Semi-analytical model for flat indentation of metal materials and its applications

The increasing use of small material components in a wide range of industrial fields necessitates the development of an accurate and robust indentation testing method. To this end, this paper proposes an Energy-density-equivalence for a Flat Indentation (E-FI) model based on the energy density equivalent principle. The proposed model describes the relationships among the material parameters of Hollomon’s power law (H-law), flat indenter diameter, energy, and indentation displacement. An E-FI Method (E-FIM) that determines the H-law parameters of materials through the indentation test is also developed. The energy-displacement curves forward-predicted by the E-FI model (based on known H-law parameters of materials) and the H-law parameters of materials given by the E-FIM (based on known energy-displacement curves) are consistent with the results of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the H-law parameters of materials used as the input for FEA, respectively. Using E-FIM, the goodness of fit for both stress–strain curves with H-law, predicted based on the displacement with 2% signal interference, and that for stress–strain curves without interference is more than 0.98. The stress–strain relations predicted by E-FIM were consistent with the results obtained via uniaxial tensile tests of ten ductile materials.     

Residual stress indentation model based on material equivalence

A novel residual stress indentation model for conical indentation loading is proposed to describe the relationship between the residual stress, material constitutive parameters, load, and displacement for materials with a uniaxial constitutive relationship that obeys Hollomon’s power law (H-law). The novel model was established based on the principle that the equivalent material without residual stress corresponds to the original material with residual stress, conical indentation theoretical model based on energy density equivalence, and an assumed power-law relationship between the dimensionless residual stress and relative difference of the yield stresses of the equivalent material and original material. Sixty imaginary H-law materials with ten equibiaxial and ten uniaxial residual stresses were investigated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The residual stresses predicted by the novel model from the indentation load–displacement curves simulated for the imaginary materials are in close agreement with those applied by the FEA. Finally, indentation tests for Cr12MoV steel, 45 steel, and 6061-T6511 aluminum alloy were carried out on their specimens without residual stress and their bending specimens with equibiaxial and uniaxial residual stresses. The residual stresses predicted by the novel model according to the indentation load–displacement test curves are in good agreement with those applied by the tests.     

A new approach on necking constitutive relationships of ductile materials at elevated temperatures

A new method is presented to determine the full-range, uniaxial constitutive relationship of materials by tensile tests on funnel specimens with small curvature radius and finite element anal-ysis (FEA). An iteration method using FEA APDL (ANSYS parametric design language) program-ming has been developed to approach the necking constitutive relationship of materials. Test results from SAE 304 stainless steel at room temperature show that simulated load vs displacement curve, diameter at funnel root vs displacement curve, and funnel deformation contours are close to mod-eled results. Due to this new method, full-range constitutive relationships and true stress and effec-tive true strain at failure are found for 316L stainless steel, TA17 titanium alloy and A508-III stainless steel at room temperature, and 316L stainless steel at various elevated temperatures.     

利用小尺寸缺口试样测定延性材料的单轴本构关系

提出了一种利用三点弯曲试样获取延性材料本构关系的测试方法：针对小尺寸缺口试样的三点弯曲线载荷-位移曲线,采用有限元辅助测试（Finite-element-analysis aided tests,FAT）方法,迭代获得材料代表性体积单元（Representative volume element,RVE）本构关系。研究表明,两种延性材料的有限元迭代反求结果和单轴拉伸试验结果吻合较好。应用该方法,可以采用小尺寸缺口试样来获取延性材料的本构关系。     

聚氨酯泡沫塑料拉伸本构关系及其失效机理的研究

 通过 3种密度硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的拉伸实验,研究了它们的应力 -应变特性及其应变率效应。同时,为确定泡沫塑料拉伸失效机理,对材料进行了扫描电镜下的细观拉伸实验,观察了试件表面胞体的变形与失效过程,再结合宏观拉伸试件断口的扫描电镜分析,进一步讨论了泡沫塑料在拉伸加载下的失效机理。基于泡沫塑料的拉伸应力-应变曲线,用数值方法拟合了泡沫塑料的拉伸本构关系。     

