A multi-aircraft conflict detection and resolution method for 4-dimensional trajectory-based operation

Conflict Detection and Resolution(CDR) is the key to ensure aviation safety based on Trajectory Prediction(TP). Uncertainties that affect aircraft motions cause difficulty in an accurate prediction of the trajectory, especially in the context of four-dimensional(4D) Trajectory-Based Operation(4DTBO), which brings the uncertainty of pilot intent. This study draws on the idea of time geography, and turns the research focus of CDR from TP to an analysis of the aircraft reachable space constrained by 4D waypoint constraints. The concepts of space–time reachability of aircraft and space–time potential conflict space are proposed. A novel pre-CDR scheme for multiple aircraft is established. A key advantage of the scheme is that the uncertainty of pilot intent is accounted for via a Space-Time Prism(STP) for aircraft. Conflict detection is performed by verifying whether the STPs of aircraft intersect or not, and conflict resolution is performed by planning a conflict-free space–time trajectory avoiding intersection. Numerical examples are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.     

一种低轨卫星轨道预报算法

在基于EMBET（Error Model Best Estimation of Trajectory,误差模型最佳弹道估计）的雷达自校准处理过程中,需要基于给定的低轨卫星初始状态完成轨道预报,得到与雷达测量序列对应的卫星位置序列,进而通过迭代收敛过程得到误差模型参数估计。针对低轨卫星轨道迭代预报的需要,提出了一种边积分边插值的轨道预报方法。即将低轨卫星轨道积分计算过程的加速度计算结果直接应用到三弯矩插值,省略了三弯矩插值中节点矩的计算过程,同时将积分步长以及插值区间步长设置为1 s,减少了积分及插值中乘法和除法的计算次数,进一步提高了计算效率。经仿真计算表明,该方法在保证轨道预报精度的情况下,计算效率比传统低轨卫星轨道预报方法提高了约20倍,有效提高了雷达自校准处理的时效性。     

滚动轴承振动的灰自助动态评估与诊断

以灰预报和自助再抽样方法为基础, 提出灰自助动态评估与诊断模型, 以评估和改进滚动轴承的振动.该模型用动态不确定度、估计区间、估计真值、平均不确定度、平均真值和系统误差测度等6个参数, 描述滚动轴承振动的基本特征.对HKRB轴承的试验表明, 该模型对随机误差的概率分布与系统误差的类型没有任何要求, 在平均不确定度为最小的条件下分离出系统误差.评估的可信度达到100%.根据灰自助动态评估结果, 还诊断出影响轴承振动的误差特征, 揭示了来自轴承零件制造的误差根源, 为实施滚动轴承振动的生产过程控制奠定了基础.      

直连式三体绳系卫星姿态鲁棒最优跟踪控制

 针对存在参数不确定性以及外部有界干扰的直连式三体旋转绳系卫星系统姿态跟踪控制问题,提出了一种分布式鲁棒最优控制方法。该方法首先针对单体绳系卫星姿态模型,在不考虑参数不确定性和干扰的条件下,应用Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman方程设计了最优控制器;接着,考虑到实际系统存在参数不确定性和干扰,采用自适应与鲁棒误差积分方法在线学习参数不确定性和有界干扰,与最优控制器结合设计了鲁棒最优控制器,使闭环系统满足了性能指标达到最小的要求,并应用Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了其闭环系统的渐近稳定性。进一步考虑到绳系卫星系统的运动同步性,将单体绳系卫星姿态控制器设计扩展至直连式三体绳系卫星姿态系统,设计了分布式鲁棒最优控制器。最后在MATLAB/Simulink平台上进行了仿真,验证了方法的可行性与有效性,表明其具有潜在的应用前景。     

民用飞机航迹预测关键技术研究

航迹预测子系统是现代空管自动化系统的计算核心。首先对航迹预测的概念、预测系统分类及其重要性进行了简要说明,分析了世界航空发达国家在相关领域的研究进展情况及发展方向,说明了中国开发自己航迹预测系统的必要性;然后重点介绍了航迹预测系统的模型结构与关键技术,在此基础上建立了一个实验性的航迹预测仿真系统,对系统运行结果进行了分析。     

