基于偏置比例导引与凸优化的火箭垂直着陆制导

凸优化由于求解效率高在飞行器轨迹规划和制导中得到广泛研究应用。但是，由于火箭垂直返回制导需要考虑气动力带来的非线性，现有的凸优化求解方法或简单地采取逐次线性化近似凸化最优控制问题，经常出现收敛性问题；或需针对具体问题进行相应的系列凸化剪裁，虽然改善了收敛性，但不同模型的凸化剪裁方法差别很大，通用性较差。为此，将偏置比例导引与凸优化相结合，用以求解存在落角、落速和推力范围约束的火箭垂直返回定点软着陆制导问题。提出的制导方法将该制导问题分解为法向满足落角与落点约束的偏置比例导引，以及切向满足速度与推力约束的凸优化和滚动时域控制制导。在切向制导中，提出利用三次多项式近似飞行轨迹以方便凸优化求解，并建立剩余飞行时间的估算方法以提供给比例导引。仿真结果表明，提出的制导方法能有效满足各种约束，实现火箭精确着陆。与现有的直接采取逐次线性化近似的凸优化方法相比，提出的方法由于将制导进行切向和法向分解，大为简化了凸优化模型，显著提高了求解效率和收敛性。此外，提出的方法无需复杂繁琐的凸化处理，对于一般的推力可控且对末速存在约束的固定终端位置的制导问题皆适用。     

一种基于轨道根数约束的最优制导方法

针对航天器空间变轨的制导问题,研究了一种基于轨道根数约束的最优制导方法。在地心惯性坐标系下直接建立航天器的最优控制模型,给出了位置速度表达式和协态变量初值之间的关系;进一步,在不约束真近点角的前提下,推导了5个轨道根数的约束方程,并通过对轨道根数和最优控制理论中协态方程的特性分析,获得了另外两个约束方程。协态变量初值可直接通过求解7个完整约束方程组获得,进而得到最优推力方向。仿真验证了所提制导方法的有效性。     

考虑进气约束的高超声速飞行器预定性能控制

针对高超声速飞行器跟踪误差瞬态性能约束与发动机进气条件约束问题,提出约束预定性能控制方案。首先,设计新型设定时间性能函数用于限定跟踪误差的瞬态与稳态性能。相比传统方法,新型方案可保证性能函数在设定时刻精确收敛至稳态值,同时可灵活调整函数初始收敛速率,避免控制饱和。其次,将速度与高度受约束跟踪误差进行无约束转换,通过控制转化误差有界满足原始跟踪误差的预定性能约束。在高度子系统中,通过结合预定性能控制限定攻角变化范围,能够满足发动机进气需求。最后,以考虑参数摄动的吸气式高超声速飞行器为对象执行对比仿真,结果表明所提方法能够有效满足跟踪误差的性能约束与发动机进气约束。     

一种改进的最优制导律及其仿真研究

高速再入飞行器通常具有末制导系统，为保证末制导系统的正常工作，制导律的设计不但要保证末端制导精度，还要使飞行器以一定的速度到目标，提出了一种改进的最优制导律设计方法，得到了可以保证末端速度方向的制导律，速度大小控制通常靠理想速度曲线来保证，按一定的规则将最优制导律与理想速度曲线结合起来就得到了满足全部要求的制导律。仿真结果表明：所提出的改进的最优制导律是合理、有效的。     

圆弧预测变系数显式拦截中制导

为了满足临近空间机动目标拦截中制导预测和多约束要求,设计了一种基于圆弧预测的变系数显式拦截中制导方法。首先针对临近空间目标滑翔段飞行特性,提出了基于圆弧的几何目标预测方法,将目标机动轨迹近似为圆弧,通过多个间隔时刻的目标位置确定圆弧参数,依据圆弧预测轨迹估计剩余飞行时间,并以当前速度递推预测拦截点状态,进而推导了三维角约束显式制导律。在此基础上,通过在性能指标中构建动压权重函数,以飞行动压近似可用过载变化,设计了变系数显式制导律,实现了制导增益的自适应更新,从而可以使得需用过载在飞行全程中合理分配,满足可用过载约束。最后结合圆弧预测和变系数显式制导,实现了对机动目标的预测拦截。仿真结果表明所提方法具有较好的目标预测精度,而且可以满足终端交会角以及可用过载约束。     

