Balloon film strain measurement

In order to understand the state of stress in scientific balloons, a need exists for the measurement of film deformation in flight. The results of a flight test program are reported where material strain was measured for the first time during the inflation, launch, ascent and float of a typical natural shape, zero pressure scientific balloon.     

The dynamics and control of the CubeSail mission: A solar sailing demonstration

The CubeSail mission is a low-cost demonstration of the UltraSail solar sailing concept (, ,  and ), using two near-identical CubeSat satellites to deploy a 260 m-long, 20 m² reflecting film. The two satellites are launched as a unit, detumbled, and separated, with the film unwinding symmetrically from motorized reels. The conformity to the CubeSat specification allows for reduction in launch costs as a secondary payload and utilization of the University of Illinois-developed spacecraft bus. The CubeSail demonstration is the first in a series of increasingly-complex missions aimed at validating several spacecraft subsystems, including attitude determination and control, the separation release unit, reel-based film deployment, as well as the dynamical behavior of the sail and on-orbit solar propulsion. The presented work describes dynamical behavior and control methods used during three main phases of the mission. The three phases include initial detumbling and stabilization using magnetic torque actuators, gravity-gradient-based deployment of the film, and steady-state film deformations in low Earth orbit in the presence of external forces of solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic drag, and gravity-gradient.     

LDEF: Chemical and isotopic measurements of micrometeoroids by SIMS

Described is a passive experiment for LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) to measure the chemical and isotopic composition of interplanetary dust particles >10⁻¹⁰g for most of the major elements expected to be present. The detector consists of Ge targets covered with a metallized plastic film. During impact micrometeoroid vapor and melt are deposited on the underside of the foil which can be analyzed be secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) after the return of LDEF. Additional information on projectile mass, velocity and density can be obtained from the study of the penetration hole and the impact crater. Criteria for the choice of materials are given and first results of impact simulation experiments are reported which demonstrate the viability of the basic concept and show that isotopic data can be obtained from the deposits.     

基于电子束蒸发沉积的曲面纳米薄膜均匀性研究

半球谐振子金属化是半球谐振陀螺研制过程中的重要环节，针对半球表面薄膜制备均匀性难以实现的问题，提出了一种将薄膜沉积实验和光学模拟相结合的方法。本文采用电子束蒸发技术在半球上沉积Au薄膜，利用台阶仪测量球面上不同位点的薄膜厚度，将平面上的膜厚等效为半球曲面上的膜厚，研究球面薄膜的均匀性，得出了在半球内外表面上薄膜的膜厚分布；同时对薄膜沉积均匀性进行光学模拟，将半球探测器上辐照度等效为实验中沉积所得到的薄膜厚度，计算得出的半球探测器上辐照度分布与实验测量结果一致性较好，可为半球谐振子纳米薄膜的均匀性制备提供理论基础。     

辐射变色薄膜剂量计性能测试及加速器应用

本课题的目的是建立用于辐射加工高剂量水平吸收剂量测量的辐射变色薄膜剂量计。通过系统研究,批量制备了以尼龙为基材,副品红氰化物为染料的辐射变色薄膜剂量计。为了验证批制辐射变色薄膜剂量测量的可靠性,选择了国际上应用较广的FWT-60膜及丙氨酸薄膜剂量计与本实验室批制的辐射变色薄膜开展实验室内剂量比对,比对结果均在±4%内符合,归一化偏差En绝对值均小于1。通过在加速器上进一步应用实验表明批制辐射变色薄膜可用于电子束辐照参数测量。     

飞机旋转表面结冰数值模拟

在Shallow-Water结冰热力学模型的基础上,搭建了一套适用于三维旋转表面的非稳态结冰模型,采用Jacobi迭代法和Gauss-Seidel迭代法对表面结冰进行非稳态迭代求解。用所提模型对简化后的旋转桨叶模型进行计算,并与FENSAP软件结果进行对比,验证了所提模型的准确性,分析了转速、水滴直径和液态水含量等因素对旋转表面结冰冰形和水膜流动的影响。结果表明：随着转速的增加,结冰范围和水膜覆盖范围偏移愈加明显;结冰范围和水膜覆盖范围随水滴直径增长逐渐增加,水膜厚度也逐渐增大;结冰厚度和水膜厚度随液态水含量增长而相应增加,水膜覆盖范围也明显变大。     

