Analysis and implementation of in-plane stationkeeping of continuously perturbed Walker constellations

The stationkeeping of symmetric Walker constellations is analyzed by considering the perturbations arising from a high order and degree Earth gravity field and the solar radiation pressure. These perturbations act differently on each group of spacecraft flying in a given orbital plane, causing a differential drift effect that would disrupt the initial symmetry of the constellation. The analysis is based on the consideration of a fictitious set of rotating reference frames that move with the spacecraft in the mean sense, but drift at a rate equal to the average drift rate experienced by all the vehicles over an extended period. The frames are also allowed to experience the J₂-precession such that each vehicle is allowed to drift in 3D relative to its frame. A two-impulse rendezvous maneuver is then constructed to bring each vehicle to the center of its frame as soon as a given tolerance deadband is about to be violated. This paper illustrates the computations associated with the stationkeeping of a generic Walker constellation by maneuvering each leading spacecraft within an orbit plane and calculating the associated velocity changes required for controlling the in-plane motions in an exacting sense, at least for the first series of maneuvers. The analysis can be easily extended to lower flying constellations, which experience additional perturbations due to drag.     

Analysis and implementation of in-plane stationkeeping of continuously perturbed Walker constellations

The stationkeeping of symmetric Walker constellations is analyzed by considering the perturbations arising from a high order and degree Earth gravity field and the solar radiation pressure. These perturbations act differently on each group of spacecraft flying in a given orbital plane, causing a differential drift effect that would disrupt the initial symmetry of the constellation. The analysis is based on the consideration of a fictitious set of rotating reference frames that move with the spacecraft in the mean sense, but drift at a rate equal to the average drift rate experienced by all the vehicles over an extended period. The frames are also allowed to experience the $J_2$-precession such that each vehicle is allowed to drift in 3D relative to its frame. A two-impulse rendezvous maneuver is then constructed to bring each vehicle to the center of its frame as soon as a given tolerance deadband is about to be violated. This paper illustrates the computations associated with the stationkeeping of a generic Walker constellation by maneuvering each leading spacecraft within an orbit plane and calculating the associated velocity changes required for controlling the in-plane motions in an exacting sense, at least for the first series of maneuvers. The analysis can be easily extended to lower flying constellations, which experience additional perturbations due to drag.     

Formation design in elliptical orbit using relative orbit elements

A new set of relative orbit elements is strictly defined through spherical geometry. The exact transformation equations between the new relative orbit elements and classical-orbital elements are derived. A new relative motion model with no singularity problem is derived based on the relative orbit elements, which are suitable for both elliptical and circular reference orbits. The in-plane and out-of-plane relative motion can be completely decoupled based on the new model. The inverse transformation of state transfer matrix is obtained to analyze perturbation effects and control strategy. The geometric characteristics of relative motion can be easily described using the relative eccentricity/inclination vector method. The proposed method and conclusions are validated by simulation through some typical examples. This paper improves the basic theory of relative orbit elements and unifies the expressions of the elliptical and near-circular close relative motion.     

共面快速受控绕飞轨迹设计与控制

绕飞运动在航天器在轨服务与在轨支援、辅助航天员舱外活动、航天器编队飞行、空间交会对接等空间活动中具有重要应用。分析了快速受控绕飞的可行性和主要过程，建立了适用于目标航天器运行在圆轨道上的共面快速绕飞和进入绕飞与退出绕飞的轨迹设计模型，采用多速度脉冲控制方法和等角度，等时间控制方式对绕飞轨迹进行控制。仿真计算结果表明所提出的快速受控绕飞轨迹设计模型和控制方法可以实现对圆轨道目标航天器的共面快速受控绕飞。     

绳系卫星的一种新型高阶滑模控制器设计

针对绳系卫星轨道转移控制问题,给出绳系卫星在轨机动模型并将面内运动处理为典型的欠驱动形式;为实现对面内摆角的跟踪控制,定义滑模面并建立积分链系统,设计一种新型高阶滑模系绳张力控制律,得到无抖振控制量,这种控制律在保证高精度跟踪的前提下,有效避免了控制抖振现象;关于滑模面的高阶滑模运动建立后,在平衡点对闭环系统线性化,根据劳斯判据,闭环系统在平衡点是局部渐近稳定的。最后,通过仿真分析,验证了所提出控制算法的有效性。     

Fractional order tension control for stable and fast tethered satellite retrieval

The retrieval of a tethered satellite system is intrinsically unstable. This paper develops a new control strategy to retrieve the tethered satellite system stably and quickly using the fractional order control theory. The governing equation of the tethered satellite system and classic linear feedback tension control law were first reviewed and examined as a benchmark. Then, a new fractional order tension control law has been to avoid the tethered satellite winds around the main satellite near the end of retrieval by existing integer order tension control laws. The newly proposed control law has been discretized and implemented by the Laplace transform and Tustin operator. Unlike the existing integer order control laws, which are based on the feedback of current state and memoryless, the fractional order control law has the memory of previous states and thus controls the tether retrieval more smoothly while maintaining the retrieving speed. The effectiveness and advantage of the new fractional order tension control law is demonstrated numerically by comparing with its integer order counterpart. The results show that the new control law not only retrieves the subsatellite without winding around the main satellite, but also provides a better control performance with smaller in-plane libration angles.     

