微小型GNSS-R测高仪测高精度评估及地面验证

GNSS-R是基于双基雷达散射机理的无源微波遥感技术,可同时接收多个镜面反射点的反射信号,实现海面高度、有效波高、海面风场、海冰等海态参数的宽刈幅探测。针对微纳卫星观测计划,研制国内首个星载微小型GNSS-R测高仪,开展外场实验,处理实验数据,采用基于本地码相关的Clean replica算法、干涉式互相关的Interferometric算法,根据曲线平滑算法对相延多普勒测图(DDM)曲线进行拟合,进而通过最大倒数点法(DER)、峰值半功率法(HALF)等镜点跟踪算法得到测高误差,对实验结果的预期和实测值进行分析,并提出改进方法。     

一种星载GNSS-R海面风向反演方法

针对目前海面风场反演中风向反演困难,准确性低的问题,提出一种利用深度网络反演海面风向的新方法,该方法采用星载GNSS-R信号作为遥感源,根据海面反射信号特性与风向相关关系选择反演观测量,建立海面风向反演的深度网络模型。引入ReLU函数作为网络激活函数,并基于遗传算法(GA)优化了网络模型,对输入数据进行时空匹配与归一化处理,通过机器学习建立风向与输入变量的对应关系,利用深度网络模型反演得到海面风向,该方法反演结果的均方根误差εRMSE=18.14°,满足海面风向测量精度均方误差小于20°的一般测量要求,并通过两组对比试验验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

数据融合技术在海洋二号卫星数据中的应用

海洋二号（HY-2）卫星搭载的微波散射计和扫描微波辐射计一天沿轨数据不能完全覆盖全球海域,文章提出了基于数据融合技术的解决方法。该方法以HY-2卫星获取的海面风场和海面温度场作为数据源,分别利用最优插值算法和时空权重插值法对HY-一2卫星微波辐射计和散射计获取的海面温度场和海面风场数据进行数据融合,在不降低分辨率的基础上,使得一天对全球海域的覆盖率从90％提高到100％。此融合方法可应用于HY-2卫星数据业务化系统中。     

Reconstructing Sound Speed Profiles with Sea Surface Data

Ocean sound speed profile(SSP) is the key factor affecting acoustic propagation. The acquisition of SSPsin real time with high precision is meaningful for underwater activities. By means of the remote sensing method, thesea surface data could be obtained in near-real time. Typically, the subsurface fields are correlated with the sea surfaceparameters. Thus, the SSPs could be obtained by means of satellite remote sensing. In this paper, the history as wellas the current research over the reconstruction of subsurface fields by means of sea surface data is introduced. Thentwo methods to reconstruct the SSPs with sea surface data, including the linear regression method using the empiricalorthogonal function, and the self-organizing method based on the big data theory, are described in detail in the paper.     

典型海上热发射动力学效应及影响因素分析

考虑海上发射环境特殊性,分析了发射船承受的典型海浪以及风环境,针对陆基发射时运载火箭直接坐落在发射台上的裸箭热发射方式,分析了该支撑形式在海上动态环境下的射前稳定性,获得海上裸箭热发射方式的承受晃动极限。为解决陆基热发射支撑方式不满足三级海况发射稳定性的问题,提出运载火箭的框架式扶稳措施,通过框架内的柔性支撑保证运载火箭的射前稳定性。构建由火箭、等效甲板、导向框架、导轨、柔性支撑、发射台等组成的发射系统动力学仿真模型,开展复杂海况条件下的发射动力学分析,获得了框架式热发射方式在典型海况条件下,不同因素对火箭出框过程飞行姿态、安全间隙等影响规律,可为运载火箭框架式热发射的海上动基座发射动力学安全性评估提供技术支撑,并用于框架式热发射方式的海上动基座环境适应性的综合评价。     

基于改进ALO-RBF的高频地波雷达海杂波预测模型

高频地波雷达是海上动目标检测的重要手段，其中海杂波是影响海面目标检测性能的主要因素。为了提高海杂波的预测精度进而有效抑制海杂波，本文提出了一种基于改进蚁狮算法（Ant Lion Optimizer，ALO）优化RBF神经网络的海杂波预测模型（MGPALO-RBF，Multiple elites dynamic guidance Ant Lion Optimizer based on Gaussian difference variation-based learning with Perturbation factor-radial basis function）。由于标准蚁狮算法具有易陷入局部最优且收敛速度慢的缺点，本文在蚂蚁进行随机行走的过程中加入扰动因子以增加种群的活跃性和多样性，并提出多个精英动态引导机制，强化算法前期的探索能力和后期的开发能力，同时对种群中较差蚁狮进行高斯差分变异以提高算法的收敛速度。仿真结果表明：改进的蚁狮算法在对比算法中具有更高的收敛精度和收敛速度，MGPALO-RBF模型具有更好的海杂波预测性能。     

