在轨服务飞行器自动寻的段的接近策略分析

在轨服务飞行器在自主式在轨服务系统中发挥重要作用,实现在轨服务飞行器与目标服务对象间的交会是在轨服务任务过程的必要阶段。为优化交会过程自动寻的段的接近策略,对基于Hill方程的双冲量机动策略进行了分析,讨论了在轨服务飞行器的初始轨道参数和机动时间选择对接近过程的影响。运用典型算例,得出两航天器的轨迹、速度和机动消耗在不同坐标系的变化规律,指出了算例中机动消耗随在轨服务飞行器初始参数变化的特点。     

空间相机隔振系统的优化方法

为了减小卫星发射和在轨阶段的振动对空间相机成像品质的影响,文章对空间相机隔振系统的建模和优化方法进行了研究。使用复刚度模型表示隔振器,用拉格朗日方法建立系统动力学方程。选用了系统质心位置的加速度和转角的均方根值作为目标函数,采用多目标优化算法NSGA-Ⅱ在随机振动条件下对隔振系统的进行优化。优化结果给出了隔振系统的刚度系数和耗散系数的最优解集。根据某空间遥感器的实例计算出一组最优隔振器参数,验证了这种优化方法的可行性。这个最优解的集合可以作为隔振系统结构选型和初始设计的输入条件,提高隔振器前期优化设计的效率和计算的准确性。     

飞行器在轨服务

定义了在轨服务（OOS）的概念。介绍了OOS可实现的在轨检查、组装、更换修理、补给,以及轨道转移等功能,讨论了可扩展公共卫星平台、精确测量系统与控制软件、先进对接机构、燃料传输系统、先进机械臂系统,自主运行与管理等关键技术。阐述了OOS发展的需求与驱动因素,以及对飞行器设计中通用化与标准化、理念调整,以及可靠性与技术分配重构等的影响。     

分离模块航天器综合评估方法研究

以分离模块航天器概念设计阶段的方案评估分析为目标,提出一种基于数学建模和蒙特卡洛模拟的定量化评估分析方法框架。首先,定义了分离模块航天器生命周期状态及其转移过程,建立了状态转移概率矩阵,将生命周期不确定风险因素在状态转移过程中加以考虑;进而,基于系统状态模型建立了分离模块航天器生命周期成本和净收益计算模型;然后,以生命周期成本和净收益的均值和标准差作为评价指标,提出了基于蒙特卡洛模拟的综合评估仿真分析方法;最后,采用典型设计案例进行了分析与验证。     

空间细胞机器人系统关键技术及其应用

针对传统空间操控装置难以适应未来大型空间设施在轨建设的问题,提出一种能够实现多层次自重构的空间细胞机器人系统,并对其概念体系以及设计理念进行了分析。介绍了空间三角桁架装配场景下的空间细胞机器人系统硬件设计。提出了空间细胞机器人系统关键技术,包括多智能体协同不确定行为规划、多层次机器人系统构型决策、多智能体协同无环境地图自主导航以及多智能体分层协同分布式控制等。最后结合空间细胞机器人系统的特点与优势,对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Communications satellite business ventures : Measuring the impact of technology programmes and related policies

Both commercial organizations and government agencies invest in spacecraft technology programmes aimed at increasing the performance of communications satellites. Government agencies also make policy decisions which may affect communications satellite business ventures. This article describes an economic evaluation and planning tool which has been developed to assess the impact of various policies on typical fixed satellite service business ventures. The methodology is based upon a stochastic financial simulation model (DOMSAT II) which allows for consideration of reliability and various market, performance and cost uncertainties. Results of the assessment of NASA on-orbit and space power technology programmes are presented, as are results of insurance v self insurance decisions and the choice of transportation system.     

