“北斗+5G”联合定位与误差校正技术

在边坡、城市峡谷、高架等复杂的公路交通定位环境中,存在海量多样的定位需求与复杂的定位环境,北斗信号穿越建筑空间时强度被削弱,产生严重的信号反射和衍射,使得北斗卫星信号难以到达和有效使用,系统可用率下降,无法提供可靠的定位服务。结合第五代移动通信网络（5G）系统高密度部署的特点,提出了一种北斗+5G联合定位模型以及基于最小二乘残差Helmert后验加权的误差校正方法。在复杂公路交通环境中,可以改善可见卫星数少的问题,优化卫星的几何构型,提高用户终端定位精度,能够为用户终端提供高精度、全天候、连续、实时的定位服务。实验表明,北斗+5G联合定位模型能够大幅提升复杂公路交通环境下的定位性能。     

A vectorial bootstrapping approach for integrated GNSS-based relative positioning and attitude determination of spacecraft

Traditionally in multi-spacecraft missions (e.g. formation flying, rendezvous) the GNSS-based relative positioning and attitude determination problem are treated as independent. In this contribution we will investigate the possibility to use multi-antenna data from each spacecraft, not only for attitude determination, but also to improve the relative positioning between spacecraft. Both for ambiguity resolution and accuracy of the baseline solution, we will show the theoretical improvement achievable as a function of the number of antennas on each platform. We concentrate on ambiguity resolution as the key to precise relative positioning and attitude determination and will show the theoretical limit of this kind of approach. We will use mission parameters of the European Proba-3 satellites in a software-based algorithm verification and a hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The software simulations indicated that this approach can improve single epoch ambiguity resolution up to 50% for relative positioning applying the typical antenna configurations for attitude determination. The hardware-in-the-loop simulations show that for the same antenna configurations, the accuracy of the relative positioning solution can improve up to 40%.     

星载GPS的毫米级编队卫星相对定位

在比较分析编队卫星相对定位与陆地相对定位技术的基础上,结合陆地相对定位技术和 卫星精密定轨技术提出了基于GPS进行编队卫星相对定位的方法及原理。文章采用2004年4月 1日到10日的GRACE卫星实测数据进行了相对定位计算,并采用KBR观测数据对本文相对定位 结果和JPL单独定轨结果进行了外部检核,检核结果表明：1. 与直接采用单独定轨结果相 比,该方法可以明显提高卫星的相对位置精度。2. 利用本文方法计算的两颗GRACE卫星相 对位置精度约为4.5 mm。
     

基于双频GPS观测信息和星间距离测量的高精度星间相对定位方法

以双星编队为对象，建立了基于GPS双频P码、双频载波相位以及星间距离观测信息的相对定位样条模型。理论分析与仿真结果表明：与仅采用单频GPS测量信息相比，该方法不仅能有效地提高相对定位精度，而且还能大大减少整周模糊度判定所需的历元数。     

Stability and control of electrodynamic tethers for de-orbiting applications

Electrodynamic tethers provide a very promising propulsion system for de-orbiting of spent upper stages or LEO satellites. In this application, the Lorentz force generated by the interaction between the current in the wire and the geomagnetic field produces an electrodynamic drag leading to a fast orbital decay. The attractiveness of tether system lies especially in their capability to operate with uncontrollable satellites and in the modest mass requirement.The need for significant along-track forces leads however to the onset of an undesirable torque which, if not controlled, may drive the system into a dangerous instability. The electrodynamic torque determines in-plane and out-of-plane librations whose amplitude depends upon the current in the wire, mass distribution and system dimensions. Even more important, this torque is modulated along the orbit due to the changing magnetic field and ionospheric plasma density, giving rise to forced oscillations. The counteracting (and stabilizing) gravity-gradient torque is generally to small to ensure stability in typical, strongly non-symmetrical mass distributions, where a massive satellite or upper stage is attached at the lower end and a light electron collecting device (or passive ballast mass) is deployed a few kilometers above. Reducing the electron current or increasing the mass at the upper end are both unattractive solutions.In this paper we show how the electrodynamic torque pumps energy into the system (finally leading to large librations angles) and indicate that many proposed configurations are intrinsically unstable. Our results point out the need for a control strategy. Fortunately, the librations amplitudes can be limited by acting on the current flowing in the wire. Our model of a rigid, conductive tether shows that a control based upon timely current switch-off, using energy criteria, is indeed effective and simple to implement. The resultant duty-cycles are satisfactory and affect only marginally the de-orbiting times.     