海洋遥感雷达的一体化发展趋势

利用雷达高度计、微波散射计、海洋波谱仪和合成孔径雷达SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar）观测海面风、浪等海洋动力环境要素的技术已经日趋成熟，针对现有单星多传感器体制存在的重量大、稳定性差、功耗高、整星系统复杂等缺点，首先对以上四种海洋微波遥感器的发展和应用情况进行了梳理，随后根据目前的发展趋势，提出了一种新的多模式一体化设计方法并进行详细描述，最后，对未来星载海洋微波遥感器的多模式一体化技术进行了展望，为今后海洋微波遥感器的多模式一体化研究提供参考。     

陆海交界区与运动目标复合散射的矩量法研究

为了满足陆海交界区域上方雷达目标检测、识别和分类等的需要，对陆海交界区域表面与上方运动目标复合散射特性进行了研究。采用Monte Carlo方法结合皮尔森-莫斯科维茨(pierson-moskowitz，PM)海谱、Texel-Marsen-Arlose(TMA)海谱与指数功率谱分别生成深水海域海面、有限深海域海面和海岸地貌表面，参照国际无线电咨询委员会推荐的介质反射系数图表模拟海水与海岸的介电常数，运用矩量法计算了陆海交界区域表面与其上方运动圆形截面柱的复合散射系数，得出了复合散射系数的角分布曲线，分析了圆形截面柱分别在深水海域海面、有限深海域海面与海岸地貌表面横向平移、纵向平移对复合散射系数的影响，同时还分析了圆形截面柱分别移动至海岸地貌表面、有限深海域海面、深水海域海面对复合散射系数的影响。数值计算结果表明，复合散射系数随散射角振荡的变化，圆形截面柱在海岸地貌表面与深水海域海面上方的纵向平移对复合散射系数影响较为显著，而圆形截面柱在有限深海域海面上方的移动对复合散射系数的影响比较复杂，且当圆形截面柱沿陆海交界区域表面移动时，复合散射系数会受到较大的影响。     

掠海飞行导弹击水概率的仿真研究

本文对掠海导弹的击水概率问题进行了研究,提出了用均匀设计、Monte—Carlo法和逐步回归法建立击水概率预报公式的仿真方法,并结合某型号的反舰导弹进行计算,得到了满意的结果。本文还利用表观频率和表观频谱的概念,建立起飞航导弹的背景干扰——海浪和阵风的数学模型,并用波叠加法进行了数字仿真。     

基于多层次特征的高分影像海岸带地物分类

针对高分辨率影像地物光谱丰富复杂的问题，文章提出了一种结合像元-对象-空间格局特征的水域、盐田等海岸带精细地物分类方法。首先基于像元和空间格局特征分别利用遗传算法优化随机森林参数进行分类；其次将两种分类结果采用D-S证据理论融合；然后基于不同地物斑块的空间上下文信息，采用粒子群算法优化支持向量机（Support Vector Machine，SVM）参数实现面向对象的二次分类。为验证方法的有效性，收集山东省莱州湾海岸带附近区域的“高分二号”卫星影像，开展了水域及水利设施用地、盐田、工矿用地、交通运输用地、住宅用地、沿海滩涂、海域与耕地8类地物的分类实验，总体精度达到97.21%，Kappa系数为0.964 2。实验结果表明，文章提出的高分影像海岸带地物分类方法兼顾像元、对象及空间格局特征优点，能够实现多层次细致分类，并同时兼具较短的训练时长与较高的分类精度。该研究成果可为中国海岸带生态环境监测与土地利用规划提供一定技术支撑。     

粗糙物面引起的超声速边界层转捩现象研究

采用风洞实验和数值模拟方法研究平板表面圆柱形粗糙单元引起的M=3超声速边界层转捩问题。实验采用纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射技术（NPLS）对流动结构进行测量。共考察了1mm、2mm和4mm三个不同的粗糙度条件。采用五阶精度加权紧致非线性格式（WCNS-E-5）对风洞实验进行数值模拟和对比。实验及计算表明：粗糙元对边界层干扰后诱导了尾迹流向涡的形成,流向涡通过抬升机制产生剪切层和流向速度条带等不稳定结构;实验流动图像显示,剪切层不稳定在边界层转捩过程中起重要作用;随着粗糙元高度增加,流动分离范围和转捩区域明显扩大,转捩位置有提前的趋势。     

Analysis of DORIS range-rate residuals for TOPEX/Poseidon,Jason, Envisat and SPOT

