UC安全的移动卫星通信系统认证密钥交换协议

由于移动卫星和移动用户的计算、存储和通信能力有限,解决移动卫星通信系统的安 全和保密问题面临许多困难。根据移动卫星通信系统的实际情况,分析了系统的安全需求, 基于UC安全模型定义了移动卫星通信系统认证密钥交换协议的理想函数,该理想函数保证了 强安全性和实用性,并用于实际协议的设计。在移动用户和移动卫星通信网络控制中心之 间,设计了一个简单、低计算复杂性的认证密钥交换协议,该协议涉及了较少的交互次数, 认证协议计算负载仅仅需要利用伪随机函数、散列函数和与或计算。同时,基于UC安全模 型,对新的协议进行了可证明安全分析。新协议的安全属性包括可用性、有效性、身份隐藏 的可认证性、前向保密的密钥交换以及协议的模块化可复合性。     

Space missions for SETI.

Radio Telescopes for SETI searches are less demanding than general purpose astronomical radio telescopes. This provides an opportunity to exploit economical approaches in designing SETI systems. Radio Telescopes in low Earth orbit offer no discernible advantages to SETI; indeed, they probably would perform more poorly than a telescope in any other location. Telescopes in geosynchronous orbits would be sufficiently far from Earth to mitigate greatly the deleterious effect of human radio transmissions. Telescopes on the far side of the moon would be superb both from a radio interference standpoint, and from a civil engineering standpoint. Single-reflector telescopes as large as 50 kilometers in diameter could be constructed with conventional materials. However, their costs appear prohibitive. The asteroid belt and the outer solar system are unpromising places to place a large radio telescope. Perhaps the ultimate radio telescope would utilize the sun as a gravitational lens, focusing radiation on free-flying 10-meter class or possibly larger radio telescopes located at distances of the order of 1000 A.U. from the sun. Such a combination has an energy collecting area at 10 centimeters wavelength equivalent to that of a radio telescope about 11 kilometers in diameter, or of the order of 3000 Arecibo radio telescopes. Such a system could detect transmitters with EIRP of the order of a gigawatt at a distance of the order of the distance to the galactic center.     

The applications of lower power satellites for direct television broadcasting

The use of 12 GHz satellites for TV broadcasting directly to individual homes and small communities has been the subject of analysis and design study by groups in many countries. Implementation of the concept has been slow to follow because of the high satellite transmitter powers of from 100 to 450 W that have usually been determined to be necessary. Accumulated experience in Canada with 12 GHz operation and the evolution of technology are leading to changes in the concept of direct broadcasting such that lower power satellites may be capable of meeting the requirements.

Hermes, the Canadian/U.S. 12/14 GHz Communications Technology Satellite, has been in use for over 3 years in a program of experiments and measurements. This program has included an extensive six month experiment in direct broadcasting to 7 small communities. Experience with Hermes has shown that the signal strength is stable over long periods of time and that in Canada, significant precipitation attenuation at 12 GHz is of relatively short duration and typically occurs only during certain seasons. Operation with low propagation margins is feasible if some picture degradation and some outages at these times are acceptable. The frequency and duration of occurrence of outages can be controlled by the Earth station G/T which is cost sensitive. An individual may choose to use a low cost system with a small antenna and accept a degraded picture and outages at some times. A small community may choose to pay more for a larger antenna and lower noise receiver to achieve better performance.

Developments in technology are reducing the noise figure of mass-producible receivers from more than 6 dB to as low as 4 dB. Another technology contribution is the use of reduced bandwidth and other signal processing techniques in low-cost receivers. While use of such techniques may introduce distortions that would be unacceptable in rebroadcasting systems, there is little impact for individual and community reception. Use of both technologies reduce the required satellite EIRP or ground terminal G/T.

A field trial was begun in April 1979 to test these concepts for use in television program delivery. One hundred Earth stations capable of being tuned across a 500 MHz band and having antennas with diameters of either 1.2 m or 1.8 m are being installed for a test in Canada to receive TV signals from the 20 W transponders of ANIK-B (peak EIRP of 51 dBw) on an experimental basis. The acceptability of the video signals and the technical performance of the low-cost terminals in the bands of non-technical users are being evaluated.

The paper will summarize the concept of TV broadcasting with lower power satellites and describe the results to date of the ANIK-B field trials.     