电动绳系在低极轨卫星中的应用研究

低极轨卫星具有轨道周期短、对地观测分辨率高等优点,但由于所在轨道大气阻力大,其使用寿命受到较大限制。文章提出采用水平结构电动绳系抵消低极轨卫星大气阻力的方法,通过系绳电流与地球磁场相互作用产生洛仑兹力进行推进,进而在无燃料消耗的情况下实现对低极轨卫星轨道高度的维持。初步分析了该方法在低极轨不同尺寸卫星中的应用潜力,计算了160 、400 和800 km 典型高度低极轨卫星所经历的地球磁场、电离层和高层大气环境相关参数变化,比较了不同条件下电动绳系推力与大气阻力大小随轨道位置的变化。分析结果表明,该方法适用于400 km 轨道高度以上大卫星;在满足一定系绳长度和轨道高度的条件下,电动绳系可以有效延长低极轨卫星的轨道寿命。     

两星一地时差定位方法性能分析

针对同轨多星定位系统以及高低轨联合定位系统需要卫星数量多的特点,设想地面站和卫星联合定位体制。考虑到时差定位体制对卫星运动不敏感的特征,提出一星三地和两星一地2种定位体制,从定位场景、定位原理、理论定位误差和误差分布4个方面对定位效能分析。重点论述了两星一地时差定位误差的地理分布、时间分布以及受高度的影响,对将来的工程化应用提供支撑。     

Innovation and change? The evolution of Europe's small satellite manufacturers

Since the 1980s a trend has emerged to contain the cost of space missions, which has favored trials in the construction and launch of small satellites. This effort has considerably reduced the cost of the satellites because the construction process uses both traditional components and important technological innovations. There have also been market openings for small satellites, both within the telecommunication sector and for scientific missions and those related to Earth observation. This paper contains the results of a survey of the largest manufacturers of small satellites in Europe and investigates how far (if at all) they have changed the structure of the European space industry. It finds that, through the acquisition of small satellite manufacturers, traditional large companies operating in the field of space in Europe have secured for themselves important technological innovations and market opportunities, while maintaining their oligopolistic position.     

Optimization of geosynchronous satellite constellation for independent regional navigation and positioning in Middle East region

Regional Navigation and positioning systems using geosynchronous satellites are emerging for different parts of the world. Optimal constellation geometry achievement for a set of geosynchronous satellites is a key sector in designing of such systems. Genetic algorithm is applied for optimization of constellations with 6 and 7 satellites which is to be used in Middle East region where these systems have been deprived of. Based on the fact that the coverage criterion is not sufficient enough to guarantee a good navigation service, positioning process by the satellite systems is discussed and the performance of the system on the basis of position dilution of precision is collected as the fitness criterion. Placing the satellites in groups to pass over the same ground track is applied as a constraint to the genetic algorithm. By simulation, performance of the best obtained results and GPS are compared in terms of position dilution of precision, visibility and the required epochs (time span) to resolve the ambiguities with a 99% success rate, in this region. Also, capability of the GA for such problems is demonstrated.     

Validation on flight data of a closed-loop approach for GPS-based relative navigation of LEO satellites

This paper describes a carrier-phase differential GPS approach for real-time relative navigation of LEO satellites flying in formation with large separations. These applications are characterized indeed by a highly varying number of GPS satellites in common view and large ionospheric differential errors, which significantly impact relative navigation performance and robustness. To achieve high relative positioning accuracy a navigation algorithm is proposed which processes double-difference code and carrier measurements on two frequencies, to fully exploit the integer nature of the related ambiguities. Specifically, a closed-loop scheme is proposed in which fixed estimates of the baseline and integer ambiguities produced by means of a partial integer fixing step are fed back to an Extended Kalman Filter for improving the float estimate at successive time instants. The approach also benefits from the inclusion in the filter state of the differential ionospheric delay in terms of the Vertical Total Electron Content of each satellite. The navigation algorithm performance is tested on actual flight data from GRACE mission. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing integer unknowns in conjunction with Extended Kalman Filtering, and that centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved in real-time also with large separations.     

