Role of endogenous thiols in protection.

Aminothiols represent the most important group of radioprotective compounds. The most effective compounds administered at an optimal dose and time before irradiation are able to provide a protection in mice with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of about 2-2.5. The working mechanism can partly be explained as a scavenging process of radicals induced in water and partly as a chemical repair process of injured DNA. The endogenous aminothiol which has far-out the highest intracellular concentration is glutathione (GSH). The importance of intracellular GSH in determining cellular radiosensitivity has been shown by irradiating cells that had very low GSH levels. Such cells appear to have a high radiosensitivity, especially in hypoxic conditions. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that induction of a high GSH level (100-200% above the normal level) provides only a small protection. In vitro experiments with DNA indicate that thiols with a high positive charge condense in the vicinity of DNA and are effective protectors, whereas thiols with a negative charge are kept away from it and are poor protectors. In comparison with the most effective exogenous aminothiols like cysteamine and WR1065, GSH is not an effective radioprotector. Putative explanations for this relatively poor protective ability of GSH are presented.     

梁结构线弹性碰撞的解析解

把结构弹性碰撞问题可以看成是碰撞结构集成系统振动初值问题,本文根据这一对策,得到了质点、杆分别与简支梁横向碰撞问题之解析解.借助数值分析方法详细探讨上述两种碰撞问题的动态响应特性,分析了冲击载荷的收敛性.用弹簧模拟接触变形,分析了接触变形对收敛性和碰撞响应的影响.     

Experimental analysis of the breakage of a liquid bridge under microgravity conditions

The experimental results obtained in experiment “STACO” made on board the Spacelab D-2 are re-visited, with image-analysis tools not then available. The configuration consisted of a liquid bridge between two solid supporting discs. An expected breakage occurred during the experiment. The recorded images are analysed and the measured behaviour compared with the results of a three dimensional model of the liquid dynamics, obtaining a much better fit than with linear models.     

陀螺仪运动的复杂性

建立了外环轴水平放置的重力对称陀螺仪的运动方程.并将陀螺仪转子的质心位置作为扰动, 在一定条件下, 首先研究了自由陀螺仪的运动, 并给出力学意义解释; 然后利用Melnikov方法和KAM理论研究了非自由陀螺仪的运动.研究结果表明: 在陀螺仪转子的质心与支架中心不重合且充分接近, 或陀螺仪能量充分大时, 陀螺仪的运动出现Smale马蹄意义下的混沌; 同时它的Hamiltonian流存在KAM不变环面和不变闭曲线.      

Models of the structure of the atmosphere of Venus from the surface to 100 kilometers altitude

From a critical comparison and synthesis of data from the four Pioneer Venus Probes, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, and the Venera 10, 12, and 13 landers, models of the lower and middle atmosphere of Venus are derived. The models are consistent with the data sets within the measurement uncertainties and established variability of the atmosphere. The models represent the observed variations of state properties with latitude, and preserve the observed static stability. The rationale and the approach used to derive the models are discussed, and the remaining uncertainties are estimated.     

Some aspects of the early evolution of photosynthesis.

The early evolution of a photocatalytic system of the porphyrin type, able to efficiently collect and utilize solar energy for primary electron transfer is discussed. Experimental results concerning some spectral and photochemical properties of the porphyrins, biosynthetic precursors of chlorophyll and their complexes with polymeric templates are reviewed. Protoporphyrin IX associated with pigmented proteinoid is demonstrated to be a favourable candidate for a role of a photosensitizer of the first photosynthetic reaction centers. The origin and early evolution of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain and of the phosphorylating mechanism are discussed with emphasis on the energetic mechanisms of archaebacteria.     

两杆纵向非线性弹性碰撞的瞬间响应

把处于弹性碰撞接触状态下的两个杆件看作是一个振动体系,此弹性碰撞问题被转化成该碰撞体系在碰撞杆具有初始扰动速度下的振动响应问题,于是将此碰撞问题的分析纳入了常规的振动分析范畴.论文给出了该非线性弹性碰撞问题的描述方法,给出了一种考虑非线性Hertz弹性接触变形的线性化方法和详细的实现步骤,给出了该碰撞问题在不考虑接触变形和考虑线弹性接触变形两种情况的解析解,数值分析结果验证了上述分析方法的可行性和正确性.     

