Surface tension driven-flow in non-coalescing liquid drops

A fluid-dynamic model of two non-coalescing liquid drops of the same liquid, pressed against one another in the presence of thermocapillary convection, is proposed to correlate experimental results on the deformation of the drop surfaces, on the pressure distribution and on the thickness of the air film between the drops. The two-point boundary value problem for the Gauss-Laplace hydrostatic equation, subjected to the constant volume constraint, is solved by a shooting method to evaluate the shapes of the drops for different values of the applied pressure jump across the surface exposed to a constant pressure ambient. The flow fields in the liquid drops and in the air layer are obtained by numerical solutions of the dynamic problem. The numerical results which qualitatively agree with the experimental ones, explain why an air film could be created between the two drops and show that film thicknesses of some microns exist with excess pressures of the same order of magnitude of the pressure needed to deform the drops.     

气相速度脉动对JP-10液滴破碎的影响

在不同时均气相速度、初始液滴尺寸和速度脉动频率条件下,研究了气相速度脉动对JP-10液滴破碎速率的影响。计算结果表明,低时均气相速度时,小尺寸液滴较难破碎;达到破碎条件的情况下,随着脉动强度的增大液滴破碎所用时间缩短,而气相速度脉动频率对JP-10液滴破碎的影响不明显。     

Boundary layer stripping of liquid drops fragmented by Taylor instability

A model is presented to describe the breakup of large ( 1 mm diameter) liquid drops by shock waves such as occurs in the heterogeneous detonation of liquid fuel sprays. After passage of a shock, high speed gas flow is established about the drops with large Reynolds number, large Weber number and large ratio of Weber number to the square root of the Reynolds number. Under these conditions, a thin liquid boundary layer is formed in the windward surface of a drop and is stripped from the drop at its equator. The rate of mass loss from the drop is small initially, but is increased an order of magnitude by fragmentation of the original drop. This fragmentation occurs because of Taylor instability of the windward surface of the accelerating drop. Calculations based on boundary layer stripping, which include the increase in liquid surface area due to fragmentation, give mass loss rates in general agreement with experimental observations.     

On the structure of the floating zone in melting

Floating zone melting is used in crystal growth and purification of high melting materials. The use of a reduced gravity environment will remove the constraint imposed on the length of the zone by the hydrostatic pressure. The equilibrium of the floating zone may involve, (1) Hydrostatic forces, when the zone rotates as a whole. (2) Convective driving forces, when the zone is stationary but fluid property gradients appear. (3) Hydrodynamic forces, when some parts of the zone are set into motion with respect to others. The last effects are considered in this paper. The flow pattern of a floating zone held between two discs in relative motion is complicated, and thence the solution of the problem is difficult even assuming a constant property-newtonian liquid. Nevertheless, when a small parameter appears in the problem, the complete flow field can be split into zones where simple solutions are found. To illustrate this approach, the spin-up from rest of an initially cylindrical floating zone is considered with detail. Here the small parameter is the time elapsed from the impulsive starting of motion. Since the problem which has been considered, as well as some others which can be tackled by use of similar methods, concern the viscous layer close to either plate, they can be simulated experimentally in the ground laboratory with short floating zones. Procedures to produce these zones are indicated.     

激波干扰对发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究

基于宏观表征体元(REV)的数值模拟方法开展了激波干扰对异质发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究,获得了外部激波干扰与引射气体边界层耦合相互作用流场特征.研究结果表明,不同冷却介质对于冷却效率有显著的影响,冷却介质比热容越大,相同注入率条件下的冷却效果更好;入射激波干扰会显著影响多孔材料表面的压力分布,使得多孔材料内部冷却介质会...     