带空间机械臂的充液航天器姿态动力学研究

本文研究空间机械臂运动对充液航天器姿态的影响，讨论了利用机械臂调整充液航天器姿态问题、以及机械臂操作与航天器姿态稳定的协调问题。研究表明：影响充液航天器姿态的因素除了机械臂运动的路径，还有机械臂运动的时间、机械臂转角的变化规律、液体的粘性、质量和惯性张量等。其中机械臂运动时间的影响比较明显，而且机械臂运动得越慢对航天器姿态的影响越大。合理地选择机械臂操作时间和机械臂转角变化规律，可以实现机械臂操作     

Evolution of the out-of-plane amplitude for quasi-periodic trajectories in the Earth–Moon system

The out-of-plane amplitude along quasi-periodic trajectories in the Earth–Moon system is highly sensitive to perturbations in position and/or velocity as underscored recently by the ARTEMIS spacecraft. Controlling the evolution of the out-of-plane amplitude is non-trivial, but can be critical to satisfying mission requirements. The sensitivity of the out-of-plane amplitude evolution to perturbations due to lunar eccentricity, solar gravity, and solar radiation pressure is explored and a strategy for designing low-cost deterministic maneuvers to control the amplitude history is also examined. The method is sufficiently general and is applied to the L₁ quasi-periodic orbit that serves as a baseline for the ARTEMIS P2 trajectory.     

航天器集群构形控制的虚拟弹簧阻尼网络方法

针对航天器集群质心相对运动构形控制问题,提出了一种基于虚拟弹簧阻尼网络的分布式控制方法。航天器间以虚拟的弹簧阻尼器相互连接,弹簧的原长根据期望的相对运动构形来设定。各航天器的控制输入是与其相连的所有弹簧阻尼器的合力。在线性动力学模型和拓扑结构连通且固定的假设下,基于代数图论的方法推导出了闭环系统稳定性条件。对近地轨道上100个航天器形成格点相对运动构形和20个航天器形成时变距离的椭圆构形的实例进行了仿真,考虑了轨道摄动的影响,结果表明,集群通过虚拟弹簧阻尼网络控制可实现期望构形,并能达到厘米量级的构形保持控制精度。该控制方法不改变集群的质心,只需施加很小的控制加速度;仅基于局部的邻居交互,能够适应大规模集群对分布式控制的要求。     

再入航天器轨迹机动控制研究

为了有效控制再人航天器的轨迹机动运动，提出了一个新的轨迹控制方法，首先建立了轨迹复合控制系统的数学模型，其次针对航天器轨迹控制系统的不确定性，基于变结构控制理论设计了轨迹机动控制律，在分析气动操纵面和侧向推力器输出特性的基础上，设计了推力器的控制方法，以获得与控制律输出量相同的控制效果，最后设计了气动力与侧向推力的复合控制规律。仿真结果表明，该控制方法能够有效地实现再入航天器的精确轨迹机动，且具有较强的鲁棒稳定性。     

空间高稳定碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构制备及性能

针对空间高稳定结构在极端环境下的灵敏度和稳定性需求，提出一种新型高稳定、高承载的轻质碳/碳(C/C)蜂窝夹层结构方案。碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构由化学气相渗透(CVI)致密化获得的整体碳/碳蜂窝和面板经胶粘剂粘接集成，通过评价蜂窝、面板以及夹层结构的内部质量、力学性能及热物理性能，展示了碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构在承载和尺度稳定性方面的优势。研究结果表明,典型特征碳/碳蜂窝承载性能稳定，平压强度＞10 MPa，L/W向剪切强度＞4 MPa，典型特征碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构热膨胀系数低，满足空间环境条件下面内热膨胀系数绝对值低于 1×10 -7 /℃的高稳定设计需求。     

Input-to-state stability of model-based spacecraft formation control systems with communication constraints

This paper investigates the formation keeping problem for multiple spacecraft in the framework of networked control systems (NCSs). A continuous-time representation of the NCS is considered for the tracking control of relative translational motion between two spacecraft in a leader–follower formation in the presence of communication constraints and system uncertainties. Model-based control schemes are presented, which employ state feedback (when the relative position and velocity vectors are directly measurable) and output feedback (when velocity measurements are not available), respectively, to guarantee input-to-state stability (ISS) of the system. The stability conditions on network transfer intervals are derived as simple eigenvalue tests of a well-structured test matrix. The results are then extended to include network communication delay. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme ensuring high formation keeping precision and robustness to nonlinearities and system uncertainties. The proposed controllers are robust not only to structured uncertainties such as system parameter perturbations but also to unstructured uncertainties such as external disturbances and measurement noises.     