纯铁材料动态力学性能测试及本构模型

研究纯铁材料的动态力学性能并建立其本构模型是开展纯铁材料工程应用和数值模拟研究的基础,利用Instron材料试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆试验装置,对纯铁材料进行了常温下不同应变率（10^-3~5×10⁴s^-1）和应变率为10⁴s^-1时不同温度下（200~800℃）的动态力学性能测试,获得了各种载荷下的应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明,纯铁材料的塑性流动应力对应变率和温度非常敏感,具有明显的应变强化效应、应变率强化和增塑效应以及热软化效应。基于Power-Law本构方程,通过试验数据拟合得到了纯铁材料的动态本构模型参数,拟合曲线与试验数据吻合较好,表明该模型能较好描述纯铁材料在动态载荷下的力学行为。     

TMF本构和寿命模型:从光棒到涡轮叶片

针对空心涡轮叶片,发展了考虑瞬态变温效应的热机械疲劳（TMF）本构模型和寿命预测方法。第一,以某涡轮叶片用定向凝固合金DZ125为对象,开展了光棒、缺口TMF试验,结合已有的高温疲劳试验数据,获得了相位、温度范围、应力集中等因素对TMF寿命影响规律;第二,利用材料微观组织分析手段,揭示了导致光棒和缺口TMF失效的疲劳裂纹萌生机理;第三,借助于Chaboche本构模型,进行了各向异性、变温、蠕变损伤修正,建立了考虑变温效应的循环-蠕变本构模型,实现了DZ125合金拉伸、等温循环、蠕变、疲劳-蠕变以及TMF应力应变响应的统一建模和预测;第四,发展了疲劳-蠕变-氧化损伤累积的TMF寿命模型,利用简单纯疲劳和蠕变基础数据获得了寿命模型参数,并进一步发展了名义应力法预测了缺口模拟件的TMF寿命;最后,以某涡轮叶片为对象,进行了模拟飞行载荷谱条件下的瞬态变形响应计算和叶片TMF寿命预测。     

考虑静水压力和LODE 角的塑性模型 在GH4169 合金上的应用

针对典型盘用镍基高温合金GH4169,采用Bai-Wierzbizki(B-W)塑性理论对其塑性变形行为进行建模和应用评估。B-W塑性理论假设金属材料塑性变形仍服从von Mises屈服准则,但屈服函数考虑了静水压力和LODE角(偏应力第3不变量)对塑性行为的影响。采用Abaqus/Explicit商业有限元软件编制了该塑性模型的用户材料子程序,设计开展了GH4169合金的光滑、缺口圆棒和缺口平板拉伸试验,基于有限元分析和优化方法确定了B-W模型相关材料参数,对GH4169合金光滑和缺口拉伸响应曲线进行有限元预测,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:B-W模型预测的GH4169合金缺口圆棒和平板拉伸响应曲线与试验结果非常吻合,而基于传统von Mises塑性模型预测的GH4169合金缺口拉伸响应曲线均明显高于试验曲线。     

Influences of pre-torsion deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of pure titanium subjected to subsequent tension deformation

A series of experimental studies was carried out to investigate the influences of pre-torsion on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and fracture appearance of pure titanium subjected to subsequent tension deformation. An introduction of pre-torsion strain can improve the materials’ mechanical properties through micro hardness evaluation. That is, the micro hardness of tensile samples with pre-torsion deformation is much higher than that of samples processed by single torsion or tension. It can be seen from the microstructure that pre-torsion deformation can be used to refine grains better and control grains’ morphology by combining subsequent tension. The results indicate that the grains are refined most evidently for tensile samples with 2 turn pre-torsion deformation. Moreover, fracture analysis indicates that tensile samples with pre-torsion strain can present good comprehensive performance. In conclusion, pre-torsion deformation plays an important role in improving comprehensive performance and controlling microstructure evolution on pure titanium subjected to later tension deformation.     