顾及不确定性分析的多数投票 SAR 影像变化检测

合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar，SAR）影像变化检测是遥感领域的一个重要研究方向。文章以投票法（Majority Voting，MV）为基础，提出一种全新的顾及不确定性分析的SAR影像变化检测方法（Uncertainty Analysis-based MV，UAMV）。首先选取三组典型的差分影像生成算法，生成三组互补的差分影像。然后使用模糊C均值聚类估算每组差分影像的关于变化类和未变化类的模糊隶属度函数。最后用模糊集合和信息熵理论优化MV，构建顾及不确定性分析的多数投票法，并用所构建方法融合三组差分影像的模糊隶属度函数，生成变化检测图。为验证文章方法的有效性，通过三组真实SAR影像数据进行实验分析。实验结果表明：1）通过用信息熵分析MV融合过程中的不确定性，能够显著提高MV的变化检测性能；2）与7种现有相关算法相比，UAMV方法能够取得更优的变化检测结果。该研究为SAR影像变化检测提供一种新的思路和方法。     

在轨服务系统评估方案研究

在轨服务系统是复杂的空间应用系统,直观、有效的评估方法将对该系统总体研究工作以及今后的任务实施起到重要的指导作用.为对在轨服务系统完成任务的能力做出科学合理的评估,在把握相关领域技术发展的前提下,建立了在轨服务系统综合效能评估指标体系.运用层次分析法和灵敏度分析的思路.研究了在轨服务系统效能评估方法,为在轨服务系统的建设提供理论参考.     

航天器微振动力学参数测量单元设计与验证

针对某新型气象卫星的在轨微振动测量需求,分析微振动对于卫星及其精密载荷的影响,提出一种具有可切换量程和较高故障容错能力的卫星微振动测量单元设计方案.通过地面试验数据与在轨数据的对比,证明该系统能够准确辨识整星及高精度载荷在不同工况下的微振动力学数据.该系统功能的成功实现为进一步优化星体结构、改善高精度载荷工作环境提拱了...     

Ground and on-orbit command and data handling architectures for the Active Rack Isolation System microgravity flight experiment

The Active Rack Isolation System [ARIS] International Space Station [ISS] Characterization Experiment, or ARIS-ICE for short, is a long duration microgravity characterization experiment aboard the ISS. The objective of the experiment is to fully characterize active microgravity performance of the first ARIS rack deployed on the ISS. Efficient ground and on-orbit command and data handling [C&DH] segments are the crux in achieving the challenging objectives of the mission. The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the C&DH architectures developed for ARIS-ICE, with the view that these architectures may serve as a model for future ISS microgravity payloads. Both ground and on-orbit segments, and their interaction with corresponding ISS C&DH systems are presented. The heart of the on-orbit segment is the ARIS-ICE Payload On-orbit Processor, ARIS-ICE POP for short. The POP manages communication with the ISS C&DH system and other ISS subsystems and payloads, enables automation of test/data collection sequences, and provides a wide range of utilities such as efficient file downlinks/uplinks, data post-processing, data compression and data storage. The hardware and software architecture of the POP is presented and it is shown that the built-in functionality helps to dramatically streamline the efficiency of on-orbit operations. The ground segment has at its heart special ARIS-ICE Ground Support Equipment [GSE] software developed for the experiment. The software enables efficient command and file uplinks, and reconstruction and display of science telemetry packets. The GSE software architecture is discussed along with its interactions with ISS ground C&DH elements. A test sequence example is used to demonstrate the interplay between the ground and on-orbit segments.     

Regularized robust filter for attitude determination system with relative installation error of star trackers

As one of the most critical issues for high-accuracy satellite attitude determination, the relative installation error of star tracker usually leads to inconsistency of the output attitude information. In this paper, an approach named regularized robust filter algorithm is proposed to control the relative installation error of star tracker in the attitude measurement data. Based on the uncertainty model established for the attitude measurement system, the weighted least square solution is presented and the regularized robust filter is deduced firstly. The algorithm parameters are then optimized with the design indices in order to minimize the upper boundary for the variance of the estimated error. Compared with the traditional Kalman filter, the regularized robust filter takes into consideration the effects of model uncertainty, which can be used to optimize the filter parameters during its design stage. Thus, the information of both the system model and the measurement data can be applied effectively. Moreover, the existence conditions need not be validated in the proposed filter algorithm, which is convenient for on-orbit application. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method. The relative installation error of attitude determination is mostly reduced and the estimation precision is improved greatly.     