利用静电双探针对辉光放电等离子体诊断分析

阐述了利用Langmuir双探针诊断等离子体参数的基本原理,对圆柱腔中的空气辉光放电等离子体进行了双探针诊断,通过实验测得伏安特性曲线,计算得出等离子体密度和电子温度。分析了密度参数变化与放电电流大小之间的关系。最后将诊断结果与准光腔系统进行比较,二者虽略有差别,但差别不大,且变化趋势一致。验证了采用本双探针系统诊断辉光放电等离子体密度的可靠性。     

Photopolarimetric sensing of planetary surfaces

Polarization measurements over the surfaces of the Moon, Mercury, Mars and Saturn's rings, and global data for the Galilean satellites, have been recorded with telescopes in France. A number of asteroids were measured by B. Zellner in USA. The curves of polarization are diagnostic of the micro-texture of the surface, and demonstrate that all the atmosphereless Solar System objects so far observed (except Callisto trailing hemisphere) have their surfaces covered with a regolith of fines, as for the Moon, which is produced by the cumulative effect of meteoroid impacts. For all the silicaceous objects down to a diameter of 700 km, namely Mars, Mercury, the Moon, Callisto (for the apex hemisphere), the mean grain sizes are no larger than 20um. The asteroids have coarser grained regoliths, apparently because of their smaller gravitational escape velocities. The C type asteroid surfaces, assumed to be carbon rich, appear finer grained than the silicaceous S types. The M astereroids assumed to be metallic, are also covered with small fragments, becuase metals loose their ductile properties at low temperature and behave at impact like brittle silicates. The trailing hemisphere of Callisto has a texture almost reminiscent of bare rocks. Orbital considerations to excluse significant impact effects, and a scenario for the past evolution of the satellite are implied.The planet Mars, with wind effects due to a tenuous atmosphere, several intense past volcanic episodes, a high tectonic activity and a permafrost underground has a more diversified surface regolith. A detailed analysis was achieved with photopolarimeters placed on board the soviet Mars Orbiter Spacecraft MARS-5.The Saturn's rings, anisotropic multiple scattering effects are observed and exhibit variations often in few days or weeks. Mutual interactions and gravitational forces are at work to produce organized structures, whereas disorganization forces occur and the competition produced ephemeral situations.     

Oscillations of axial plant organs.

The tips of roots and shoots commonly show lateral movements as they grow forwards. These occur as both circumnutations (with long periods and large amplitudes) and micronutations (with short periods and small amplitudes). Their properties are reviewed, with emphasis on roots, and possible ways in which they could be regulated are discussed. The mechanisms could include long-range controls (for circumnutations) that depend on transmissible signals using steps common to gravitropism, and short-range controls (for micronutations) that operate within the elongation zone. The former are a property of the apex as a whole, while the latter may be confined to localized groups of cells. Simulation of nutations is presented with a view to isolating key physiological processes. However, this approach is limited by the current inadequate understanding of the growth mechanisms involved.     

辐照对蜂窝夹层结构力学性能的影响

通过对一种碳纤维复合材料面板铝蜂窝夹层结构辐照前后力学性能的试验 ,得到了辐照影响该种蜂窝夹层结构力学性能的变化规律。在试验的基础上 ,讨论分析了空间辐照对碳纤维面板铝蜂窝夹层结构力学性能的影响机理。通过试验和比对 ,从中找出了具有一定普遍性的规律 ,提出了如何提高该蜂窝夹层结构抗空间辐照的研究方向。     

带有阻尼机构的多柔体航天器动力学建模

对通过阻尼机构连接的多柔体航天器动力学问题进行研究,考察的系统由航天器本体、若干六自由度刚性阻尼平台以及固连于阻尼平台的大柔性附件构成,阻尼平台与航天器本体之间以弹性 阻尼装置连接,为典型的多柔体系统.以混合坐标描述系统的运动,利用Kane方程建立了具有较强通用性且有利于系统控制器设计的含有约束阻尼的动力学模型.数值仿真结果表明,阻尼器可有效衰减柔性附件的振动,有利于星体受扰后的快速稳定     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Time variations of cosmic-ray helium isotopes with BESS-Polar I

The Balloon-borne Experiment with a Superconducting Spectrometer (BESS) is configured with a solenoidal superconducting magnet and a suite of precision particle detectors, including time-of-flight hodoscopes based on plastic scintillators, a silica-aerogel Cherenkov detector, and a high resolution tracking system with a central jet-type drift chamber. The charges of incident particles are determined from energy losses in the scintillators. Their magnetic rigidities (momentum/charge) are measured by reconstructing each particle trajectory in the magnetic field, and their velocities are obtained by using the time-of-flight system. Together, these measurements can accurately identify helium isotopes among the incoming cosmic-ray helium nuclei up to energies in the GeV per nucleon region. The BESS-Polar I instrument flew for 8.5 days over Antarctica from December 13th to December 21st, 2004. Its long-duration flight and large geometric acceptance allow the time variations of isotopic fluxes to be studied for the first time. The time variations of helium isotope fluxes are presented here for rigidities from 1.2 to 2.5 GV and results are compared to previously reported proton data and neutron monitor data.     

