A novel single thruster control strategy for spacecraft attitude stabilization

Feasibility of achieving three axis attitude stabilization using a single thruster is explored in this paper. Torques are generated using a thruster orientation mechanism with which the thrust vector can be tilted on a two axis gimbal. A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed based on the nonlinear kinematic and dynamic equations of motion of a rigid body spacecraft in the presence of gravity gradient torque and external disturbances. The spacecraft, controlled using the proposed concept, constitutes an underactuated system (a system with fewer independent control inputs than degrees of freedom) with nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, using thruster gimbal angles as control inputs make the system non-affine (control terms appear nonlinearly in the state equation). This necessitates the control algorithms to be developed based on nonlinear control theory since linear control methods are not directly applicable. The stability conditions for the spacecraft attitude motion for robustness against uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.     

航天器热控系统中的热泵-蓄冷组合方案

提出了旨在降低热控系统质量的热泵-蓄冷组合热控方案。通过对负荷进行预测，对热泵蓄冷系统的集成模式，系统的运行策略，以及蓄冷设备的容量等问题进行了分析。结果表明：通过合理优化系统的运行参数，热泵蓄冷组合方案能实现热控系统的轻量化设计要求，在未来航天热管理系统中具有相当的应用潜力。     

Rotational and translational integrated control for Inner-formation Gravity Measurement Satellite System

Inner-Formation Gravity Measurement Satellite System (IFGMSS) is used to explore the Earth gravity using two satellites in an inner-formation flying mode. To fulfill the mission, relative position of the two satellites is required to be zeroed and attitude of the outer satellite should be stabilized in real-time. This paper proposed an integrated control scheme for the IFGMSS, and the main idea is to use only thrusters to control the relative position and attitude. The integrated control loop contains a control law's module and a control allocation law's module. The control law based on the feedback linearization method makes nonlinear dynamics counteracted and uses PD control law to reformulate the dynamics into a linear form. The integrated control allocation law is designed to assign the commanded control force and moment to each thruster dynamically. We transfer the control allocation problem into a linear programming (LP) problem and use the Optimal Theory to calculate the corresponding thrust of each thruster. Finally, an IFGMSS mission is simulated, where the two satellites fly in a circle orbit with a 300 km's altitude. Results using the integrated control scheme and the traditional separated control scheme are compared and analyzed. It has been found that the integrated control scheme is superior to the separated control scheme in output ability, level of redundancy and fuel cost.     

推力器布设对控制误差的影响分析

航天器推力系统发动机数目及其构型的选择直接影响控制系统的精度和完成要求任务的燃料消耗量.对航天器六自由度控制的推力分配问题进行了研究,参考卫星导航系统中几何精度衰减因子的定义,提出了发动机构型精度衰减因子的概念,用于定义发动机相对几何关系引起的执行误差与分配误差间的比例关系.通过矩阵理论分析得到了构型精度衰减因子随参与分配发动机数目增加而增加的结论,并通过仿真计算对相关结论进行了验证,为航天器发动机数目及其构型的选择提供了理论参考.     

航天器推力器测试台高速实时数据采集系统的设计与实现

为了满足航天器卫星推力器真空热试车工程背景的需要,在VC++环境下利用多线程技术设计航天器推力器试验台高速数据采集系统,本文详细的研究了设计中的关键性技术及解决方案,试验验证该方案是可行的,并有一定的通用性。     

考虑执行器安装偏差时航天器姿态稳定的控制分配

针对存在执行机构安装偏差和外干扰的航天器姿态控制问题,提出一类基于反步法的自适应滑模控制策略,该方法在实现姿态控制快速性和高精度的同时,能有效地避免因执行机构安装偏差引起的不确定性所导致的控制奇异现象。在此基础上,考虑到执行机构冗余特性,进一步提出一种基于能量最优约束二次规划的动态控制分配算法来完成期望指令到执行机构的指令分配,克服了传统伪逆法难以考虑的控制力矩位置和速度约束,减少了系统功耗,实现了分配后控制力矩的平稳性和能量最优。最后,将提出的控制方案应用于某型轮控刚体航天器的姿态稳定任务中,仿真结果验证了提出方法的可行性、有效性。     

基于石墨烯强化传热的微小飞行器热控设计

文章针对微小飞行器电子设备高度集成化带来的热控风险，以某微小飞行器为研究对象，在分析其轨道参数和结构性能的基础上，提出采取不同厚度的石墨烯导热层等温强化传热的热控设计方案；通过热分析软件建立飞行器在轨状态的热模型，仿真计算飞行器在高温和低温工况下的外热流及不同厚度的石墨烯导热层方案下的瞬态温度分布，并对结果进行对比分析。结果表明，采取石墨烯导热层等温强化传热的热控方案可明显降低微小飞行器内部单机的温差，解决高低温工况下单机温度波动较大的问题。同时，通过实验方法验证了利用石墨烯导热层实现微小飞行器等温化的可行性。     