机动弹道对抗导弹防御系统的效能分析

为了研究机动弹道对抗导弹防御系统的突防效能,梳理了弹道导弹防御系统的组成与作战流程,通过剖析系统的信息流向与处理过程,提炼出机动弹道突防导弹防御系统的机理,即采用机动弹道可使导弹预警信息处理能力下降,从而破坏、瘫痪导弹防御系统,实现导弹的有效突防.通过仿真滑翔机动弹道和椭圆弹道,并对计算的跟踪弧段、弹道估计和预报误差进行比较,结果表明：采用机动弹道,观测弧段压缩44％,弹道估计误差增大数倍,有效预报时间大大缩短.因此,采用机动弹道是导弹突防的一种有效手段.     

针对大气层外目标的双弹协同拦截中制导律设计

论文以大气层外弹道导弹目标为研究对象,考虑拦截弹中段发动机推力固定耗尽关机方式,针对多拦截弹拦截目标问题,提出一种基于零控脱靶量的双弹协同拦截中制导律。在基于零控脱靶量的中制导律的基拙上,以两枚拦截弹的预期拦截点作为协调变量,在两枚拦截弹在零控脱靶量满足末段制导要求情况下,调整两弹的预期拦截点使其一致。分析满足协同拦截的两枚拦截弹的中段初始条件,设计了相应的应对策略。该制导律具有通信负担低,鲁棒性较强的特点。仿真算例表明,所设计的双弹协同中制导律可以有效协调两枚拦截弹实现协同拦截。     

基于自适应代理模型的结构动力可靠度分析方法

结构动力可靠度分析对于衡量结构的安全状态和工作性能具有重要的指导意义。采用一种同时考虑 动态激励载荷和材料力学性能参数随机性的动力可靠度计算高效方法,通过建立不确定性材料力学性能参数 与条件动力可靠度之间的 Kriging代理模型,推导动力可靠度的解析表达式;提出一个新的学习函数来构建自 适应的 Kriging代理过程,通过复合材料飞行器蒙皮骨架结构在随机振动载荷和随机材料力学性能参数共同作 用下的动力可靠度分析对所提方法的准确性与高效性进行验证。结果表明:所提方法不仅能够避免使用代理 模型对动力可靠度求解时由于使用数值积分所引入的误差,同时能够使用尽可能少的计算成本获得准确的动 力可靠度结果。     

鲁棒EKF在脉冲星导航系统中的应用

针对脉冲星导航系统的滤波问题,传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法存在不能克服系统模型存在不确定性参数以及乘性噪声等缺陷,提出一种鲁棒EKF算法。首先,分析了状态预测误差方程和估计误差方程,利用统计学原理,得到了状态预测方差矩阵和状态估计方差矩阵计算等式。由于系统模型存在不确定性参数,状态预测协方差矩阵和状态估计协方差矩阵无法计算;因此,利用4个重要矩阵不等式,分析并找到预测方差矩阵和状态估计方差矩阵的上界。最后,利用状态估计误差协方差矩阵上界设计状态增益矩阵,使得状态估计协方差矩阵的迹最小。将该算法对脉冲星导航系统进行仿真,仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

机动目标拦截末制导状态估计器的误差特性

 针对大机动目标拦截问题,分析了末制导阶段目标机动条件下状态估计器的误差特性。首先将目标机动输入未知时的状态估计器模型表示为一随机线性混合系统,当混合系统的模式跳变事件满足可观测性条件时,模式决策过程可等效为真实模式的延迟;随后推导了模式决策延迟条件下估计误差的动态方程与传递函数,并得到了一定误差要求下模式决策延迟的上界与目标机动模式逗留时间的下界;最后通过空空导弹拦截高速战机的典型实例验证了该理论分析的正确性。研究结果为设计此类线性混合系统估计器提供了理论依据。     