高低轨双星时频差无源定位精度

高低轨卫星联合定位是提高地面辐射源无源定位精度的有效方法。从时差基线、速度差增加方面分析了高低轨双星定位精度相对同轨卫星定位精度高的原因,推导出高低轨双星时频差定位误差分布表达式,分析了高低轨联合定位适用的时频差测量方法及其测量精度。仿真分析结果表明:在低轨卫星星下点附近较大范围内,定位精度达到百米量级。验证了双星相对位置变化、时频差测量误差、高低轨卫星自身位置速度测量误差等因素对高低轨双星定位精度的影响。     

基于样条模型的高精度星间相对定位与定姿

针对分布式小卫星编队的星间相对定位与定姿的高精度要求，提出了基于样条模型的星间相对定位与定姿的新方法。新方法将一段连续时间内的卫星状态参数用样条参数模型表示，将直接估计状态参数转化为样条参数，减少了待估参数的个数，实现了多时刻状态联解，提高了姿态参数对距离变化的敏感性，结构更加稳定。仿真结果表明，相对定位精度由5mm提高到2mm，相对定姿精度由0．0004弧度提高到0．00003弧度，并解决了估计不稳定现象。     

Transient attitude dynamics of satellites with deploying flexible appendages

The paper presents a general formulation for librational dynamics of satellites with an arbitrary number, types, and orientation of deploying flexible appendages. The generalized force term is incorporated making the formulation applicable to a wide variety of situations where aerodynamic forces, solar radiation, earth's magnetic field, etc. become significant. In particular, the case of a beam-type flexible appendage deploying from a satellite in an arbitrary orbit is considered. The corresponding nonlinear, non-autonomous equations for in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations are derived, allowing for the variation of mass density and flexural rigidity along the length with time dependent deployment velocity and spin rate. Next, the attention is focused on the linearized analysis of the in-plane vibrational equation using the assumed-mode method and its substantiation through numerical integration. Finally, the paper presents results for both steady-state and transient attitude behaviour for a representative gravity gradient configuration for a range of initial conditions and system parameters. Results show the combined effect of flexibility and deployment on the dynamics of the system to be substantial. Disturbance of the appendage can excite large amplitude librations. On the other hand, the converse situation is not necessarily true. Furthermore, Coriolis loading, induced by the extending appendages, can become a limiting factor in arriving at a deployment strategy; an effect not pointed out in the literature.     

一种基于正弦波高精度互模糊函数的通信卫星干扰定位技术

通信卫星系统易遭到敌方恶意干扰、地面无意干扰，对通信卫星系统的干扰排查具有重要意义，而通信卫星系统的干扰定位一直是重难点问题。在双星定位互模糊函数算法的基础上，提出了一种基于正弦波高精度互模糊函数频差估计方法，同时针对利用两颗静止通信卫星实现干扰定位时主信号和辅助信号信噪比差异大、辅助信号微弱的问题，采用改进的互模糊度函数实现双星TDOA和FDOA的测量，完成对通信卫星系统干扰信号的定位。仿真试验表明，采用本算法，对通信卫星系统干扰信号的定位精度较高，满足系统实际运用要求。     

北斗星基增强系统增强定位方法和效果研究

北斗星基增强系统BDSBAS通过地球同步轨道卫星实时播发导航卫星星历改正数等增强信息，提高用户全球导航卫星系统定位精度，提升服务水平，是北斗全球卫星导航系统的重要组成部分。根据相关标准协议文件研究了BDSBAS增强定位算法，并在自主研发的北斗星基增强系统监测接收机上设计实现了BDSBAS增强信号的接收，完成了单频和双频实时增强定位解算。实测结果表明：BDSBAS-B1C增强信号能有效提高GPS L1C/A的单频定位精度，相比于标准服务单频定位结果，水平和高程方向精度分别提升了45.18%和70.61%，提升后定位精度在1 m左右；BDSBAS-B2a增强信号能一定程度提高BDS B1C-B2a的双频无电离层组合定位精度，相比较于标准服务双频定位结果，水平和高程方向精度分别提升了6.15%和5.83%，提升后定位精度达到分米级。     

卫星定位误差椭球的几何特征研究

在卫星导航定位的误差分析中,准确估计定位误差椭球的几何特征有利于更好的描述定位精度,为估算定位精度参数提供依据。本文研究卫星定位中误差椭球的轴方向、轴长和轴比。通过分析精度衰减(Dilution of Precision, DOP)矩阵的特征向量和特征值,分离其中的三维定位部分和与钟差有关部分,构建了定位误差椭球的理论模型,并给出误差椭球轴方向、轴长和轴比的计算公式。结合GPS星座,在全球范围内选取8个有代表性的地点对该模型开展仿真分析,表明该理论模型可以准确的描述定位误差椭球的几何特征,误差椭球的轴方向、轴长和轴比与模型给出的理论值非常符合。同时,利用8个地点中2个地点附近的IGS测站秒级实测数据进行定位解算,对定位误差椭球进行了分析,结果表明测站误差椭球诸参数的理论值与实测结果基本一致。     

