以N-S与UGKS求解器获得的流场数值模拟计算结果作为训练数据集,基于流场特征参数采用极端随机树算法生成机器学习模型,对预测流场中线性黏性应力项与热流项进行非线性修正,并耦合非线性本构关系求解宏观守恒方程得到目标状态稀薄非平衡流动数值解。针对DNCR方法中所采用的机器学习方法-极端随机树模型,通过二维顶盖驱动方腔流算例对高维非线性建模涉及的特征参数选取、参数调优开展了相关验证工作,选取若干典型状态对极端随机树模型的泛化性能开展研究,并评估了相关模型与方法的计算精度与计算效率。     

高超声速飞行器表面温度分布与气动热耦合数值研究

针对高超声速飞行器热防护设计中的高温气体非平衡效应问题和气动热环境精确预测问题,基于流场的非平衡Navier-Stokes方程、表面的能量守恒方程和内部的热传导方程,考虑流场的非平衡效应、表面的热辐射效应、催化效应和烧蚀效应以及热防护层内部的热传导效应,建立了初步的表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算方法,完善了高超声速飞行器气动物理流场计算软件(AEROPH_Flow)。在表面材料为碳-碳(C-C)条件下,对飞行高度为65km和飞行速度为8,10km/s的半球以及飞行高度为50km和飞行速度为8km/s的球锥模型,开展了表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算,验证了计算方法和计算软件,分析了表面温度分布对气动热环境的影响。研究结果表明:表面温度分布对气动热的计算结果有较大影响,在气动热环境的预测中,不仅要考虑热化学非平衡效应和表面催化效应的影响,还要考虑表面温度分布的影响,最好是采用表面温度分布与气动热耦合计算的方法,以减小表面温度分布对气动热计算结果的影响。为此,需要发展完善非平衡流场/表面催化和烧蚀/热传导温度场(气/表/固)的计算模型、耦合求解技术和计算软件,实现对高超声速飞行器的真实飞行条件下高温气体非平衡效应和气动热环境的精确模拟。     

用可变扩散湍流模型研究轴对称排气系统红外辐射特性

为研究可变扩散湍流模型在排气系统红外辐射特性计算中的适用性,计算了轴对称亚声速喷管在3 ～5μm波段的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性.喷管流场及温度场采用有限体积法求解N-S方程,湍流模型采用标准k-ε模型和可变扩散模型.红外特性计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程,并考虑大气衰减作用.计算结果与试验对比表明,与标准k-ε模型相比,可变扩散湍流模型能够有效改善亚声速热喷流的核心区长度,从而获得与试验结果一致的红外辐射强度,说明可变扩散湍流模型适用于精确模拟轴对称排气系统的红外辐射特性.     

热化学非平衡流辐射流场工程计算方法研究

从耦合辐射的轴对称热化学非平衡 N-S方程出发,采用双温度、1 1组元反应气体模型,耦合修正的Nicolet单温度辐射模型,利用隐式 NND有限差分格式和时间预处理技术数值求解了 FIREII飞船热化学非平衡辐射流场,得到的辐射传热结果与有关实验结果和更细致的热化学非平衡辐射模型的结果进行了比较     

不同热化学非平衡模型对高超声速喷管流场影响的数值分析

采用轴对称NS方程,数值研究不同热化学非平衡模型对高超声速喷管流场的影响,包括:(1)不同组元数的高温空气模型(5组元、7组元1、1组元)的比较;(2)热力非平衡(双温度)的化学动力过程与热力平衡(单温度)的化学动力过程的比较。计算结果表明,高焓风洞实验条件下喷管流场处于热力和化学都是非平衡的状态。在计算条件下,数值模拟以采用7组元或11组元的热化学非平衡模型为宜。     

高超声速钝体尾流光电特性的计算

本文提出了一个高超声速非烧蚀钝体尾流全流场的简化模型和简化的空气化学模型。该模型用于化学非平衡尾流积分电子密度与NO_2化学发光辐射等参数的计算。对于NO_2化学发光辐射既求得了整个频谱范围内的总辐射,也求得了分谱辐射强度。计算结果与弹道靶测量数据进行了比较,它们之间的一致性良好。     

后燃对火箭发动机羽流红外特性的影响

为研究火箭发动机后燃羽流近场的红外辐射特性,建立了羽流红外传输的计算模型,通过在能量方程中引入辐射源项,实现了流场计算与辐射传输的耦合求解.计算中考虑了10种组分,使用有限速率化学反应模型对羽流后燃现象进行计算,分别使用有限体积法和离散坐标法求解羽流流场和辐射传输方程,得到了羽流红外辐射强度在1~15μm范围内随波长变化的曲线及辐射强度在近场内的分布云图,与试验数据符合较好.在羽流近场内能够捕捉到辐射特性随流场物性变化的情况,表明耦合求解能提高辐射计算精度.随着来流马赫数和飞行高度的增加,后燃引起的羽流红外辐射强度的增量均变小.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.