Optimal assimilation for ionospheric weather – Theoretical aspect

Observation, specification and prediction of ionospheric weather are the key scientific pursuits of space physicists, which largely based on an optimal assimilation system. The optimal assimilation system, or commonly called data assimilation system, consists of dynamic process, observation system and optimal estimation procedure. We attempt to give a complete framework in this paper under which the data assimilation procedure carries through. We discuss some crucial issues of data assimilation as follows: modeling a dynamic system for ionospheric weather; state estimation for static or steady system in sense of optimization and likelihood; state and its uncertainty estimation for dynamic process. Meanwhile we also discuss briefly the observability of an observation system; system parameter identification. Some data assimilation procedures existed at present are reviewed in the framework of this paper. As an example, a second order dynamic system is discussed in more detail to illustrate the specific optimal assimilation procedure, ranging from modeling the system, state and its uncertainty calculation, to the quantitatively integration of dynamic law, measurement to significantly reduce the estimation error. The analysis shows that the optimal assimilation model, with mathematical core of optimal estimation, differs from the theoretical, empirical and semi-empirical models in assimilating measured data, being constrained by physical law and being optimized respectively. The data assimilation technique, due to its optimization and integration feature, could obtain better accurate results than those obtained by dynamic process, measurement or their statistical analysis alone. The model based on optimal assimilation meets well with the criterion of the model or algorithm assessment by ‘space weather metrics’. More attention for optimal assimilation procedure creation should be paid to transition matrix finding, which is usually not easy for practical space weather system. High performance computing hardware and software studies should be promoted further so as to meet the requirement of large storage and extensive computation in the optimal estimation. The discussion in this paper is appropriate for the static or steady state or transition process of dynamic system. Many phenomena in space environment are unstable and chaos. So space environment study should include and integrate these two branches of learning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An efficient method of passive emitter location

The problem of locating a stationary emitter from passive bearing and frequency measurements taken by a moving and autonomously operating sensor along its trajectory is considered. The estimation procedure based on bearings only is quite different from that based on frequency measurements. From the Cramer-Rao (CR) analysis of the single-measurement case, the characteristic features of each method become transparent and an intuitive understanding of both methods is provided. One of the major results is that the orientation of the error ellipses of the bearings method (BM) and frequency method (FM) differ significantly. From this a considerable integration gain in accuracy results, when processing the combined set of bearing and frequency measurements. The results of the theoretical CR analysis are verified in a numerical simulation based on the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation. The simulations demonstrate that a combined method is definitely superior to BM and FM with respect to the bias and the size of the error ellipses     

一种自适应滑模控制算法在四旋翼无人飞行器中的应用

四旋翼无人飞行器具有非线性、多变量、强耦合和不确定性等特点,通过以四旋翼无人飞行器为被控对象,建立了存在参数不确定性和未知干扰的飞行器姿态的动力学模型。利用跟踪误差状态设置滑模面,构造了包含滑模面和未知参数的李雅普诺夫函数,并设计了控制律。对设计的控制律进行仿真,结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

Mahalanobis distance-based fading cubature Kalman filter with augmented mechanism for hypersonic vehicle INS/CNS autonomous integration

Inertial Navigation System/Celestial Navigation System(INS/CNS) integration, especially for the tightly-coupled mode, provides a promising autonomous tactics for Hypersonic Vehicle(HV) in military demands. However, INS/CNS integration is a challenging research task due to its special characteristics such as strong nonlinearity, non-additive noise and dynamic complexity.This paper presents a novel nonlinear filtering method for INS/CNS integration by adopting the emerging Cubature Kalman Filter(C...     

预警卫星对战术弹道导弹预警的一种模型

建立了预警卫星系统对战术弹道导弹 ( TBM)弹道进行预警的一种数学模型 ,其中包括预警卫星系统信息库的信息模型 ;用预警卫星探测信息确定 TBM坐标的模型 ;确定 TBM发射时刻及发射点坐标的模型 ;确定关机点及对应的关机点弹道参数模型 ;计算预警弹道及落点的模型等。同时对信息库中信息模型的精度、计算发射点坐标及发射时刻模型的精度、计算关机点时刻及参数的精度进行了分析 ,得出了有一定理论意义和工程应用价值的结论     