基于ADAMS的空间断接器仿真研究

利用三维造型软件Pro/E和机械系统动力学仿真分析（Automatic Dynamic Analy-sis of Mechanical System,ADAMS）软件平台建立了空间断接器虚拟样机模型,通过模拟空间断接器的对接、浮动、退让等一系列过程及技术分析,给出了空间断接器的运动特性及对接参数,可为空间断接器优化设计提供了详实、可靠的数据。     

MDO approach for early design of aerobraking orbital transfer vehicles

This paper presents a new multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) methodology for preliminary design of an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (AOTV) performing a two-way transfer between a low-Earth “parking” orbit and a high-energy orbit. This work has been performed in the frame of Onera's CENTOR [N. Bérend, C. Jolly, F. Jouhaud, D. Lazaro, Y. Mauriot, C. Monjaret, J.M. Moschetta, M. Parlier, J.L. Pastre, Y. Servouze, J.L. Vérant, Project CENTOR: Preparing the design of future orbital transfer vehicles; IAC-07-D.2.3.07, in: 58th International Astronautical Congress, 24–28/09/2007, Hyderabad, India] project whose objective is to prepare tools and methodology for studying and designing future space transportation systems for new kinds of missions such as on-orbit servicing (OOS), payload ferrying, or in-situ observation of space-debris. Using simplified models and an appropriate low-dimension formulation for the optimization problem the method makes possible to obtain rapidly and easily a global view of the trade-off between the payload mass and the total mass. It also makes possible to discuss the feasibility of the vehicle with regard to different multidisciplinary constraints and technology hypotheses for the heat shield. This approach is illustrated by eight different AOTV design studies, considering two different missions (LEO–MEO and LEO–GEO), two different propulsion technologies (LOX-LH2 and LOX-CH4) and two different thermal protection system (TPS) characteristics. In each case, we discuss the feasibility and characteristics of the lightest vehicle carrying a prescribed 100 kg payload, and, conversely, a heavy vehicle with a prescribed 18 ton total mass, carrying the heaviest possible payload.     

MDO approach for early design of aerobraking orbital transfer vehicles

This paper presents a new multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) methodology for preliminary design of an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (AOTV) performing a two-way transfer between a low-Earth “parking” orbit and a high-energy orbit. This work has been performed in the frame of Onera's CENTOR [N. Bérend, C. Jolly, F. Jouhaud, D. Lazaro, Y. Mauriot, C. Monjaret, J.M. Moschetta, M. Parlier, J.L. Pastre, Y. Servouze, J.L. Vérant, Project CENTOR: Preparing the design of future orbital transfer vehicles; IAC-07-D.2.3.07, in: 58th International Astronautical Congress, 24–28/09/2007, Hyderabad, India] project whose objective is to prepare tools and methodology for studying and designing future space transportation systems for new kinds of missions such as on-orbit servicing (OOS), payload ferrying, or in-situ observation of space-debris. Using simplified models and an appropriate low-dimension formulation for the optimization problem the method makes possible to obtain rapidly and easily a global view of the trade-off between the payload mass and the total mass. It also makes possible to discuss the feasibility of the vehicle with regard to different multidisciplinary constraints and technology hypotheses for the heat shield. This approach is illustrated by eight different AOTV design studies, considering two different missions (LEO–MEO and LEO–GEO), two different propulsion technologies (LOX-LH2 and LOX-CH4) and two different thermal protection system (TPS) characteristics. In each case, we discuss the feasibility and characteristics of the lightest vehicle carrying a prescribed 100 kg payload, and, conversely, a heavy vehicle with a prescribed 18 ton total mass, carrying the heaviest possible payload.     