Optimal control of the Shuttle-Tethered-Subsatellite system

Alternate control laws based on an application of the linear regulator problem are developed for possible use in the operation of the Shuttle-Tethered-Subsatellite system. Control is assumed to be provided only by modulating the tension level in the tether as a function of the difference between actual and commanded tether line length, length rate, in (orbital) plane swing angle and swing angle rate. Necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of the (linear) system motion in the vicinity of its nominal local vertical orientation are developed. By proper selection of the state and control penalty matrices it is possible to obtain faster responses with no increase in maximum power levels for use in station keeping when compared with alternate control strategies. The weighting matrices are adjusted in a piecewise adaptive manner to provide control law gains in order to achieve a smooth deployment history. Successful retrievel is dependent mainly on the initial conditions and the rate at which the commanded length is reduced.     

主从编队反舰导弹末制导段一体化位姿控制

针对领弹-从弹编队构型的反舰导弹的末段协同制导,提出一体化位姿控制（ICPA）策略,将传统的位置跟踪控制和姿态稳定控制集成一体。建立便于一体化策略实施的串级型设计模型,在动态面控制的框架下设计一体化位姿控制算法,并通过Lyapunov方法证明其稳定性。从弹仅需获取领弹的位置信息,就能在确保自身姿态稳定的同时精确跟踪期望位置保持编队构型,而无需领弹的航向、速度、姿态等其他信息。总结一体化设计思想的本质：通过一个中间状态量建立质心方程和姿态方程之间的直接联系,集成出一个串级型设计模型,并针对其进行闭环算法设计。最后,通过仿真对所提出的一体化位姿控制策略及算法进行校验。     

异面压缩下六边形铝蜂窝平均塑性坍塌应力研究

为了研究铝蜂窝在准静态异面压缩下的平均塑性坍塌应力，基于简化的基本折叠单元理论，以单个完整铝蜂窝六边形单元为研究对象，根据能量守恒定律，形成一个基本折叠单元外力所做的功等于屈曲能和膜能的总和，由此分别假设铝蜂窝材料服从Tresca屈服准则或Mises屈服准则，给出了两个准静态异面压缩下铝蜂窝平均塑性坍塌应力的理论计算公式，试验结果验证了理论推导的正确性。提出的公式对研究铝蜂窝的异面压缩性能具有一定的工程指导意义。     

基于Lyapunov最小-最大方法的卫星编队飞行队形保持

提出一种卫星编队飞行队形保持的鲁棒控制方法.将环境摄动、推力误差等因素作为干扰项加到相对动力学方程中.然后对于该不确定系统,采用Lyapunov最小一最大方法设计相应的控制律,在存在干扰的情况下,采用该控制律仍然能保证系统渐近稳定.同时针对经典的Lyapunov最小一最大方法导致的控制颤振问题,进行了改进,证明了改进后的控制律能够实现系统的一致终极有界,同时消除颤振.通过仿真,验证了采用Lyapunov最小-最大方法在系统存在干扰的情况下,比一般控制方法具有更强的鲁棒性.     

空间交会调相特殊点变轨求解算法

空间交会调相是交会轨道控制的关键问题,本文给出了摄动条件下交会调相特殊点变轨求解算法.算法由粗求解器和细求解器组成:粗求解器中仅迭代部分设计变量,其余设计变量由Gauss型摄动运动方程解析计算;细求解器以粗求解器计算结果为初值,迭代所有设计变量获得较精确满足终端条件的解.算法简单可靠,适用于工程实际,算法的有效性得到了STK高精度轨道预报模块的验证.     

帆板转动时卫星姿态的非线性控制

当帆板转动时，卫星姿态因系统质量特性的改变和帆板驱动力矩的作用而发生扰动，本文采用一种具有鲁棒性的非线性控制方法，实现了高精度的卫星姿态控制。     

速度信息缺失的平动点轨道交会预设性能控制

以平动点轨道的交会对接为研究背景,基于高阶积分链微分器和预设性能控制理论提出了一种仅需相对位置信息的平动点轨道近程交会控制律。首先利用高阶积分链微分器估计两航天器的相对速度状态,并设计预设性能控制器使得两航天器的相对运动状态在预设的边界内渐近收敛到期望状态。然后利用李雅普诺夫函数证明相对运动状态存在扰动时控制器的稳定性。该方法为闭环控制,且与模型无关,容易在线操作。仿真结果表明,在平动点轨道航天器存在未知扰动以及导航制导等不确定的情况下,利用所提交会控制律能够实现追踪航天器与目标航天器交会任务的高精度实时控制,具有较强鲁棒性。     

空间碎片绳网捕获拖曳恒张力控制

针对空间绳网系统捕获空间碎片后,在轨道转移过程中的精确控制问题,提出一种使用常值拉力将空间碎片拖曳至坟墓轨道的方法。首先,采用牛顿欧拉法建立绳系组合体动力学模型;其次,通过李雅普诺夫方法证明仅使用恒张力即可实现拖曳过程的稳定控制;再次,提出采用常值拉力切换控制律抑制空间碎片的姿态章动,采用基于相平面控制原理的控制律抑制绳系组合体面内面外摆动,规避在轨道转移过程中系绳松弛造成缠绕、系绳张力过大造成断裂或两星接近发生碰撞等风险。最后,通过拖曳离轨全过程仿真分析,校验了所提出控制方法的有效性。