星载GPS天线相位中心偏差对定位精度影响的试验方法研究

介绍星载GPS天线相位中心偏差的概念,简要分析GPS天线相位中心变化对GPS定位精度的影响,并建立相应的数学模型。利用已有的多台星载GPS天线、载波相位测量方式的星载GPS接收机,进行GPS天线相位中心偏差测试以及接收机绝对定位精度、相对定位精度测试,测量、统计天线相位中心偏差与GPS接收机绝对定位精度和相对定位精度的对应数据,对误差模型进行验证。     

Satellite broadcast usage and life test of high power S-band Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers

Broadcasting radio programs from satellites to mobile users has been operating for many years in the United States, Canada and South Korea. The service, generally called Satellite Radio, is provided at S-band radio frequencies. Satellite Radio users require near perfect service availability. Since most users are mobile (automobiles and handheld reception), the antennas of their receivers have little gain necessitating very high effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) from the satellite to provide the required availability particularly under fading conditions. Despite using a satellite directive transmitting antenna, the achievement of this high EIRP requires a satellite transmitter radio frequency power output of over 7 kW. This is typically achieved by paralleling 32 Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs). The configuration, usage and technical aspects of such satellite transmitters are described. These satellite transmitters are critical to Satellite Radio service both for performance and for operating lifetime, typically over 15 years. Because of this importance, detailed lifetime laboratory testing is being done on the TWTAs as reported herein.     

Antenna for precise orbit determination

The ESA SWARM mission will consist of three satellites that will measure the Earth magnetic field. The system calls for metre accuracy knowledge of the measurement locations. To achieve this a GPS receiver is used. At least four GPS signals are tracked to determine the code and carrier ranges, from which the position can be derived. The accuracy improves when using more GPS satellites and by averaging over many measurements. The latter is achieved in ground processing with a model-based orbit prediction, resulting in cm accuracy. The main error contributions in the processing are often measurement errors due to satellite multi-path effects. The multipath effects are characterized by measuring the antenna on a 1.5 m mock-up, representing the 9 m long satellite. In order to verify that the mock-up is representative, extensive electromagnetic simulations were made. The simulations included the antenna and the complete satellite and were then reduced to the antenna and a section of the satellite. The actual design of the antenna was performed with several levels of software. First, a fast bodies-of-revolution simulation found a geometry with the right coverage. Then, a finite element method simulation allowed us to match the antenna at two frequencies simultaneously.     

用于遥感卫星数传的新型波导阵列组合天线

从新的设计理念出发，提出一种新型的波导十字阵列组合辐射天线替代了赋形反射面天线，用于低轨遥感卫星的数传系统。文中论述了该天线的设计思路、设计过程，并列出了天线的主要性能。最后还简述了该天线在国内卫星上的应用及我国未来低轨遥感卫星数传天线的发展趋势。该天线已在我国多个卫星上成功应用。这种波导阵列组合天线结构紧凑、尺寸小，具有与国外通用的赋形反射面天线基本类似的性能，可达到星载数传天线的预定要求，而且为星载遥感器及其他载荷留出了更大的对地安装空间。     

Design and implementation of the GPS subsystem for the Radio Aurora eXplorer

This paper presents the design and implementation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) subsystem for the Radio Aurora eXplorer (RAX) CubeSat. The GPS subsystem provides accurate temporal and spatial information necessary to satisfy the science objectives of the RAX mission. There are many challenges in the successful design and implementation of a GPS subsystem for a CubeSat-based mission, including power, size, mass, and financial constraints. This paper presents an approach for selecting and testing the individual and integrated GPS subsystem components, including the receiver, antenna, low noise amplifier, and supporting circuitry. The procedures to numerically evaluate the GPS link budget and test the subsystem components at various stages of system integration are described. Performance results for simulated tests in the terrestrial and orbital environments are provided, including start-up times, carrier-to-noise ratios, and orbital position accuracy. Preliminary on-orbit GPS results from the RAX-1 and RAX-2 spacecraft are presented to validate the design process and pre-flight simulations. Overall, this paper provides a systematic approach to aid future satellite designers in implementing and verifying GPS subsystems for resource-constrained small satellites.     

Antenna for precise orbit determination

The ESA SWARM mission will consist of three satellites that will measure the Earth magnetic field. The system calls for metre accuracy knowledge of the measurement locations. To achieve this a GPS receiver is used. At least four GPS signals are tracked to determine the code and carrier ranges, from which the position can be derived. The accuracy improves when using more GPS satellites and by averaging over many measurements. The latter is achieved in ground processing with a model-based orbit prediction, resulting in cm accuracy. The main error contributions in the processing are often measurement errors due to satellite multi-path effects. The multipath effects are characterized by measuring the antenna on a 1.5 m mock-up, representing the 9 m long satellite. In order to verify that the mock-up is representative, extensive electromagnetic simulations were made. The simulations included the antenna and the complete satellite and were then reduced to the antenna and a section of the satellite. The actual design of the antenna was performed with several levels of software. First, a fast bodies-of-revolution simulation found a geometry with the right coverage. Then, a finite element method simulation allowed us to match the antenna at two frequencies simultaneously.     