Three currently operational radar altimeter satellites are equipped with the Doppler orbitography and radiopositioning integrated by satellite (DORIS) tracking system for precise orbit determination and two more are already foreseen. Any systematic errors in their computed orbits could possibly adversely affect scientific products used in climate change studies, such as sea level and ice sheet heights. DORIS residuals, which can be interpreted as a measure of orbit determination performance, often show systematic errors. We have therefore analyzed long time series of DORIS range-rate residuals in order to investigate possible systematic errors common to all DORIS analysis strategies and software packages, either on a satellite or on a station basis. In particular, the investigation has focused on global DORIS data of six satellites (TOPEX, Jason, Envisat and SPOT-2, -4 and -5) and station-specific data for Fairbanks, Easter Island and Syowa Base. Large measurement errors when crossing the South Atlantic Anomaly are easily detected in the DORIS residuals of Jason, while Envisat residuals show the most prominent evidence of multipath interference and the effect of a flight software update. Particularly, large errors were also found in low-elevation data.     

CFOSAT-1 Realizes First Joint Observation of Sea Wind and Waves

The Chinese-French Oceanic Satellite 1(CFOSAT-1) was successfully launched on October 29, 2018. The satellite was developed under cooperation between China and France. CFOSAT-1 realizes joint observation of sea waves and wind for the first time in the world. This paper introduces the background of the satellite, including application goals and the division of the project. The paper describes the satellite platform composition, the coverage and benefit of conducting joint observation as well as the working principle, structure and performance of the two payloads, SCAT and SWIM, and introduces the in-orbit observation results of sea wind and waves. The difficulties during the development, solutions and acquired experience for future international space cooperation are also introduced. Finally, the conclusion concerning CFOSAT-1's contributions to sea state forecast, marine and climate research, as well as its important role in the ocean dynamic environment detection system.     

Catalog of large-scale solar wind phenomena during 1976–2000

The main goal of this paper is to compile a catalog of large-scale phenomena in the solar wind over the observation period of 1976–2000 using the measurement data presented in the OMNI database. This work included several stages. At first the original OMNI database was supplemented by certain key parameters of the solar wind that determine the type of the solar wind stream. The following parameters belong to this group: the plasma ratio β, thermal (NkT) and kinetic (mNV ²) pressures of the solar wind, the ratio T/T _exp of measured and expected temperatures, gradients of the plasma velocity and density, and the magnetic field gradient. The results of visualization of basic plasma parameters that determine the character of the solar wind stream are presented on the website of the Space Research Institute, Moscow. Preliminary identification of basic types of the solar wind stream (FAST and SLOW streams, Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS), Corotating Interaction Region (CIR), EJECTA (or Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections), Magnetic Cloud (MC), SHEATH (compression region before EJECTA/MC), rarified region RARE, and interplanetary shock wave IS) had been made with the help of a preliminary identification program using the preset threshold criteria for plasma and interplanetary magnetic field parameters. Final identification was done by comparison with the results of visual analysis of the solar wind data. In conclusion, histograms of distributions and statistical characteristics are presented for some parameters of various large-scale types of the solar wind.     

A method for determination of internal gravity wave parameters from a vertical temperature or density profile measurement in the Earth’s atmosphere

A method for determination of internal gravity wave (IGW) parameters from a single vertical temperature or density profile measurement in the Earth’s atmosphere has been developed. This method may be used for the analysis of profiles measured by any techniques in which the accuracy is enough to measure small (∼1%) amplitudes of the temperature or density fluctuations in the atmosphere. The criterion for the IGW identification has been formulated and argued. In the case when this criterion is satisfied then analyzed fluctuations can be considered as wave-induced. The method is based upon the analysis of relative amplitude thresholds of the temperature or density wave field and upon linear IGW saturation theory in which amplitude thresholds are restricted by dynamical instability processes in the atmosphere. In order to approbate the method we have used data of simultaneous radiosonde measurements of the temperature and wind velocity in the Earth’s stratosphere where the saturated IGW propagation has been detected. It is shown that the application of the method to radio occultation temperature data gives the possibility to identify IGWs in the Earth’s lower stratosphere and to determine values of key wave parameters.     

一种高超声速稀薄流激波干扰气动热测量技术

针对高超声速稀薄来流条件下的激波干扰气动热测量问题,设计了一种适用长时间、中低热流量值(5~500 kW/m2)的带封装结构的量热计,采用空气隔热设计方式降低其侧向传热,实现了有效一维传热,延长了测试时间;并通过热流传感器标定试验,实现了热流高精度测量。为验证量热计的测量性能,开展了地面标定实验和基于双锥模型的高超声速低密度风洞激波/边界层干扰实验(M10和M12),量热计与同轴热电偶的测量结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,本文所设计的量热计适用于稀薄来流条件下激波干扰引起的复杂气动热问题的热流测量。相比于同轴热电偶,量热计响应时间较慢,但对于较大热流,由于极大减轻了侧向传热的影响,测量精度较高。同轴热电偶对低量值热流(5~20 kW/m2)的测量性能较好,信噪比(SNR)较高。研究成果为开展高超声速低密度风洞稀薄流激波干扰气动热试验研究提供支撑。     

Future earth observation missions for oceanographic applications: Indian perspectives

Significant progress has been achieved in India in demonstrating the utility of remote sensing data for various oceanographic applications during the last one decade. Among these, techniques have been developed for retrieval of ocean surface waves, winds, wave forecast model, internal waves, sea surface temperature and chlorophyll pigments. Encouraged from these results as well as for meeting the specific and increasing data requirements on an assured basis by oceanographers, India is making concerted efforts for developing and launching state-of-the-art indigenous satellites for ocean applications in the coming years.