月面巡视探测器运动控制方法研究

基于动力学的运动控制是星球探测车研制中的关键技术之一。本文以某多轮驱动、多轮转向的月面巡视探测器运动控制为背景,在建立其三自由度动力学模型的基础上,研究了常规增量式PID和模糊自适应PID控制算法,并进行了仿真比较。典型车轮失效情况下的仿真表明,模糊自适应PID方法能够有效控制月面巡视探测器四轮失效的情况,而常规PID方法能够有效控制探测器三轮失效的情况。模糊自适应PID方法对参数扰动敏感性低,鲁棒性更强,较好地处理了常规控制方法可能产生的小超调与快速性的矛盾。     

Nonlinear deformation of a longitudinally corrugated shell structure with uniform load

In this paper, we study the nonlinear deformation of a longitudinally corrugated shell (a type of morphing structure) with a uniform load. We derived the governing equations of the deformations of that corrugated shell with Nayfeh and Pai's [1] initial curvature of shell geometries and developed numerical solutions for that nonlinear mechanics problem. This numerical method is extremely efficient since no element discretization is implemented. The obtained solutions can be verified by comparing with the analytical solution for the same structure with infinitesimal strains. Furthermore, we apply the present method to study a cylindrical shell under the uniform internal pressure, and find that the displacements and internal forces of the cylindrical shell agree well with results obtained from von Kármán nonlinear shell theory. Finally, from parametric studies, we can figure out that the increment of the percentage of the arc part and the total length of the corrugated ring can increase the expansion and internal forces of the corrugated ring. And the configuration of the corrugated ring are more sensitive to the change of geometry and material parameters than internal forces, which indicate that the morphing function can be realized through the change of geometry and material parameters of the structure without great change in the maximum internal forces of the ring. By comparing the results from present nonlinear theory with those from linear theory, we can also find that the displacements and internal forces obtained from linear shell theory can either be exaggerated or disguised for the different configurations of the ring.     

Eddy currents induced migration of droplets in electrically conducting fluid in microgravity environments

Electrical eddy currents induced migration of droplets, whose conductivity differs from that of surrounding fluid, is analysed. Eddy currents in a dilute suspension under consideration, which fills the dielectric tube, are induced by alternating magnetic field parallel to the tube axis. In the case where the droplet radius is small as compared to the skin depth, the distributions of magnetic fields, currents and electromagnetic forces inside and outside the droplet have been calculated. For small Reynolds numbers, with neglecting inertial and thermocapillary effects and the gravity, the flow of fluids around the droplet and inside it, caused by electromagnetic forces, has been studied. The formula is obtained, which relates the droplet migration velocity to the electro-magnetic field, the droplet size and physical properties of fluids.     

Heat transfer of thermocapillary convection in a two-layered fluid system under the influence of magnetic field

Heat transfer of a two-layer fluid system has been of great importance in a variety of industrial applications. For example, the phenomena of immiscible fluids can be found in materials processing and heat exchangers. Typically in solidification from a melt, the convective motion is the dominant factor that affects the uniformity of material properties. In the layered flow, thermocapillary forces can come into an important play, which was first emphasized by a previous investigator in 1958. Under extraterrestrial environments without gravity, thermocapillary effects can be a more dominant factor, which alters material properties in processing. Control and optimization of heat transfer in an immiscible fluid system need complete understanding of the flow phenomena that can be induced by surface tension at a fluid interface. The present work is focused on understanding of the magnetic field effects on thermocapillary convection, in order to optimize material processing. That is, it involves the study of the complicated phenomena to alter the flow motion in crystal growth. In this effort, the Marangoni convection in a cavity with differentially heated sidewalls is investigated with and without the influence of a magnetic field. As a first step, numerical analyzes are performed, by thoroughly investigating influences of all pertinent physical parameters. Experiments are then conducted, with preliminary results, for comparison with the numerical analyzes.     

V型皱褶芯材夹层结构强迫对流传热与热应力分析

V型皱褶芯材夹层结构与强迫对流冷却相结合,可应用于高超声速飞行器或大功率电子器件承载和散热的多功能设计。文章采用数值仿真方法对强迫对流条件下V型皱褶芯材夹层结构的换热及其产生的热应力进行研究,获得了相应的速度场、温度场及结构热应力分布。结果表明:强迫对流条件下,V型皱褶芯材夹层结构的换热性能明显提高,同时导致较大的压力损失。流体速度场随着几何构型的改变而发生周期性的变化,在结构偏折处波峰一侧流速达到最大,对流换热得到增强;沿着冷却液流动方向,结构与冷却液的温度逐渐升高,并伴随着周期性的波动;皱褶芯材夹层结构的整体换热能力随着入口流速的增大而增强。热流输入侧的面板热应力和变形均较大,结构皱褶部位存在应力集中。     