基于石墨烯膜的光纤Fabry-Perot腔干涉特性分析

针对以新型材料石墨烯为膜片的光纤法珀压力传感器,应用圆薄膜大挠度弹性理论,利用有限元法分析了均布载荷下石墨烯膜的挠度形变;并基于Fabry-Perot干涉仪原理,建立了光纤Fabry-Perot腔压力传感的数学模型.根据石墨烯膜折射率特性,分析了层数、入射光角度等参数对石墨烯膜反射率的影响,获取了腔长损耗以及薄膜挠度形变导致腔长变化而引起的干涉光谱变化规律.仿真结果表明,增加薄膜层数可提高反射率、改善干涉性能;但随着载荷增加,其对挠度形变的影响表现为反向递减效应.8层石墨烯薄膜可获得0.715%的反射率,且当腔长为40μm时,直径25μm薄膜的理论压力灵敏度约为10nm/kPa.这为基于多层石墨烯的膜片式光纤压力传感器的设计提供了理论依据.      

A challenge to the highest balloon altitude

Development of a balloon to fly at higher altitudes is one of the most attractive challenges for scientific balloon technologies. After reaching the highest balloon altitude of 53.0 km using the 3.4 μm film in 2002, a thinner balloon film with a thickness of 2.8 μm was developed. A 5000 m³ balloon made with this film was launched successfully in 2004. However, three 60,000 m³ balloons with the same film launched in 2005, 2006, and 2007, failed during ascent. The mechanical properties of the 2.8 μm film were investigated intensively to look for degradation of the ultimate strength and its elongation as compared to the other thicker balloon films. The requirement of the balloon film was also studied using an empirical and a physical model assuming an axis-symmetrical balloon shape and the static pressure. It was found that the film was strong enough. A stress due to the dynamic pressure by the wind shear is considered as the possible reason for the unsuccessful flights. A 80,000 m³ balloon with cap films covering 9 m from the balloon top will be launch in 2011 to test the appropriateness of this reinforcement.     

垂直旋转圆盘边缘液体形态

为了解重力对旋转圆盘表面液体流动的影响,利用高速摄影,对垂直旋转圆盘边缘液体形态进行了试验研究。结果表明,与水平旋转圆盘边缘液体分为直接液滴、液柱和液膜3种形态不同,垂直旋转圆盘边缘液体分为液柱、液膜和柱膜纠缠3种形态。垂直旋转圆盘底部与顶部液体形态并不一致。底部未出现液膜形态,当流量不大于24 g/s时,为液柱形态;当流量大于等于30 g/s时,为柱膜纠缠形态。当流量为12~21 g/s、转速为1 000~2 100 r/min,顶部出现液膜形态;当流量小于12 g/s时,顶部为液柱形态;当流量大于12 g/s时,液柱形态消失,由柱膜纠缠形态取代。由于重力影响,垂直旋转圆盘边缘液体形态变化程度远大于水平旋转圆盘;在流量大到一定程度后,圆盘底部形成液柱形态需要的转速会大大增加。      

旋转状态下气膜冷却模型的数值模拟

通过对带有90°倾角圆柱形交错孔排的涡轮叶片模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同主流雷诺数、旋转数和吹风比情况下前缘面与后缘面侧的气膜冷却流动与换热特性及各气膜孔流量系数的分配规律.结果表明,冷气受到离心力与哥氏力的共同作用向高半径处发生偏转,导致壁面冷却效率降低;雷诺数的增大会削弱气膜冷却效果,高吹风比则不利于气膜孔下游区域的冷却.各气膜孔的流量系数随吹风比的增大而增大,随旋转数的提高而减小.在后缘面侧,相同工况下各气膜孔的流量系数明显高于前缘面侧对应气膜孔的值.      