航天器姿控发动机真空羽流场计算及其扰动分析

航天器姿态控制发动机工作期间,产生的羽流扰动力矩会影响控制精度,对流和辐射产生的热效应会影响热控系统工作,羽流沉积物会影响光学敏感器的精度。文章以某航天器的20 N姿控发动机为例,首先采用工程的MOC方法计算其真空羽流场;然后利用建立的航天器羽流三维冲击模型分析了羽流对太阳电池阵的冲击载荷;最后对发动机羽流脉冲激励下太阳电池阵的响应和姿态控制系统受到的扰动力矩进行了仿真分析。结果表明姿控发动机羽流脉冲激励将对控制精度和稳定度产生不可忽视的影响。     

速度信息缺失的平动点轨道交会预设性能控制

以平动点轨道的交会对接为研究背景,基于高阶积分链微分器和预设性能控制理论提出了一种仅需相对位置信息的平动点轨道近程交会控制律。首先利用高阶积分链微分器估计两航天器的相对速度状态,并设计预设性能控制器使得两航天器的相对运动状态在预设的边界内渐近收敛到期望状态。然后利用李雅普诺夫函数证明相对运动状态存在扰动时控制器的稳定性。该方法为闭环控制,且与模型无关,容易在线操作。仿真结果表明,在平动点轨道航天器存在未知扰动以及导航制导等不确定的情况下,利用所提交会控制律能够实现追踪航天器与目标航天器交会任务的高精度实时控制,具有较强鲁棒性。     

Adaptive sliding mode control for six-DOF relative motion of spacecraft with input constraint

This paper addresses the synchronized control problem of relative position and attitude for spacecraft with input constraint. First, using dual quaternion, the kinematic and dynamic models of the six-degree-of-freedom relative motion of spacecraft are introduced. Second, a new adaptive sliding mode control scheme is proposed to guarantee the globally asymptotic convergence of relative motion despite the presence of control input constraint, parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. A detailed stability analysis of the resulting closed-loop system is included. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed controller, which has the following properties: (1) explicit accounting for the problem of input constraint, (2) fast convergent rate and accurate results can be obtained, (3) no chattering phenomenon is present in the control torque and control force, (4) self-adaptive regulation law is dynamically adjusted to ensure the tracking errors tend to zero asymptotically, (5) the upper bounds of unknown variables are estimated dynamically.     

航天器新型非奇异饱和终端滑模姿态控制

针对刚体航天器姿态机动过程中存在的控制饱和与外部干扰问题,提出一类基于新型非奇异饱和终端滑模面的有限时间控制器设计方法。该控制方案不仅保证姿态机动过程的快速性,而且避免了传统的终端滑模面所带来的奇异性问题。此外,本文建议的控制器不仅显式考虑执行器输出力矩的饱和幅值要求,使航天器在饱和幅值的约束下完成姿态控制任务,而且控制器的设计对外部干扰的上界没有任何要求,也无需作任何小角度的假设。进一步的稳定性分析表明,通过引入新型非奇异饱和终端滑模,该控制器使得闭环系统能够快速收敛到滑模面的微小邻域内,继而收敛到平衡点的微小邻域内,并且系统对外部干扰具有较强的鲁棒性。数值仿真校验了该控制器在姿态机动过程中的性能。     

航天器推力器配置的两项新性能指标

以完善推力器配置的性能分析为目的,从推力器配置对误差的鲁棒性以及燃耗这两个角度出发,提出了两项新的性能指标--配置阵的最小奇异值和平均燃耗.首先,由矩阵相关理论引入了配置阵的最小奇异值,并通过算例验证了它反映配置阵抗干扰能力的有效性;然后分析了控制指令的空间分布与配置推力矢量的空间分布之间的关系,通过仿真算例验证了它在反映不同配置的燃耗差异上的有效性.     

Adaptive attitude control of spacecraft using neural networks

An adaptive control technique can be applicable to reorient spacecraft with uncertain properties such as mass, inertial and various misalignments. A nonlinear quaternion feedback controller is chosen as a baseline attitude controller. A linearly added adaptive input supported by neural networks to the baseline controller can estimate and eliminate the uncertain spacecraft property adaptively. The normalized input neural networks (NINNs) are examined for reliable computation of the adaptive input. The newly defined learning rules of the neural networks are established appropriately for a spacecraft. To prove the stability of the closed-loop dynamics with the control law, Lyapunov stability theory is considered. As a result, the proposed approach results in the uniform ultimate boundedness in tracking error and robustness of the chattering and the singularity problems.     