导弹目标遭遇过程中的剩余飞行时间估计

弹目遭遇末端目标至脱靶点剩余飞行时间的估算对起爆控制来说是非常重要的。本文详细讨论了脱靶情况下距离未知或丢失时，如何利用导引头测得的角度和角速度信息预测剩余飞行时间以及其它参数。结果表明 对于非机动目标，文中方法估计的剩余飞行时间及其它参数没有误差；目标机动能力的增加会导致预测误差变大，但是随着导弹逐渐接近目标以及剩余飞行时间的减小，预测精度也会逐渐提高。考虑到允许的起爆延时误差，目标机动对剩余飞行时间估计的影响是很小的。     

自主机动飞网机器人动力学建模与网型保持方法

针对自主机动飞网机器人多系绳编织结构的动力学建模难题,首先提出利用无向图描述飞网机器人的结构,然后依据系绳杨氏模量极大的特点,设计间隙函数和约束反力,基于Hamilton原理建立飞网机器人数学模型,并设计一种基于Lemke算法和龙格库塔积分的解算方法;针对其网型保持问题,设计一种“双层优化伪动态逆内环+变结构控制外环”的控制方法。仿真结果表明,设计的控制器能够有效控制飞网机器人沿指令轨迹运动,并很好保持其网型,避免飞网机器人任务过程的变形和轨道径向移动。     

Modelling of the optical observations of a geosynchronous fragmentation event

A study of the evolution and optical detectability of a fragmentation debris cloud in geosynchronous orbit has been carried out. The 1998 NASA breakup model has been used to generate orbit data for 95 fragments larger than 10 cm size from a 1000 kg satellite. The orbital evolution of these fragments is studied using a precision numerical propagator, employing a high-fidelity force model. Although the fragments rapidly disperse throughout the geostationary arc, they remain localised in right ascension of ascending node and inclination, and are driven along a narrow inertial corridor by luni-solar perturbations. The ESA PROOF software is used to study the detectability of the fragments using a 1- and 0.5-m telescope design. The 1-m telescope can detect 82% of the fragments (down to 13 cm in size) whilst the 0.5-m telescope can detect 39% of the fragments (down to 30 cm size). Due to the large along-track spread of the fragments, a time limit of 1-month post-breakup can be established for a space surveillance system to catalogue the breakup fragments. After this time the angular separation is such that the fragments disperse into the background population, and are no longer distinguishable as originating from a common breakup event.     

Free surface and interface oscillations of an infinitely long visco-elastic liquid column

For an infinite liquid column consisting of various immiscible visco-elastic liquids exhibiting free surface and interface tension the transcendental frequency equation is presented. The natural damped frequencies depend on the viscosities, densities, surface and interface tensions and upon the Maxwell relaxation times. For a single liquid column the damped frequencies are numerically evaluated for the circumferential axisymmetric case m = 0, as well as for the asymmetric modes m = 1 and 2. The frequencies are increasing with larger tension parameter and show slightly increases decay magnitude for the smaller relaxation time parameters and less damped oscillations for stronger Maxwellian liquids. For smaller surface tension parameter the more viscously acting liquid (small relaxation time) ceases to oscillate and is only able to perform aperiodic motions, while for the larger relaxation times this feature gets lost and the liquid always oscillates exhibiting more pronounced elasticity.     

航天器碰撞解体碎片分析软件SFA2.0及其应用

为了实现对航天器在轨解体事件及其碎片分布特性的快速分析,中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)开发了SFA(Spacecraft Fragmentation Analysis)软件。该软件主要基于CSBM航天器解体模型开发形成,同时集成了NASA的标准解体模型。SFA软件具有解体程度分析、解体碎片生成、碎片分布统计等功能,并可以实时显示计算结果、绘制统计曲线。文章着重介绍了SFA软件2.0版的功能模块、主要算法、界面及使用方法等,并针对Iridium 33-Cosmos 2251碰撞、Solwind P78航天器解体等在轨事件进行了分析。     