薄膜热电偶热氧化可靠性及结构优化

航空发动机涡轮叶片处于发动机温度最高的部位，将薄膜材料制备于待测物表面形成热电偶传感器，可及时有效的对涡轮叶片进行测温。薄膜热电偶多层膜间的热氧化界面扩散失效是导致薄膜可靠性不高的主要原因之一，基于Fick第二定律提出多层膜扩散可靠性模型，定量描述薄膜热电偶扩散失效机理，通过仿真计算，结合粒子群算法，以薄膜寿命最大为目标，寻优得到各膜层对应的最佳结构，为结构工艺上提高薄膜热电偶寿命的研究提供了一定的借鉴。     

Mechanical properties of ANTRIX balloon film and fabrication of single cap large volume balloons

The zero pressure plastic balloons used for high altitude studies are generally made from polyethylene material. Tensile properties of the thin film polymer are the key parameters for material selection due to extremely low temperature of −90 °C encountered by the balloons in the tropopause region during the ascent at equatorial latitudes. The physical and structural properties of the material determine the uniformity of the stress distribution over the entire shell. Load stresses from the suspended load propagate via load tapes heat sealed along with the gore seals as per the balloon design. A balance between this heat seal strength and the film strength is a desirable property of the basic resin in terms of the bubble strength, gauge uniformity, and long-term storage properties. In addition, the design of the top shell of the balloon and its stress distribution play an important role since only a fraction of the balloon is deployed during the filling operation and the ascent. In this paper we describe the mechanical properties of the ‘ANTRIX’ film developed by us and the optimized design of single cap balloons, which have been successfully used in our experiments over the past 5 years.     

Scientific ballooning in Japan

Activities in scientific ballooning in Japan during 1998–1999 are reported. The total number of scientific balloons flown in Japan in 1998 and 1999 was sixteen, eight flights in each year. The scientific objectives were observations of high energy cosmic electrons, air samplings at various altitudes, monitoring of atmospheric ozone density, Galactic infrared observations, and test flights of new type balloons. Balloon expeditions were conducted in Antarctica by the National Institute of Polar Research, in Russia, in Canada and in India in collaboration with foreign countries' institutes to investigate cosmic rays, Galactic infrared radiation, and Earth's atmosphere. There were three flights in Antarctica, four flights in Russia, three flights in Canada and two flights in India. Four test balloons were flown for balloon technology, which included pumpkin-type super-pressure balloon and a balloon made with ultra-thin polyethylene film of 3.4 μm thickness.     

挤压油膜阻尼器失效问题分析

说明了研究挤压油膜阻尼器(简称SFD)减振失效的意义.首先,介绍了国际上研究SFD的J.W.Lund、E.J.Hahn、R.Holmes、R.A.Cookson和E.J.Gunter等五个学术集团,归纳出他们谈论到的有关挤压油膜阻尼器失效的观点,特别着重指出了挤压油膜阻尼器失效的不正确设计.失效的现象是过不了临界和导致转子支承系统产生双稳态特性.避免失效的方法是:调整油膜间隙与不平衡量间的关系,应用全油膜,限制不平衡量和采用弹性支座.本文的结论是:假如设计参数选择不当,挤压油膜阻尼器不仅不能减振,反而会导致转子支承系统工作不稳定或过不了临界.     

原子磁强计原子气室无磁加热温控系统设计

介绍一种用于原子磁强计原子气室的无磁加热温控系统设计。针对温控系统加热电流产生的磁场干扰,设计了双层加热丝加热膜结构的加热器件,该加热器件利用同层平行反向电流和层间平行反向电流产生的磁场相互抵消以减小加热电流磁场噪声;设计了滑动平均滤波器对采集的温度信号实施滤波以减小随机噪声的干扰;结合设计的高频加热信号的产生电路、幅度控制电路和功率放大电路开展了实验测试。测试结果表明,研制的双层加热丝加热膜结构加热器件相比单层加热丝加热膜结构加热器件的电流磁场噪声抑制能力提高了约16倍,实现的无磁加热温控系统的温控能力达到1. 2‰。     