航天器碰撞解体碎片分析软件SFA2.0及其应用

为了实现对航天器在轨解体事件及其碎片分布特性的快速分析,中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)开发了SFA(Spacecraft Fragmentation Analysis)软件。该软件主要基于CSBM航天器解体模型开发形成,同时集成了NASA的标准解体模型。SFA软件具有解体程度分析、解体碎片生成、碎片分布统计等功能,并可以实时显示计算结果、绘制统计曲线。文章着重介绍了SFA软件2.0版的功能模块、主要算法、界面及使用方法等,并针对Iridium 33-Cosmos 2251碰撞、Solwind P78航天器解体等在轨事件进行了分析。     

星载控制软件在轨动态重构技术研究

为使星载控制软件可在轨动态重构，提出一种基于量子编程框架、无须操作系统支持、可实现多版本切换的星载控制软件在轨动态重构方法。在分析影响在轨动态重构关键技术基础上，从量子框架的面向对象运行机制出发来寻求软件框架对动态重构的支持；通过划分函数边界，将函数归类为内部函数和公共函数，避免了模块间的循环依赖；给出了函数向量表维护策略，并以版本号为导向实现了向量表切换。该方法在BM3803星载处理器平台进行了充分测试，结果表明：所提出的在轨重构方法系统无须停机、版本可回退且更新过程可靠。本方法占用内存小、平台依赖性弱、代码可复用性强，可推广应用至硬件资源有限的星载控制器终端。     

地球同步轨道卫星群在轨加注任务规划

以地球同步轨道卫星群为研究对象,开展“多对多”在轨加注任务规划问题研究。首先建立了任务规划的数学模型,该任务规划属于多目标规划问题,求解过程中需要解决TSP问题。其次,给出了该规划问题的求解方法及流程,采用遗传算法进行求解并设计了相应的遗传算子。最后,选取了14颗地球同步轨道卫星作为目标星进行求解,并在小角度近似条件下对计算结果进行了分析,计算结果验证了算法的有效性。     

采用简化滤波器思想的卫星姿态确定系统故障诊断

针对星上计算机运算资源有限的问题,为了降低卫星姿态确定系统故障诊断的运算量,提出一种基于卡尔曼滤波器的故障检测与分离方法。该方法首先基于卫星姿态运动方程设计了一种加性卡尔曼滤波器,然后将卡尔曼滤波器与简化观测器思想相结合,进一步提出一种采用简化滤波器思想的姿态敏感器故障诊断律。所提出的故障诊断方法既可以实现对陀螺故障的检测与分离,又能够诊断星敏感器的故障。此外,该方法只利用一个滤波器即可实现故障检测与分离,其计算量小,有利于在轨实施。最终采用一个由三正交一斜装陀螺组件和星敏感器构成的姿态确定系统对所提出的方法进行了仿真校验,仿真结果表明了所提方法的有效性。     

基于改进伪谱反馈控制的远程变轨闭环制导

利用最优反馈控制和轨迹快速重构技术,设计一种有限推力空间远程变轨自适应闭环制导方法。首先给出了最优反馈控制的求解原理和必要条件。将空间变轨动力学模型特点和伪谱法相结合,设计基于状态量缩减的计算效率改进策略以提高轨迹优化的实时性。基于改进伪谱法进行逐次轨迹快速重构,利用开环最优解形成闭环反馈,从而保证制导指令的实时更新,并通过引入控制逻辑改进制导算法。远程交会仿真表明,该闭环制导方法在保证任务指标具有一定最优性的同时,可以有效抑制多种参数不确定性和外界干扰的影响,具有较高的制导精度、自适应性和鲁棒性。     

基于不确定性的飞行器分离可靠性建模与分析方法

为实现飞行器分离任务可靠性的定量分析和高效精确评估,研究了高超声速飞行器分离任务过程中各种不确定性因素对分离可靠性的影响,提出一种基于不确定性的飞行器分离可靠性建模与分析方法。面向高超声速飞行器分离任务需求,建立分离动力学仿真模型,综合考虑分离过程不确定性因素的影响,利用灵敏度分析方法识别主要不确定性因素,构建分离可靠性模型。针对此模型,提出一种改进主动学习Kriging(IAK)的分离可靠性分析方法,通过新的采样策略选取失效概率更大的采样点作为新增训练点,进行高效可靠性分析。实例结果表明,该方法能够准确描述不确定性因素对分离过程的影响,提升分离可靠性定量分析的精度和效率,为飞行器分离方案的精细化设计提供支撑。