Autonomous navigation for a group of satellites with star sensors and inter-satellite links

This paper studies the autonomous navigation method for a group of satellites based on relative position measurements, which can be obtained by using inter-satellite links for measuring relative range and navigation star sensors for measuring relative bearing. For the satellites that are far from each other, it may be difficult to obtain relative bearing measurement due to poor visibility. To address this difficulty, this paper proposes a novel scheme, where three satellites, whose relative ranges are rather small such that the relative bearings can be observed, are used as beacons for the navigation of the other satellites that are invisible. The feasibility of the proposed navigation scheme is analyzed by using the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), with the consideration of the availability of relative bearing measurements. In addition, the multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) algorithm is adopted to improve the convergence speed of the estimator in the presence of large initial errors. Simulation results illustrate the high performance of the proposed scheme.     

基于星间测量的异构星座自主导航方法研究

随着星座逐渐向多功能、大型化方向发展，异构星座成为研究的热点。为了解决卫星数目较多，地面设备进行定位和测控难度较大的问题，研究了基于星间测量的异构星座的自主导航方法，该方法充分利用星座中卫星的相对运动规律构成的约束条件，利用有条件的参数加权平差方法，解决星间测距网的基准秩亏问题，并针对异构星座中卫星的位置分布和初始精度的不同，进行分组观测，采用分组平差方法进行定位解算。仿真结果表明：该方法能够有效的降低定位解算的时间，并通过合理的约束，提高定位的精度。     

Cost-driven design of small satellite remote sensing systems*

Earth remote sensing (alongside communications) is one of the key application of Earth-orbiting satellites. Civilian satellites in the LANDSAT and SPOT series provide Earth images which have been used for a vast spectrum of applications in agriculture, meteorology, hydrology, urban planning and geology, to name but a few. In the defence sector, satellite remote sensing systems are a critical tool in strategic and tactical planning – for the countries which can afford them. To date, remote sensing satellites have fallen into one of these two categories: military missions driven by the requirement for very high resolution and orbital agility; and multipurpose civil satellites using general purpose sensors to serve a diverse community of end users. For military-style missions, the drive to high resolution sets the requirements for optics, attitude control and downlink data bandwidth. For civil missions, the requirement to satisfy multiple, diverse user applications forces compromises on spectral band and orbit selection. Although there are exceptions, many small satellite remote sensing missions carry on in this tradition, concentrating on ultra high resolution products for multiple user communities. This results in satellites costing on the order of US $100 M, not optimised for any particular application. This paper explores an alternative path to satellite remote sensing, aiming simultaneously to reduce cost and to optimise imaging products for specific applications. By decreasing the cost of the remote sensing satellite system to a critical point, it becomes appropriate to optimise the sensor's spectral and temporal characteristics to fit the requirements of a small, specialised user base. The critical engineering trade-off faced in a cost driven mission is how to reduce mission cost while still delivering a useful product to the selected user. At the Surrey Space Centre, we have pursued an engineering path using two dimensional CCD array sensors, commercial off-the-shelf lenses and gravity-gradient stabilised microsatellites. In spite of the inherent limitations of such systems, recent successes with the Thai Microsatellite Company's Thai-Phutt satellite show that a system costing in the region of US $3 million, can approach the spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT. Surrey's UoSAT-12 minisatellite (to be launched April, 1999) will further develop this cost-driven approach to provide 10 m panchromatic resolution and 30 m multi-spectral resolution. This paper describes the Thai-Phutt and UoSAT-12 imaging systems, explaining the engineering methods and trade-offs. Although Surrey is presently the only centre presently pursuing such implementations, our paper shows that they deserve wider consideration.     

基于增强型DGPS高精度星间相对定位的样条方法

用传统的差分GPS（DGPS）方法确定分布式SAR的星间相对位置，可能存在：（1）卫星的高速运动可能导致GPS接收信号的信噪比过低，进而造成可用信号数目无法达到正常解算的要求；（2）传统状态估计方法的精度不能满足要求。为解决上述问题，提出了一种基于增强型DGPS的相对定位样条方法，即在GPS测量的基础上，增加星间伪距测量，并结合待估参数的连续特性，建立了相对定位的样条模型，最后利用最小二乘进行参数估计。仿真结果表明：该方法的相对定位精度比相对传统方法大约提高了3倍。最后的理论分析验证了仿真的正确性。