针刺陶瓷基复合材料损伤本构模型及构件应力分析

基于连续介质损伤力学方法提出了适用于针刺陶瓷基复合材料的各向异性损伤本构模型.该模型考虑了拉伸与剪切损伤的影响.通过试验得到了材料的拉伸和剪切的应力-应变曲线,采用曲线拟合获得了本构模型的参数.应用用户子程序技术将本构模型写入商用有限元软件,计算所得拉伸和剪切的应力-应变曲线与试验曲线比较吻合,最大误差分别为5.62%和1.47%.使用该损伤本构模型及弹性模型计算了航空发动机尾喷管调节片在气动和温度载荷下的力学响应,两者计算所得应力分布相似,但损伤本构模型计算值明显小于弹性模型计算值.      

低速冲击与准静态压痕力下复合材料层合板的损伤等效性

低速冲击与集中准静态压痕(QSI)力对复合材料层合板所造成的损伤具有等效性。通过两类损伤方式对比试验,获得了冲击能量(或准静态压痕力)与层合板损伤面积、损伤宽度和凹坑深度3组对应关系。3组关系的对比分析表明,凹坑深度是表征损伤的最佳参数,因此将凹坑深度作为损伤参数来建立落锤冲击损伤与准静态压痕力损伤间的等效关系。发现拐点是层合板纤维和基体整体抵抗冲击(或准静态压痕力)能力的最大值,两类试验的拐点相差很小,且两类试验变化趋势相同,说明了用集中准静态压痕试验取代落锤低速冲击试验是可行的。对相同凹坑深度下的冲击能量与准静态压痕力进行了数值分析,并提出了冲击能量与准静态压痕力间的等效性公式。研究表明,文中建立的等效性公式能够很好地反映落锤冲击能量与准静态压痕力之间的关系,可为今后由集中准静态压痕试验代替落锤冲击试验提供理论支持。     

基于并行流变框架HTPB推进剂本构模型研究

基于并行流变框架提出了一种能够表征HTPB推进剂材料非线性变形行为的本构模型。基于Yeoh超弹性模型和Boyce流变模型建立了两节点HTPB推进剂本构模型;开展了HTPB推进剂定速单轴拉伸实验和松弛实验,利用单轴拉伸实验数据获取了本构模型参数,并对材料松弛行为进行了理论计算,结果表明,模型计算结果与和实验数据一致性超过90%。应用三维有限元法,采用本文模型、基于Prony级数的线性黏弹性模型和工程中使用的线弹性模型对拉伸实验和松弛实验进行了仿真分析,结果表明,在拉伸实验中当应变小于10%时三者一致性较好,大于10%时,所提本构模型可准确预示材料的变形行为,在松弛实验中本模型计算结果与实验数据一致性远高于基于Prony级数的线性黏弹性模型。理论分析和三维有限元仿真结果均表明,所建立的本构模型可以准确捕捉HTPB推进剂材料的非线性行为,可用于固体火箭发动机推进剂结构预示分析。     

TiC 颗粒增强钛基复合材料的动态损伤本构

分析了TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料的微损伤演化规律,建立了含损伤演化的动态本构模型。TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下,微裂纹以翼型裂纹形式扩展,基于平面翼型裂纹扩展模型,建立了二维动态损伤本构关系,并退化到一维拉伸状态,假设微裂纹成核规律满足Weibull分布,得到了一维拉伸应力状态下能够反映TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料的损伤演化规律的宏细观相结合的动态本构关系。模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

钛合金叶片前缘的外物损伤残余应力数值分析

为研究航空发动机叶片外物损伤(FOD)位置残余应力的分布规律,根据真实叶片前缘特征设计了模拟叶片,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,使用LS-DYNA软件仿真分析钢珠以不同角度冲击钛合金模拟叶片前缘的过程,对比仿真与相同试验条件下的空气炮模拟外物损伤试验的FOD损伤形貌与宏观尺寸,验证了有限元模型的正确性。提取仿真计算的不同入射角度对应的FOD位置残余应力分布,结果表明:钢珠以0°角入射时,钢珠冲击产生的接触力和变形能明显大于其他入射角度的情况,说明钢珠偏斜一定角度入射时造成的偏斜型缺口处的材料失效与变形不如外物正撞前缘形成的半圆型缺口严重;在FOD缺口底部尖端靠近入射表面区域存在明显的残余拉应力。随着入射角度的增大,残余拉应力区的范围逐渐扩大,残余拉应力最大值逐渐减小。     