Satellite-aided land mobile radio experiments,applications and problems

Radio communications between vehicles or individuals and base stations are essential to many public safety, law enforcement and commercial users in urban areas. Present day communications are limited to nearly line-of-sight distances from the vehicle or hand portable units to a base station or repeater. It is probable that many potential users in rural, remote and offshore areas would benefit if the communications were available everywhere on land and territorial waters. Geosynchronous satellites can serve as repeaters for mobile and personal radios, and they appear to be a cost effective means of providing the service.Voice bandwidth communication and automatic position monitoring of an automobile were tested using the VHF transponders of NASAs ATS-3 and ATS-1 satellites. Voice communications were reliable and position fixes were accurate to one fourth mile, with 0.3 mile precision of individual fixes.Demonstrations for potential users have included emergency medical voice and telemetry communications between ambulances and hospitals.While technical feasibility of satellite-aided mobile and personal communications has been demonstrated, and its potential value is appreciated by a small segment of the user community, many problems remain before an operational system could be implemented. Solutions to the problems require an experimental satellite with a multibeam antenna. The satellite or its associated ground terminals should incorporate computer controlled network switching to test demand assignment of channels. Prolonged experience by many users of the experimental satellite in their routine operations would aggregate user needs and define the capital investment that would be justified to implement a commercial operating system.     

Propagation experiment with Japanese satellite,ETS-II (KIKU-2)

The first Japanese geostationary satellite, Engineering Test Satellite Type II [Kiku-2], has been successfully placed at 130°E at the beginning of March 1977.Using beacon transmitters at three coherent frequencies of 1.7, 11.5 and 34.5 GHz which are installed in ETS-II, the Radio Research Laboratories (RRL) of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MOPT) conduct propagation experiments to obtain preliminary information for the Experimental Communication Satellite (ECS) experiment.The experimental system for propagation experiment with ETS-II is composed of a main receiving station, a rain radar, a radio-meter, meteorological instruments and data handling computers.The receiving data, including signal levels of co- and cross-polarization in these frequencies and phase differences between each of these frequencies and polarization, are sampled every 200 msec.The satellite-to-Earth propagation experiment at the highest frequency has been satisfactorily started on 11 March 1977.     

动态跳波束策略中的自适应波束功率分配算法

摘要：多波束卫星发射机的成本很高，同时地面小区的通信需求和通信优先级一直处在动态变化中。通过研究一种动态波束跳跃策略，实现在卫星资源受限和较少发射机数量约束下的广域覆盖和按需服务。区别于传统的分簇波束跳变思想，为了提高卫星系统的频谱效率，考虑在整个频率带宽上应用全局波束跳变。因此考虑在共信道干扰背景下，提出一种新型服务质量指标来衡量波束跳变结果。在卫星资源有限的情况下，各波束提供的通信容量不能满足地面小区的业务请求，基于粒子群算法选择的波束跳动图案，提出了一种自适应波束功率分配算法。该算法通过优先级加权，最小化波束业务容量需求差值，进而提高服务质量水平。最后，通过仿真验证了所提算法的性能优越性。     

Tracking and data relay satellite system: NASA's new spacecraft data acquisition system

The growth in NASA's ground network complexity and cost triggered a search for an alternative. Through a lease service contract, Western Union will provide to NASA 10 years of space communications services with a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). A constellation of four operating satellites in geostationary orbit and a single ground terminal will provide complete tracking, telemetry and command service for all of NASA's Earth orbital satellites below an altitude of 12,000 km. The system is shared: two satellites will be dedicated to NASA service; a third will provide backup as a shared spare; the fourth satellite will be dedicated to Western Union's Advanced Westar commercial service. Western Union will operate the ground terminal and provide operational satellite control. NASA's Network Control Center will provide the focal point for scheduling user services and controlling the interface between TDRSS and the rest of the NASA communications network, project control centers and data processing facilities. TDRSS single access user spacecraft data systems should be designed for efficient time shared data relay support. Reimbursement policy and rate structure for non-NASA users are currently being developed.     

基于2×2 MIMO的星地双圆极化通信系统验证

卫星通信因通信距离远、覆盖面积大、机动灵活等优势,广泛应用在抗震救灾、广播电视与移动通信中。然而,卫星通信因长距离通信和环境对信号的阻塞等问题,导致通信质量下降。为提高卫星通信质量,可以增加地面站发射功率或者采用分集技术。由于电磁波具备极化特性,左旋圆极化电磁波与右旋圆极化电磁波相互正交,利用其正交特性可实现长距离通信中传输路径相互独立,可以应用于星地MIMO通信中。主要研究双圆极化分集2×2 MIMO相关内容,对开阔环境和城市环境的信道参数进行研究,建立了窄带卫星双圆极化卫星2×2 MIMO信道模型,设计了一套具备在地面模拟双圆极化卫星和个人移动终端收发系统,并在该系统上验证双圆极化分集2×2 MIMO,相比于SISO获得的信噪比改善。     