升降舵辅助操纵的自转旋翼机自适应姿态控制

针对常规自转旋翼机俯仰操纵方式存在的问题,提出了一种升降舵辅助操纵的自转旋翼机布局。采用解析叶素积分方法建立了自转旋翼气动模型,通过与风洞试验数据及数值叶素积分法的对比验证了其合理性。提出了基于神经网络动态逆的自转旋翼机姿态控制方法,采用动态逆技术设计了基本控制器,采用在线神经网络自适应补偿建模误差、外界干扰和设计模型误差导致的不确定逆误差。提出了基于动态控制分配技术的升降舵-旋翼纵向周期变距分配方法,以协调二者在控制效率和带宽方面的差异。仿真结果表明,提出的升降舵辅助操纵方式可以有效地降低旋翼机桨盘的调整频率和幅值;提出的姿态控制方法具有良好的控制性能和鲁棒性;动态控制分配器能够合理地协调升降舵和旋翼纵向周期变距。     

AFRL Cryogenic Technology Development Programs

This is an overview of the cryogenic refrigerator and cryogenic integration programs in development and characterization under the Cryogenic Technologies Group, Space Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The vision statement for the Air Force Research Laboratory Cryogenic Technologies Group is to support the space community as the center of excellence for developing and transitioning space cryogenic thermal management technologies. The primary customers for the AFRL cryogenic technology development programs are Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), the USAF SBIRS (space based infrared) Low program office, and DoD space surveillance programs. This describes a variety of Stirling, pulse tube, Reverse Brayton, Joule-Thomson, and Sorption cycle cryocoolers currently under development to meet current and future Air Force and DoD requirements. The AFRL customer single stage cooling requirements at 10 K, 35 K, 60 K, 150 K, and multi-stage cooling requirements at 35/60 K are addressed. In order to meet these various requirements, the AFRL Cryogenic Technologies Group is pursuing various strategic cryocooler and cryogenic integration options. The Air Force Research Laboratory is also developing several advanced cryogenic integration technologies that will result in the reduction in current cryogenic system integration penalties and design time. These technologies include the continued development of the cryogenic systems integration model (CSIM), 60 K, and 100 K thermal storage units and heat pipes, cryogenic straps, thermal switches, and development of an integrated lightweight cryogenic bus (CRYOBUS).     

Methods and advances in the study of aeroelasticity with uncertainties

Uncertainties denote the operators which describe data error, numerical error and model error in the mathematical methods. The study of aeroelasticity with uncertainty embedded in the subsystems, such as the uncertainty in the modeling of structures and aerodynamics, has been a hot topic in the last decades. In this paper, advances of the analysis and design in aeroelasticity with uncertainty are summarized in detail. According to the non-probabilistic or probabilistic uncer- tainty, the developments of theories, methods and experiments with application to both robust and probabilistic aeroelasticity analysis are presented, respectively. In addition, the advances in aeroelastic design considering either probabilistic or non-probabilistic uncertainties are introduced along with aeroelastic analysis. This review focuses on the robust aeroelasticity study based on the structured singular value method, namely the ~t method. It covers the numerical calculation algo- rithm of the structured singular value, uncertainty model construction, robust aeroelastic stability analysis algorithms, uncertainty level verification, and robust flutter boundary prediction in the flight test, etc. The key results and conclusions are explored. Finally, several promising problems on aeroelasticity with uncertainty are proposed for future investigation.     

美国弹道导弹预警探测识别技术发展分析

弹道导弹预警探测识别技术是反导理论和实践需要突破的核心关键技术.美国为了取得反导方面的战略优势地位,长期致力于推动预警探测识别技术的发展,美国预警探测识别系统发展可分为部署初期预警系统、发展新型预警探测识别技术、升级预警探测识别系统并提升目标识别能力等3个重要阶段,目前仍在不断改进完善.其中,林肯实验室在预警探测识别技术方面进行了长期的探索研究,在美国预警探测识别系统建设中发挥了至关重要的作用.此外,美国还利用原有导弹试验靶场,建立太平洋反导试验台,开展了大量反导试验,这也是美军加快生成反导作战能力的“孵化器”和“磨刀石”.通过分析美国预警探测识别系统发展情况,可以得出一些有用的启示.