失效航天器的姿态机动接管控制

为实现失效航天器寿命延长的目的,采用接管控制技术接管失效航天器姿态控制系统。针对姿态机动接管控制中,失效卫星参数不确定和推力器构型矩阵突变的问题,提出一种基于控制系统重构的失效航天器姿态机动接管控制方法。首先采用指令滤波backstepping控制来重构姿态机动接管控制律,并利用Lyapunov方法分析系统稳定性;然后对推力器构型矩阵进行重构;最后考虑燃料消耗和控制输入受限问题,通过基于约束最优二次规划的动态控制分配算法对推力器推力进行控制重分配。采用本文方法实现了对燃料耗尽航天器和部分执行机构失效航天器的姿态机动接管控制。数值仿真证明了该方法的有效性。     

月球无人采样返回探测器一体化热管理方案

针对我国首个月球无人采样返回探测器"嫦娥五号"所面临的散热难题,在调研国外月球采样返回探测器热控方案的基础上,通过论证提出一种"泵驱小型单相流体回路热总线+水升华器"的一体化热管理方案。该方案能够实现"嫦娥五号"着陆器、上升器热量与热沉的综合管理与利用;同时在国内首次将高适应能力主动热控体系结构应用到深空探测航天器中,推动了我国深空探测航天器热控技术的跨越式发展。     

控制受限的编队航天器鲁棒自适应控制

研究了考虑控制受限的编队航天器鲁棒自适应轨道跟踪控制问题。针对航天器编队飞行系统中控制受限、外部扰动和模型不确定性的情况,利用反步控制方法和指令滤波设计提出了一种鲁棒自适应控制策略。指令滤波器用于补偿控制受限对于控制器的影响,同时设计了自适应律对未知参数进行估计,并且利用Lyapunov稳定性理论分析了闭环系统的渐近稳定性。和滑模控制等传统鲁棒控制不同,所设计的鲁棒自适应控制器是连续的,更便于航天器编队飞行系统的实现。仿真结果表明所设计的控制器既能实现高精度的编队飞行跟踪控制,又能保证控制受限的要求。     

复杂约束下的编队姿态有限时间协同控制方法

综合考虑无角速度量测、外部扰动和系统参数不确定性等约束条件的影响，研究航天器编队姿态有限时间协同控制问题。首先建立航天器相对姿态协同控制模型，利用扩张观测器实现对系统姿态角速度及耦合扰动的估计；在此基础上提出了一种有限时间滑模姿态协同控制律；通过构造合适的Lyapunov函数证明了系统相对姿态误差能够在有限时间内收敛到有界域内；将该结果推广到存在饱和输入情形下，并设计了相应的有限时间滑模姿态协同控制律。仿真结果校验了算法的有效性。     

Decentralized sliding-mode control for spacecraft attitude synchronization under actuator failures

This paper examines attitude synchronization and tracking problems with model uncertainties, external disturbances, actuator failures and control torque saturation. Two decentralized sliding mode control laws are proposed and analyzed based on algebraic graph theory. Using Barbalat׳s Lemma, it is shown that the control laws guarantee each spacecraft approaches the desired time-varying attitude and angular velocity while maintaining attitude synchronization among the other spacecraft in the formation. The first controller is designed in the presence of model uncertainties, external disturbances, and actuator failures. The results are extended to the case with control input saturation in the second controller. Both control laws do not require online identification of failures. Numerical simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed attitude synchronization and tracking approaches.     

离子推力器羽流特性及其污染分析

介绍了与电推进系统有关的空间环境效应的形成原因及其对航天器性能、寿命等的影响。阐述了离子火箭发动机羽流内束离子、中性推进剂原子、交换电荷（CEX）离子和电子等主要成分与航天器相互作用的过程及机理。分析表明，离子推力器出口处的中性推进剂原子与高速束离子流碰撞后产生的CEX离子Xe^＋，以及带电离子轰击推力器组件特别是加速极所产生的金属CEX离子，是造成离子火箭发动机羽流污染的主要成分。在此基础上提出了若干防污染措施。     

基于自抗扰技术的挠性航天器高精度指向控制

针对存在外部干扰和模型不确定性的挠性航天器,提出了一类新颖的基于自抗扰技术的控制方案,实现无姿态角速度反馈的航天器对目标高精度姿态指向控制。对目标相对姿态指向控制系统进行建模,引入一光滑连续秦函数,构造三阶扩张观测器,观测系统姿态角速度和总扰动,并利用其实现动态补偿线性化及扰动抑制。针对单框架控制力矩陀螺群作为执行机构常存在的奇异,引入零空间空转指令设计了一类奇异避免操纵律。将控制系统方案用于某挠性航天器模型,仿真结果验证了方案的有效性、合理性。