同频双极化双路输出天线的设计

介绍两种新型的基于 GPS频段的同频双极化双路输出天线 ,用于接收 GPS卫星信号。它们的共同点是在一个天线上面同时输出两路信号 ,两路信号频率相同 ,极化方式不同。该天线非常适用于一些特殊的应用场合     

一种卫星天线的力限振动半经验系数研究

半经验公式法是制定卫星及卫星部组件力限振动试验条件的重要方法。文章首先对半经验公式法进行了简要介绍,然后应用有限元分析的办法,利用3颗已经成功发射的东方红四号平台通信卫星的整星有限元模型及其地面正弦振动试验条件,进行了整星正弦振动响应分析来模拟整星正弦振动试验,提取了这3颗卫星上6副同种类型天线,在整星正弦振动响应分析中安装点的加速度响应情况和受力响应情况,并据此计算了6副天线的正弦振动力限半经验系数。计算结果揭示了该种天线的正弦振动力限半经验系数取值范围,可为以后类似天线制定力限试验条件提供一定参考。     

多体卫星复合控制物理仿真试验系统

对于具有星间链路天线的多体卫星而言 ,进行星体姿态和天线指向复合控制的地面物理仿真试验研究是一个重要课题。本文主要叙述利用单轴气浮台模拟卫星姿态运动 ,由天线框架驱动机构 (GDA)实物连接组成的多体卫星平面运动动力学环境下的物理仿真试验系统。     

卫星点波束天线的多目标指向优化研究

卫星天线波束常常需要同时覆盖特定区域内多个目标,为保证目标接收卫星信号的增益要求,需对其指向进行优化。以我国某卫星点波束天线为研究对象,将天线功率辐射模型引入卫星指向计算模型中,完成了指向目标的增益计算。运用最优化原理分析了多目标指向增益优化模型,在无约束条件下,指向增益最优点在标称三目标构成的三角形重心位置;有约束条件下,最优点在满足相应约束下偏离无约束最优点。多目标指向优化理论研究对点波束天线的高精度指向及确保目标的通信特性提供了适用的工程模型,具有极强的工程应用价值。     

实现海洋测高卫星厘米级定轨精度的策略分析

基于对多种飞机的机载GPS测量实践,提出我国海洋二号（HY-2）卫星实现厘米级精度的星载GPS定轨测量的基本要求：1）选择适合天线,捕获多颗在视GPS卫星;2）注重天线安装位置,减弱多路径效应影响;3）选用适合的GPS信号接收机,确保星载GPS测量数据优质。     

采用伴随星接收LEO到GEO上行信号的一种方案

随卫星上部署动态跟踪天线,难以进行卫星姿态控制,为此提出了一种采用两颗伴随卫星部署非跟踪天线的接收方案,用于接收低轨圆轨道星(LEO)到地球同步静止卫星(GEO)的上行信号。理论分析及STK(SatelliteToolKit)软件仿真结果表明,伴随星姿态只需在惯性空间内稳定,就可实现动态信号接收,大大降低了系统的实现难度。     

全球导航星座星间链路技术发展建议

美国全球定位系统（GPS）的Block IIR和Block IIF系列导航卫星安装了UHF频段的星间链路收发设备,未来的GPS Ⅲ系列导航卫星将用Ka频段星间链路替代UHF频段星间链路,提高星间数据通信容量,增强抗干扰能力;俄罗斯全球导航卫星系统（GLONASS）的新一代GLONASS-K系列导航卫星开始安装S频段星间链路收发设备;欧洲的伽利略（Galileo）卫星导航系统也在规划全球导航星座的星间链路体系;我国北斗（Compass）卫星导航系统正处在由区域覆盖向全球覆盖的过渡阶段,全球星座的星间链路正处在多种系统体制的抉择中。文章在对国外各种星间链路研究的基础上,从导航星座星间链路需求和特点出发,提出建议：1）建设高频段星间链路;2）加强星间天线与卫星总体的联合设计;3）星间网络协议要具有灵活性;4）尽可能保持每颗卫星的星间链路设备状态一致。文章考虑了现有国内技术储备和国外未来技术发展方向,提出的观点可以作为我国全球卫星导航系统对星间链路选择的参考,对我国Compass系统建设技术先进的星间链路有一定的指导意义。     

球形卫星径向天线阵的辐射场

导出球形卫星上任意位置处径向天线辐射场的线极化和圆极化分量表达式。对倾斜的和水平的四元阵按相位旋转方式激励时的辐射场进行了计算、示出一些典型辐射图。讨论了球体半径和天线长度对图形的影响、场结构对地面站天线的要求、以及球体与柱体上天线辐射图形的差异。     