2010年海口上空突发钠层事件观测

使用钠荧光激光雷达观测2010年低纬度地区海口(20.0°N, 110.3°E)上空突发钠层事件. 2010年总计观测时间为458h, 观测到突发钠层事件38次, 即每观测12h有1次突发钠层事件发生. 结合武汉上空突发钠层数据, 对比巴西低纬度地区数据, 揭示低纬度地区突发钠层频发现象. 观测到2010年12月30日突发钠层峰值时刻钠层密度廓线具有很好的空间对称性. 分析了距海口激光雷达西南约160km中国海南澹州(19.5°N, 109.1°E)的测高仪数据, 检测了13对突发钠层和电离层偶发事件, 结果表明突发钠层与Es有很强的相关性. 通过 分析低纬度地区上空突发钠层峰值径迹平均速度发现, 大多数突发钠层峰值向 下运动.      

空间计算机冗余架构可靠性分析比较

采用冗余架构,是改善和提升空间计算机可靠性的一个重要途径。目前在工程中对不同架构可靠性的对比,尤其是相对复杂的架构,多仅限于形式上的粗略分析,缺乏定量比较。对6种典型空间计算机冗余架构(双机冷备、双机热备、TMR、动态重构TMR、2+1三机、四机)分别建立马尔可夫链数学模型,推导出上述各冗余架构可靠度的计算公式,并以一个虚拟的5年期任务为背景,对这些架构的可靠度进行了仿真计算、分析和比较。仿真结果表明:具有冷备资源的冗余方案可获得相对高的系统可靠性;让故障节点具有从故障中恢复正常功能的能力和短的修复时间,能大幅提升系统可靠性。     

一类线性不确定大系统的分散变结构控制

研究了具有参数摄动、关联影响和外界干扰等不确定性因素影响的线性大系统的分散控制问题,在假设系统不确定性有界且满足一定匹配条件的前提下,提出了一种分散变结构滑模控制算法,并给出了消颤方案和控制受限的解决方法.该算法结构简单计算量小,同时闭环系统具有较好的动态特性和较强的鲁棒性,数字仿真表明了该算法的有效性.      

有涂覆层的导体圆柱空间散射特性的数值计算

文中根据带有涂覆层的导体圆柱在平面波的照射下的散射场表达式,进行了全面的数值计算,说明了虚宗量的Bessel函数和Hankel函数的计算方法,分别给出了平行极化波和垂直极化波入射时双站RCS的计算曲线,包括不同涂覆层厚度的影响、入射波频率、涂覆层介质的相对介电常数、导磁率变化时双站RCS的变化规律,获得了有参考意义的结果.     

卫星闭环姿控下的双组元四贮箱液体晃动联合仿真研究

首先介绍了基于UDP通讯协议实现的贮箱液体晃动联合仿真方法.该方法采用FLUENT计算运动贮箱的液体晃动力、力矩、质心结果,星体动力学程序在获取贮箱晃动结果后通过控制算法和策略计算星体运动的线速度和角速度.两者之间的双向数据交换,通过C/C++语言开发的通讯接口来实现.然后借助上述联合仿真方法,开展了贮箱晃动联合仿真分...     

Investigation of magnetospheric processes with the use of a source of strong magnetic field in the ionosphere

More than 20 years ago V.P. Shabansky suggested that the magnetic system installed aboard the satellite, could be used as a physical instrument for studying the processes which occur in the near Earth space. The corresponding space scales of an artificial “magnetosphere”—“magnisphere”—are 10 m in the experiment with relatively small magnets in the ionosphere and 100 m in the solar wind. The corresponding similarity criteria are estimated. The possible scheme of the experiment with a superconducting magnet (magnetic moment 10⁵ A · m²) installed aboard the satellite is considered. The experimental complex includes a number of systems for measuring the fluxes of charged particles in a wide energy range, DC electric and magnetic fields, the electromagnetic fields in different frequency bands (from X-rays to radio). The scientific objectives are discussed in detail.