原子磁强计原子气室无磁加热温控系统设计

介绍一种用于原子磁强计原子气室的无磁加热温控系统设计。针对温控系统加热电流产生的磁场干扰,设计了双层加热丝加热膜结构的加热器件,该加热器件利用同层平行反向电流和层间平行反向电流产生的磁场相互抵消以减小加热电流磁场噪声;设计了滑动平均滤波器对采集的温度信号实施滤波以减小随机噪声的干扰;结合设计的高频加热信号的产生电路、幅度控制电路和功率放大电路开展了实验测试。测试结果表明,研制的双层加热丝加热膜结构加热器件相比单层加热丝加热膜结构加热器件的电流磁场噪声抑制能力提高了约16倍,实现的无磁加热温控系统的温控能力达到1.2‰。     

旋转状态下涡轮叶片压力面气膜冷却特性

通过1.5级涡轮叶片旋转气膜冷却实验,揭示了整级涡轮叶片在旋转状态下的气膜冷却规律.实验中,主流雷诺数为8×104,旋转数分别为2.092,2.324和2.448,吹风比从0.3到3.0变化,冷却工质分别采用空气和二氧化碳,对应射流主流密度比分别为1.03和1.57.叶片表面喷有宽幅液晶,通过高精度CCD相机得到表面温度场.结果表明:压力面上,气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增大而升高,随旋转数的增大而降低;气膜轨迹向高半径方向偏转,偏转程度随旋转数的增大而加剧;提高射流主流密度比,有利于提高冷却效率.     

基于CFD的斜盘/滑靴副油膜特性分析

结合三维Navier-Stokes方程和任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)描述方法,首先,提出了一种基于计算流体力学(CFD)的滑靴副油膜特性分析方法,该方法能综合考虑滑靴副结构参数、柱塞泵工况参数对油膜特性的影响。然后,针对某种滑靴副结构,仿真得到了24种不同工况下的油膜厚度,分析了工况(温度、转速和出口压力)与滑靴副油膜的定量关系。本文还提出了一个与油膜特性相关的液动力参数的描述公式,并基于某固定结构尺寸的滑靴副CFD仿真结果,研究证明了对于固定结构的滑靴副结构,该参数仅与油液黏度(温度)相关,与其他工况参数无关。根据液动力参数公式,可以方便地给出滑靴副油膜厚度的解析方法。最后,将基于解析方法与基于CFD仿真方法得到的油膜厚度结果进行了对比,证明了解析方法的准确性。      

溅射薄膜热电偶在非金属结构表面瞬态温度测量中的应用研究

介绍了利用薄膜成型技术,在非金属试验件表面用真空离子溅射技术制作薄膜热电偶,进行表面温度测量,并探讨薄膜热电偶在瞬态加热条件下与粘贴的常规热电偶在测温结果上的区别,为今后将薄膜制作技术应用于温度、热流密度及高温应变测量打下基础。     

沉积环境下涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却的实验研究

为研究沉积物对涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却的影响，实验采用石蜡沉积模拟真实沉积。通过改变主流的温度、气膜孔射流角度及气膜孔孔径，观察了沉积环境下气膜冷却效率及沉积率的变化规律。实验结果表明:颗粒物沉积在障碍物表面的形貌受到主流温度的影响较大，当主流温度接近颗粒物熔点时，沉积覆盖最明显。在相同实验条件下，随着射流角度增大，单个气膜孔覆盖区域减小，气膜冷却效率下降，沉积前后，射流角度25°和65°的气膜冷却效率最大相差2%和5.6%，沉积率随射流角度的增大而升高；随着孔径增大，气膜冷却效率先降低后升高，其中4.5 mm孔径无论是否沉积，气膜冷却效率均最高，比3 mm孔径的气膜冷却效率高3.6%和3.2%。沉积率在孔径3 mm时最低。