基于STK的GPS卫星可见性仿真分析

GPS卫星在现代信息化战争中的作用日趋重要。针对GPS的观测应用需求,以目前在轨的31颗GPS卫星为研究对象,分析GPS卫星轨道的特征,研究GPS卫星对地面系统的可见性。结合STK和Matlab软件进行仿真分析,为地面GPS观测系统的天线波束宽度、波束个数设计提供参考。     

星载微波辐射计天馈系统噪声温度分析

星载微波辐射计在轨运行时,影响天线温度的因素与天馈系统的空间与时 间的不稳定性有关。在最坏情况下,裸露在卫星舱外的天线物理温度的变化值可达±
150℃,而且太空环境和卫星舱内环境存在一定的温度差异,使得连接天线与开关 的波导存在一定的温度梯度。依次分析了反射面对观测信号传输的影响,天线馈源物理 温度在-150℃～150℃范围内时的噪声温度,温度梯度对计算连接波导噪声温度的影响。利 用上述的分析结果,确定了天馈系统的在轨测温方法以满足星载微波辐射计精确定标的要求 。
     

在轨跟踪与数据中继卫星测控关键技术(上)

根据卫星轨道根数，研究了跟踪与数据中继卫星（TDRS）对用户星的精确跟踪规律，并据此分析了TDRS对卫星平台姿态和天线运动范围的要求。介绍了TDRS测控中的关键技术，如螺旋扫描算法在TDRS搜索用户星时的应用、TDRS对近地卫星的覆盖率、TDRS跟踪多用户星的资源分配准则、星蚀和日凌计算，以及轨道位置保持控制策略等。相关控制策略的正确性已在我国地球同步轨道卫星的在轨测控应用中得到了证实，可用于未来TDRS的工程测控和业务应用。     

Cost reduction trends in space communications by larger satellites/platforms

The paper analyses first the satellite growth trend in the past and the specific characteristics of communication satellites, as there are specific mass per channel and payload share vs. spacecraft mass.

With assistance of a cost model (derived from actual spacecraft cost) it is shown that larger satellites are more cost effective. The same applies to the launch cost, also showing a reduction in specific cost (per kg or per channel-year) for larger payloads.

Finally different types of communication satellites/platforms are compared (two smaller satellites, one large satellite, modular docked assemblies) for the same total communication capacity of 72 000 dual telephone channels. It is shown that for each orbital communication capacity a certain optimum spacecraft size exists which leads to minimum space segment cost.     

Inflatable antenna for cubesats: Motivation for development and antenna design

CubeSats and small satellites have potential to provide means to explore space and to perform science in a more affordable way. As the goals for these spacecraft become more ambitious in space exploration, moving from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) or further, the communication systems currently implemented will not be able to support those missions. One of the bottlenecks in small spacecraft communication systems is represented by antennas' size, due to the close relation between antenna gain and dimensions. Current antennas for CubeSats are mostly dipole or patch antennas with limited gain. Deployable (not inflatable) antennas for CubeSats are currently being investigated, but these solutions are affected by the challenge of packaging the whole deployable structure in a small spacecraft.The work that we propose represents the first attempt to develop an inflatable antenna for CubeSats. Inflatable structures and antennas can be packaged efficiently occupying a small amount of space, and they can provide, once deployed, large dish dimension and correspondent gain. Inflatable antennas have been previously tested in space (Inflatable Antenna Experiment, STS-77). However they have never been developed for small spacecraft such as CubeSats, where the packaging efficiency, the deployment, and the inflation represent a challenge.Our study explores for the first time the possibility of developing such antenna in a way compatible with CubeSat dimensions and constraints. The research provides answers on the possible dimensions for an inflatable antenna for small satellites, on the gain and resolution that can be achieved, and on the deployment and inflation mechanism compatible with CubeSat. Future work in the development of the antenna will include the test of the antenna in flight during a specific technical demonstration mission.The article is structured as follows: context and motivation for Cubesat inflatable antenna are described; then a study to design the antenna which achieves the required performance metrics, while respecting the constraints imposed by CubeSat structure, is presented.     

导航卫星天线收发系统耦合分析与仿真

导航卫星天线系统由接收天线系统和发射天线系统组成,发射天线系统为多频段工作模式。接收天线系统为单频段工作模式。当多个频段的信号经过发射天线系统后的三阶无源互调产物落入接收天线系统工作带宽内时,如果无源互调电平大于接收信号电平,则将严重影响导航卫星接收系统的正常工作。为此,应尽量提高发射天线与接收天线之间的隔离度,使已产生的无源互调电平得到有效衰减,从而不影响正常接收信号的工作。文章从微波网络JS散射矩阵出发,结合电磁场专用软件,给出了两种卫星平台上的发射和接收天线之间隔离度的仿真分析结果,为导航卫星天线布局提供依据。