The dive and ascent satellite program for lower ionosphere research

Lower ionosphere is a transition region from outer-space to low atmosphere and had been unexplored on a continuous basis before Atmosphere Explorer satellites flew in the region. Purpose of a new aeronomy satellite, DAS (Dive and Ascent Satellite) having a capability to control orbits and flying at the very low perigee altitude less than 130 km is to explore the bottomside of ionosphere spreading over between 100 and 300 km altitudes. Preliminary study on the new aeronomy satellite is conducted at National Aerospace Laboratory in cooperation with Radio Research Laboratories and Meteorological Research Institute.This paper reviews the mission design, orbit decay and transfer analysis, typical orbit profile, aerodynamic characteristics and satellite configuration study, aerodynamic heating and thermal control analysis, attitude control analysis, on-board propulsion and power subsystems, and operation analysis with emphasis on their technical feasibility.     

Research and development of On-Board Processor for advanced mobile satellite communications

This paper describes the research and development of an On-Board Processor (OBP) for a mobile satellite communications system using a geostationaly satellite. The system, which based on Multi-Carrier Time Division Multiple Access, can realize high performance and facilitate the use of miniature hand-held mobile Earth terminals.

Our research and development results indicate as follows.

1. 1) The simultaneous-slot switching method will be the most suitable for an on-board base-band switching with consideration of traffic capacity, time delay, and hardware scale.

2. 2) The OBP performs channel exchange with regeneration that contributes to a reduction in the size of mobile terminals because of the coding gain.

3. 3) Many kinds of Application Specific Integrated Circuits are designed to realize large channel capacity and reduce the size and power consumption of the OBP. These OBP design can increase the channel capacity, which is equivalent to in 5.6kbps voice channel, up to over 500 channels within 5MHz frequency band

Some results are applied to the OBP being developed for the Japanese Engineering Test Satellite VII (ETS-VB).     

卫星系统频谱分析方法研究及应用

文章讨论了复杂卫星系统的频谱分析思路和方法,通过对卫星射频系统的工作频段组合的线性计算,可以找到如谐波、互调等非线性干扰所引起的潜在电磁兼容问题。介绍了用LabView平台开发的一个频谱分析软件及其在具体型号中的应用界面,将已知的卫星射频分系统的一些收发设备相关频率信息输入该软件中,可以计算出各收发设备之间可能存在的干扰对。     

非均匀信道增益控制的多载波卫星容量分析

设置转发器最佳增益,减小功放非线性影响,提高系统容量是多载波卫星通信系统容量分析的首要问题。对于数字信道化转发器,采用非均匀子信道增益调整的思想独立设置各信道增益可以有效消除大小载波抑制问题,提高卫星系统容量。为此,提出一种直接计算求解各子信道增益的算法。该方法不需要采用复杂的优化过程以及矩阵求逆,因此适合求解任意数量链路增益。理论推导得到链路最佳发射功率为地面站最大可提供功率,通过直接计算非线性等式即可获得各子信道最佳增益。同时考虑到功率利用率问题,通过选取转发器最佳工作点,在最小转发器输出功率准则下可以有效提高卫星功率的利用率。实验结果表明,该算法在具有与优化算法相近性能的同时降低了求解复杂度。     

能源平衡模型中工作模式判别方法

卫星能源平衡模型用于计算卫星预期的能源消耗,以判断卫星能源能否保证任务的顺利完成,指导电源系统设计或对规划任务进行能源约束。能源平衡计算需要先判别卫星工作模式,工作模式判别的准确性直接影响能源消耗计算的准确性。目前对于多任务且姿态需要相应机动的卫星缺少有效的模式判别方法,为此,提出了通过建立索引表及查询数据库的方式进行工作模式判别的方法。建立不同时间序列工作状态与卫星工作模式索引表,将轨道时间序列及规划任务时间序列注入数据库,查询数据库中不同时间序列工作状态,对照索引表可得卫星工作模式。为提高运行效率,利用加速算法能减少查询次数,缩短查询时间。通过仿真实验对加速参数选取进行了讨论。该方法适合于工作模式复杂且可用时间序列对工作模式进行约束的卫星。     