考虑输入饱和与姿态角速度受限的航天器姿态抗退绕控制

 针对航天器姿态控制过程中同时存在输入饱和与姿态角速度受限的问题,提出了一种新型的姿态控制设计方法。该方法在保证系统渐近稳定的前提下,能够显式地给出输入力矩和姿态角速度的最大幅值,并通过引入一个时变锐度参数来增强系统对外部干扰的抑制能力;在此基础上,进一步考虑了由于四元数的冗余性所导致的退绕问题,设计了一组新的姿态偏差函数和偏差向量,使得控制器在满足上述约束的同时还具有抗退绕的优点。仿真结果表明,所提算法能够同时满足输入饱和与姿态角速度受限的约束,并且在较大外部干扰的情况下表现出了很强的鲁棒性,同时成功地规避了退绕现象。该算法为存在多重约束的航天器姿态控制问题提供了一个新的思路和解决方案,具有很好的实际应用价值。     

Impact time control guidance against maneuvering targets based on a nonlinear virtual relative model

Aiming at the problem of high-precision interception of air-maneuvering targets with impact time constraints, this paper proposes a novel guidance law based on a nonlinear virtual relative model in which the origin is attached to the target. In this way, the original maneuvering target is transformed into a stationary one. A polynomial function of the guidance command in the range domain with two unknown coefficients is introduced into the virtual model, one of the coefficients is determined to ...     

一种通用的冲击分析模型及低速冲击响应计算

 提出了一种通用的冲击分析模型,该模型采用连续介质理论描述,用拖带坐标定义摩擦冲击约束,用虚功原理定义冲击控制方程,可以作为不可刺穿型冲击问题的有限元求解基础。在此模型基础上,针对低速冲击问题,给出了采用自适应罚函数增广 Lagrange迭代处理接触力的有限元求解方法,既保证计算精度,又有效抑制算法震荡,并用算例进行了验证。     

Phase plane design based fast altitude tracking control for hypersonic flight vehicle with angle of attack constraint

In this paper, fast setpoint altitude tracking control for Hypersonic Flight Vehicle (HFV) satisfying Angle of Attack (AOA) constraint is studied with a two-loop structure controller, in the presence of parameter uncertainties and disturbances. For the outer loop, phase plane design is adopted for the simplified model under Bang-Bang controller to generate AOA command guaranteeing fast tracking performance. Modifications based on Feedback-Linearization (FL) technique are adopted to transform the phase trajectory into a sliding curve. Moreover, to resist mismatch between design model and actual model, Fast Exponential Reaching Law (FERL) is augmented with the baseline controller to maintain state on the sliding curve. The inner-loop controller is based on backstepping technique to track the AOA command generated by outer-loop controller. Barrier Lyapunov Function (BLF) design is employed to satisfy AOA requirement. Moreover, a novel auxiliary state is introduced to remove the restriction of BLF design on initial tracking errors. Dynamic Surface Control (DSC) is utilized to ease the computation burden. Rigorous stability proof is then given, and AOA is guaranteed to stay in predefined region theoretically. Simulations are conducted to verify the efficiency and superior performance of the proposed method.     

导弹协同作战四维制导控制研究

提出了具有三个剖面的导弹协同作战四维制导控制构架。以BTT控制形式的导弹为例进行了四维制导控制方法研究。在分析总能量控制理论的基础上,设计了适于具有过载自动驾驶仪内回路的BTT导弹的速度/高度解耦控制器,实现了四维制导构架中速度和高度剖面的解耦,最后进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,四维制导控制器能够根据任务规划系统的指令控制导弹实现协同作战。     

Review of control and guidance technology on hypersonic vehicle

Air-breathing hypersonic vehicle has great military and potential economic value due to its characteristics: high velocity, long range, quick response. Therefore, the development of hypersonic vehicle and its guidance and control technology are reviewed in this paper. Firstly, the development and classification of hypersonic vehicles around the world are summarized, and the geometric configuration and mission profile of typical air-breathing hypersonic vehicle are given.Secondly, the control dif...     