某型发动机涡轮盘销钉孔结构分析与寿命评估

利用有限元方法计算了某型发动机涡轮盘径向销钉孔的应力应变分布, 分析了不同销钉数目、孔销之间的不同摩擦系数和涡轮盘是否施加扭矩对销钉孔周边应力的影响, 发现了前期试验状况与实际使用的差异.利用拉伸应变能寿命预测公式进行了寿命评估, 与试验有较好的一致性.有限元计算及试验结果说明了涡轮盘加扭疲劳试验的必要性, 为某型发动机高压涡轮盘的延寿工作提供了依据.      

基于纯比例导引的拦截碰撞角约束制导策略

拦截碰撞角约束制导是当前导弹制导研究的关键问题之一。首先基于理想比例导引（IPN）律拦截非机动目标的解析解,推导了纯比例导引律（PPN）拦截固定目标的解析解,得到了弹目相对距离、制导指令加速度和导弹前置角的显示表达式,并进一步得到了拦截碰撞角与弹目相对运动状态和比例导引系数之间的解析表达式。其次,基于该解析表达式,提出了基于PPN的拦截碰撞角约束制导策略（PPNIACG）,并探讨了在铅垂面内进行落角约束打击和水平面内进行拦截碰撞角约束打击的2种实现方式。最后,以弹道成型制导律（TSG）和最优碰撞角约束制导律（OIACG）为参考,通过数值仿真算例,对PPNIAC的拦截性能进行了对比分析,验证了所提出制导策略的有效性和正确性。     

基于单向拉伸的防锈铝合金温热力学性能研究

通过不同温度及应变速率下的单向拉伸试验,获得了5A06-O防锈铝合金板材关键力学性能参数的变化规律。结果表明,在一定的应变速率下,5A06铝合金的流动应力及抗拉强度随着温度的升高而降低,断后延伸率随着温度的升高而显著的提高。当温度处在20～150℃范围内,均匀延伸率随着温度的升高而升高,而在150℃～300℃范围内,随着温度的升高而降低。另外,基于Fields&Backofen本构方程,对5A06铝合金在不同温度状态下的强化规律进行了分析和探讨,结果表明,随着温度的逐渐升高,应变强化指数不断减小,应变速率敏感系数则显著增大,应变速率强化作用明显增强。     

An integrated preforming-performance model for high-fidelity performance analysis of cured woven composite part with non-orthogonal yarn angles

Preforming process would change yarn angle and yarn orientation, its influence on the material properties and material orientations needs to be considered in the performance analysis.However, most current performance models fail to account for the preforming effect. An integrated performance model accounting for the impact of preforming has been developed. In this integrated model, part geometry, yarn angle and orientation after preforming of multiple prepreg layers are predicted by Finite Eleme...     

含中心圆孔复合材料层合板失效分析及强度预测研究

对复合材料结构进行开孔将会导致结构强度显著下降。以含中心圆孔的复合材料层合板为研究对象,根据ASTM D 5766标准对三种不同铺层比例的含中心圆孔复合材料层合板进行拉伸试验,研究不同铺层比例对复合材料开孔拉伸试验件的拉伸性能和失效模式的影响。基于连续介质损伤力学,分别采用最大应变失效准则和基于物理失效机制的三维非线性Puck失效准则预测纤维和基体损伤的起始,通过应变表征损伤演化,建立含中心圆孔复合材料层合板的三维有限元模型;并进行数值分析,通过与试验结果对比,表明该模型能有效预测含中心圆孔复合材料层合板的拉伸强度和损伤扩展过程。     

准静态加载下陶瓷基复合材料层合板应力-应变曲线的模拟

采用细观力学方法来模拟纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料层合板在准静态加载下应力-应变行为.采用层合板修正剪滞模型分析复合材料出现损伤时的细观应力场,通过临界基体应变能准则、Nair脱粘准则确定基体裂纹间隔和界面脱粘长度.最后结合剪滞模型和损伤机制模拟陶瓷基复合材料层合板应力-应变曲线,并与试验数据进行比较,结果吻合较好.