基于DBF的波束功率控制及优化设计技术

低轨卫星系统近年来得到了广泛的关注和发展,卫星的轨道高度低,具有传输延时短、路径损耗小的特点,可以为小型化用户终端提供服务,但也存在单星覆盖区内路径差异大、卫星业务分配不均和工作动态范围大的问题。针对这些问题提出了一种适用于低轨卫星的波束优化设计方法,采用地球匹配波束设计,来实现更好的链路质量和覆盖效率。在下行波束设计中,通过唯相位加权优化设计方法,在满足波束增益要求及波束间C/I的基础上,实现了单波束功率由0%~100%的调整能力。针对低轨卫星移动通信业务随时间变化,导致发射组件输出功率长时间工作于回退状态的特点,提出了一种通过卫星业务处理器实现业务量变化与功放的最佳效率供电电压匹配调整的星上自适应功放功率随动技术,使得功放平均效率有效提高,减少了天线的平均功耗和热耗。     

A search for narrow band signals with SERENDIP II: a progress report

Commensal programs for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), carried out concurrently with conventional radio astronomical observing programs, can be an attractive and cost-effective means of exploring the large multidimensional search space intrinsic to this effort. Our automated commensal system, SERENDIP II, is a high resolution 131,072 channel spectrometer. It searches for 0.49 Hz signals in sequential 64,700 Hz bands of the IF signal from a radio telescope being used for an astronomical observation. Upon detection of a narrow band signal with power above a preset threshold, the frequency, power, time, and telescope direction are recorded for later study. The system has been tested at the Hat Creek Radio Astronomy Observatory 85 ft telescope and the NASA-JPL Deep Space Station (DSS 14) 64 m telescope. It is currently collecting data at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory 300 ft telescope.     

基于星历拟合的短弧运动学定轨

当导航卫星在姿轨控和轨道恢复期间,传统的统计定轨理论难以实现精密定轨。首次提出 了基于10参数星历拟合的短弧运动学定轨方法,建立和推导了相应的理论模型和定轨解算方 法。其优点在于不仅能够反映卫星运动的物理学特征,提高了速度和轨道预报精度,而且不 需要累积数据,实现近实时快速计算,克服了动力学法定轨发散和单点定位无法获得速度信 息的不足。对COMPASS M-01导航卫星实测数据的处理表明,10分钟短弧运动学定轨的位置精 度优于10 m,速度精度为2 cm／s,预报5分钟轨道精度为15.02 m,满足了短弧跟踪条件下R DSS对轨道精度的要求,实现了卫星精密定轨。
     

卫星MPLS网络中存在标签差错时TCP的吞吐量分析

卫星多协议标签交换(Multiprotocol label switching,MPLS)技术成为当前卫星通信系统研究的一个重要课题。本文分析了卫星通信链路高误码所导致的MPLS标签差错对标签交换路径(Label Switching Path,LSP)承载TCP/IP业务能力的影响。建立了卫星交换系统内"误插入"分组产生过程的数学模型,计算了受干扰LSP上TCPReno会话所能获得的吞吐量。仿真结果表明,本文提出的分析方法能够准确地衡量卫星MPMS网络中TCP业务性能的损失。     

Space for celestial symphonies? Towards the establishment of international radio quiet zones

The growth of low- and medium-Earth orbit mobile satellite communications poses a threat to radio astronomers which could be mitigated by the establishment of international radio quiet zones (IRQZs), where communications traffic is managed (not eliminated) to allow radio astronomy to continue. Using the prototype of national such zones in the USA, this article explains how the system would work and discusses the international legal parameters that would bound it, drawing on current aerospace, outer space and high seas legislation. Precedents for an IRQZ—Exclusive Economic Zones, denuclearised zones and the Antarctic regime—are also examined.     

环境减灾卫星国际服务模式探索与成效

环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座是我国对地观测系统的重要组成部分。2008年9月6日,我国成功发射环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座A、B两颗光学小卫星（简称“环境减灾-1A、1B卫星”）。环境减灾-1A、1B卫星成功发射以来,民政部国家减灾中心（民政部卫星减灾应用中心）积极组织开展卫星在轨测试、运行管理、减灾应用、用户服务与宣传推广等工作。目前,卫星运行状态良好,各项指标正常。一年来,在成功应对国内数十场新发灾害监测与评估,积极开展国内应用服务的同时,也积极探索国际服务模式,拓展为国外救灾工作提供灾害监测产品服务,并先后成功应对澳大利亚森林大火、加拿大火灾、中缅边境火灾、海地特大地震等灾害应急监测与评估工作,在国际上获得好评,展示了我国空间技术在减灾救灾工作中的良好应用,树立了我国和平利用空间技术的大国形象。     

Operating model satellite for space education

Satellite technology is still a deep mystery for most of the people in the world, because there is little access to satellites, even through the media. A process has been devised to build a low-cost educational cardboard model of a communication satellite, using light beams to simulate the radio links. The construction of the model follows closely the construction process of a real satellite, and can help to understand the general technology, while producing an attractive “toy.”