Modified rolling guidance law for single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle against maneuvering target with impact angle constraints

This paper deals with the problem of guidance law design for the single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle when impact angle constraints and maneuvering target are taken into consideration. More specifically, a modified rolling guidance law is proposed with the interactive virtual target and the landing point prediction strategy. First, considering the fact that the roll channel can be controlled directly, the relative motion between the single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle and the ...     

一种攻击地面固定目标的变系数比例导引律

为了提高命中精度 ,减小控制能量的消耗 ,对攻击地面固定目标且速度随时间变化的追踪器 ,推导出一种以控制能量消耗最小为性能指标的最优导引律 ,其中剩余时间的估算不仅考虑到追踪器速度大小的变化 ,而且考虑了方向的变化。同时 ,为了满足某些追踪器在碰撞点垂直入射的要求 ,给出在铅垂面内攻击时具有修正项的变系数比例导引律。仿真结果表明 ,该导引律与常系数比例导引律相比 ,控制能量少 ,脱靶量小 ,命中精度高。     

Cooperative guidance strategy for multiple hypersonic gliding vehicles system

Cooperative guidance strategy for multiple hypersonic gliding vehicles system with flight constraints and cooperative constraints is investigated. This paper mainly cares about the coordination of the entry glide flight phase and driving-down phase. Different from the existing results, both the attack time and the attack angle constraints are considered simultaneously. Firstly, for the entry glide flight phase, a two-stage method is proposed to achieve the rapid cooperative trajectories planning, where the control signal corridors are designed based on the quasi-equilibrium gliding conditions. In the first stage, the bank angle curve is optimized to achieve the attack angle coordination. In the second stage, the angle of attack curve is optimized to achieve the attack time coordination. The optimized parameters can be obtained by the secant method. Secondly, for the driving-down phase, the cooperative terminal guidance law is designed where the terminal attack time and attack angle are considered. The guidance law is then transformed into the bank angle and angle of attack commands. The cooperative guidance strategy is summarized as an algorithm. Finally, a numerical simulation example with three hypersonic gliding vehicles is provided for revealing the effectiveness of the acquired strategy and algorithm.     

带动力机动弹头制导方法研究

为解决一种带动力机动弹头的制导问题,给出了弹头在下降拉平段、平飞段、攻击段的制导方法。在下降拉平段,采用程序转弯下降与基于几何法的按圆弧拉平制导律结合的方法,使终端精确达到平飞段所需的高度。在平飞段分别给出了高度保持以及侧向转弯过航路点的制导律,以提高制导探测精度并避开威胁区域。攻击段在基本制导律设计基础上给出了多种攻击方式。各制导方法均通过三自由度弹道仿真得到验证,具有较强的工程实用性。     

Three-dimensional finite-time cooperative guidance for multiple missiles without radial velocity measurements

In order to simultaneously attack a target with impact angle constraint in threedimensional(3-D) space, a novel distributed cooperative guidance law for multiple missiles under directed communication topologies is proposed without radial velocity measurements. First, based on missiles-target 3-D relative motion equations, the multiple missiles cooperative guidance model with impact angle constraint is constructed. Then, in Line-of-Sight(LOS) direction, based on multiagent system cooperative control theory, one guidance law with directed topologies is designed with strict proof, which can guarantee finite time consensus of multiple missiles' impact times. Next, in elevation direction and azimuth direction of LOS, based on homogeneous system stability theory and integral sliding mode control theory, two guidance laws are proposed respectively with strict proof, which can guarantee LOS angles converge to desired values and LOS angular rates converge to zero in finite time. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed cooperative guidance law is demonstrated through simulation results.     