The first in the series of ocean satellites planned for launch is Oceansat-1 (IRS-P4) by early 1999. Oceansat-1 carries on-board an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR). OCM will have 8 narrow spectral bands operating in visible and near- infrared bands (402–885 nm) with a spatial resolution of 360 m and swath of 1420 km. The MSMR with its all weather capability is configured to have measurements at 4 frequencies viz., 6.6, 10.65, 18 & 21 GHz in dual polarisation mode with a spatial resolution of 120, 80, 40 & 40 km, respectively with an overall swath of 1360 km. The Oceansat-1 with repetitivity of once in two days will provide global data for retrieval of various oceanographic and meteorological parameters such as chlorophyll (primary productivity), sea surface temperature and wind speed, besides a host of other parameters of relevance to meteorology.

A full fledged satellite for ocean applications known as Oceansat-2 (IRS-P7) is also planned for launch during 2002. This satellite with payload mix of microwave (Scatterometer, Altimeter & Passive Microwave Radiometer), Thermal (TIR) and Optical (OCM) sensors, will provide greater in-sight into the global understanding of ocean dynamics/resources. This mission is expected to provide a complete set of oceanographic measurements, which are useful for providing operational oceanographic services.

Efforts are also on towards development of missions having multi-frequency, multipolarisation and multi-look angle microwave payloads including Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and advanced millimeter wave sounders, besides development of imaging spectrometers by 2005.

A well-knit plan has been initiated in India for utilisation of planned Oceansat data. Important efforts initiated in this direction include SATellite Coastal and Oceanographic Research and Ocean Information Services, which are being carried out on an integrated basis aiming at providing services to the down stream users. The paper highlights these efforts in India towards providing an operational ocean information services in the coming years.     

基于Sentinel-1卫星的北冰洋海冰信息提取

为研究北极海冰分布、形态特征的变化规律,基于Sentinel-1卫星的SAR数据,对弗雷姆海峡区域的海冰进行长时间序列的提取及变化分析。对试验影像预处理,利用K-均值聚类算法提取海冰。基于浮冰面积大小,将浮冰进行分类,研究各参数与海冰破碎物理过程的关系,海冰分布以密集度体现,海冰的形态特征以面积、周长、圆度等参数描述。结果表明:利用高分辨率SAR数据,能获取精细的海冰分布信息,将其与传统的海冰密集度产品结合,可构造信息更丰富的多尺度冰情图,为极地海冰监测提供支持,对维护北极航道安全、分析北冰洋海冰气候效应等有重要意义。     

基于深度学习的多步预测方法在太阳风速度预测上的应用

为对近地环境太阳风状况进行可靠预测,引入基于深度学习的多步预测方法来预测在太阳与地球之间的拉格朗日点1(L1)处距离输入观测数据序列未来24、48、72、96 h的太阳风速度.采用SDO的图像数据提取冕洞面积等特征信息,并从NASA OMNIWEB数据集提取其他输入特征,形成多变量的时序数据作为太阳风速度预测的输入信息...     

Space-time structure of ion-cyclotron waves in the topside ionosphere as observed onboard the <Emphasis Type="Italic">ST</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">5</Emphasis> satellites

Results of observations of ion-cyclotron (IC) waves onboard the ST-5 satellites in the topside ionosphere (heights from a few hundred up to thousands of km) are presented. In this project, three identical micro-satellites were located during three months in 2006 in almost identical orbits with distances between them from first thousands to hundreds of km. All ion-cyclotron wave packets detected by two-three probes were observed at crossing one and the same latitude, which manifests their narrow localization in latitude with a characteristic scale from the first tens to 100 km. In no event IC waves were recorded with comparable amplitudes by all three satellites. At the same time, in the case of ST-5 flight near the ground-based induction magnetometer, a long emission in the same frequency range on the ground corresponded to a burst of IC waves in the topside ionosphere. This can indicate to the fact that an IC instability develops not continuously, but in the pulsing regime with a characteristic time of up to ∼10 min. A change in the rotation direction when a satellite crosses the wave structure is a characteristic feature of the polarization structure of registered transverse waves. The detected effects are discussed from the point of view of the existing models of generation and waveguide propagation of IC waves.