A micro-gravity simulation of the Marangoni convection

An experimental verification of Marangoni convection in the liquid inter-space between two-coaxial discs is carried out at reduced gravity effect using small Bond's number obtained by choice of small characteristical diameter. Silicon oil is used as working fluid. The upper or lower disc can be heated electrically. The flow is visualized by illuminating fine powder of Titandioxide in the fluid with a vertical “light cut” of about 0.1 mm thickness, which is produced by a laser with a cylindrical glass rod and a microscope objective. Photographs and moving pictures are taken from a TV monitor. From these the vortex configuration and the velocity distribution can be determined, which would be expected for the Marangoni convection in the zero-g condition, for example in the spacelab.     

不同压力条件下水平平板的表面换热实验研究

为了解不同压力下水平平板的气体对流换热变化情况,搭建了一个提供不同气压和环境温度的实验舱,开展了在不同压力(0.1 Pa、0.1 k Pa、0.2 k Pa、0.5 k Pa、1 k Pa、10 k Pa、50 k Pa和常压)与几种加热量(75、150、300 W/m~2)组合条件下的水平平板换热实验研究。通过对辐射换热和自然对流换热的比较,得到不同压力下气体的对流换热系数。结果表明:对流换热系数在环境气体压力小于1 k Pa时非常小,而在1 k Pa以上时才较大;在大于1 k Pa时,对流换热系数随压力的升高呈二次方增加。     

Theoretical study about the Marangoni convection in a liquid column in zero-gravity

The thermal Marangoni effect on the surface of a liquid bridge induces a convection inside the liquid. For an imposed arbitrary periodic axial circumferential temperature distribution on the liquid surface the velocity distributions in radial-, angular- and axial direction are determined theoretically by solving the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. Of particular interest is the effect of the viscosity parameter $\text{v}\text{a}{}^2$ and axial wave length to diameter ratio $\text{l}\text{a}$. It was found that the increase of viscosity decreases the magnitude of the velocity distributions and that for small axial wave length to diameter ratios the radial- and axial velocities exhibit peak values close to the free surface of the liquid. This is in a less pronounced way also true for the angular velocity, which shows for increasing moderate values $\text{l}\text{a}\text{(0 ≤}\text{l}\text{a}\text{≤ 2}$) a strong increase in magnitude and for larger axial wavelength a decrease again. For increasing axial wavelength the peak value of the radial- and axial velocity shifts towards the center of the liquid bridge, of which for a further increase a decrease of the magnitude appears.     

Debris area distribution of spacecraft under hypervelocity impact

Cross-sectional area is an important parameter for spacecraft breakup debris as it is the directly measured data in space observation. It is significant for observing and analysing the spacecraft breakup event to accurately modelling the area distribution of the breakup debris. In this paper, experimental study has been performed on debris area distribution characteristics of spacecraft under hypervelocity impact. The tests are carried out at the ballistic ranges of CARDC. Aluminium projectiles are launched to normally impact the simulated spacecrafts at about 3.0 km/s. The simulated spacecrafts are made up of aluminium plates, filled with some simulated electronics boxes, each of which was installed with a circuit board. “Soft-catch” devices are used to recover the breakup fragments. The test results show that: 1) the relationship between the cross-sectional area and the characteristic length of debris, which can be obtained in the logarithmic coordinates by linear fitting, represents the debris shape characteristic in a certain extent; 2) the area-to-mass ratios of fragments show normal distributions in the logarithmic coordinates; 3) debris made of different materials can be distinguished by different peaks on the distribution curves; 4) the area-to-mass ratio distributions can be expressed by a linear superimposition of several normal functions which represent the main materials of the spacecraft.     

200 kN振动台动圈建模与仿真分析

文章利用Solidworks软件及Cosmosworks软件针对200 kN振动台动圈进行了建模和有限元模态分析,通过模态试验对模型进行了修正,并以修正后的模型为基础进行了动态响应仿真分析,得到了传递函数和响应曲线,计算出1 g加速度控制条件下的驱动力谱,并运用该力谱模拟了正弦扫频试验,得到的控制点响应曲线与实际情况较为吻合。