Autonomous gliding entry guidance with geographic constraints

This paper presents a novel three-dimensional autonomous entry guidance for relatively high lift-to-drag ratio vehicles satisfying geographic constraints and other path constraints. The guidance is composed of onboard trajectory planning and robust trajectory tracking. For trajectory planning, a longitudinal sub-planner is introduced to generate a feasible drag-versus-energy profile by using the interpolation between upper boundary and lower boundary of entry corridor to get the desired trajectory length. The associated magnitude of the bank angle can be specified by drag profile, while the sign of bank angle is determined by lateral sub-planner. Two-reverse mode is utilized to satisfy waypoint constraints and dynamic heading error corridor is utilized to satisfy no-fly zone constraints. The longitudinal and lateral sub-planners are iteratively employed until all of the path constraints are satisfied. For trajectory tracking, a novel tracking law based on the active disturbance rejection control is introduced. Finally, adaptability tests and Monte Carlo simulations of the entry guidance approach are performed. Results show that the proposed entry guidance approach can adapt to different entry missions and is able to make the vehicle reach the prescribed target point precisely in spite of geographic constraints.     

Linear-quadratic and norm-bounded differential game combined guidance strategy against active defense aircraft in three-player engagement

A new type of guidance strategy, combining linear quadratic and norm-bounded game theory, is proposed for the scenario of an attacker against active defense aircraft in three-player engagement. The problem involves three players, an attacker, a defender and a target. The differential game theory and the solution of Hamiltonian equation are utilized to obtain the combined guidance strategy for each player with arbitrary-order dynamics. The game process is divided into 4 phases, C1-C4, according to the switching time. The linear quadratic differential game guidance scheme is employed to reduce the fuel cost in the game parts of C1 and C3. The norm-bounded game guidance strategy is adopted to satisfy the constraint of control input in the game stages C2 and C4. Furthermore, zero-effort miss distance is introduced to meet the constraints of game space and defender’s killing radius in the guidance strategy, which guarantees that the attacker is able to avoid the interception of the defender and hit the target with lower fuel cost and maximum acceleration. And it is proved that the proposed guidance strategy satisfies the Nash equilibrium condition. Finally, the feasibility and superiority of combined guidance strategy are respectively illustrated by nonlinear numerical simulation and verified by comparing with linear quadratic and norm-bounded differential game guidance strategies.     

基于改进一致性算法的无人机编队控制

编队飞行是指多架无人机保持以一定队形进行飞行的状态,相比于单架飞机执行任务,无人机编队能够增加搜索面积,提高飞机飞行性能,增大完成任务成功率。编队控制是实现编队安全高效完成指定任务的前提。本文以一致性理论为基础,针对无人机运动模型的特点与实际飞行要求,对基本的一致性算法进行改进,提出了改进一致性无人机编队控制算法。首先利用纵向和横侧向解耦的自动驾驶仪模型给出了无人机的三自由度运动方程,根据机动性与飞行性能要求定义了各方向上的加速度、速度与角速度约束。基于一致性理论,将编队控制分为平面与纵向2个方向进行,在状态控制的基础上,利用各状态变量间的几何关系对无人机运动自由度进行转换,加入编队队形信息,设计了编队控制算法。为了使算法生成的指令信号满足约束条件,提出了"最小调整"约束条件处理策略。依据粒子群算法对各无人机的爬升加速度进行优化,以避免机间碰撞。仿真结果表明：提出的编队控制算法具备编队成形与变换功能,能够使无人机编队状态快速收敛到指定值,且保持指定队形,无人机飞行状态满足所有约束条件。     

Flight strategy optimization for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft based on Gauss pseudo-spectral method

Solar-powered aircraft have attracted great attention owing to their potential for longendurance flight and wide application prospects.Due to the particularity of energy system, flight strategy optimization is a significant way to enhance the flight performance for solar-powered aircraft.In this study, a flight strategy optimization model for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft was proposed.This model consists of three-dimensional kinematic model,aerodynamic model, energy collection model, energy store model and energy loss model.To solve the nonlinear optimal control problem with process constraints and terminal constraints, Gauss pseudo-spectral method was employed to discretize the state equations and constraint equations.Then a typical mission flying from given initial point to given final point within a time interval was considered.Results indicate that proper changes of the attitude angle contribute to increasing the energy gained by photovoltaic cells.Utilization of gravitational potential energy can partly take the role of battery pack.Integrating these two measures, the optimized flight strategy can improve the final state of charge compared with current constant-altitude constant-velocity strategy.The optimized strategy brings more profits on condition of lower sunlight intensity and shorter daytime.