激波干扰对发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究

基于宏观表征体元(REV)的数值模拟方法开展了激波干扰对异质发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究，获得了外部激波干扰与引射气体边界层耦合相互作用流场特征。研究结果表明，不同冷却介质对于冷却效率有显著的影响，冷却介质比热容越大，相同注入率条件下的冷却效果更好；入射激波干扰会显著影响多孔材料表面的压力分布，使得多孔材料内部冷却介质会发生显著的横向流动，流动的重新分配使得处于高压区的干扰位置处的冷却效果降低；激波干扰引起的局部压力梯度还会使得高温主流与冷却介质掺混加剧，同时壁面的恢复温度也随之升高，显著影响激波干扰局部位置处的冷却效果。     

一种进气道内激波/边界层干扰控制的新方法及其流动机理

针对高超声速进气道内经常存在的激波/边界层干扰现象,提出了一种基于可变形壁面鼓包的激波/边界层干扰控制概念,并对相关流动机理及参数影响规律进行了细致研究,结果表明：可变形鼓包通过其迎风侧的预增压作用,外凸段膨胀波束对反射激波的削弱作用,以及膨胀波束对边界层气流的加速作用来对激波/边界层干扰现象进行抑制;当激波入射点位于鼓包背风侧膨胀波区时,鼓包对边界层分离的抑制效果明显,并且适当增加鼓包高度可增加其抑制效果;对于鼓包迎风侧型线,在设计时应尽量采用较小的内凹段曲率,同时在外凸段上其最大曲率点应尽量与激波入射点靠拢,而对于背风侧型线的设计则应选择相近的外凸段和内凹段曲率较为合适。     

高超声速绕平板上直立圆柱流动特性研究

以平板上直立平无限谪圆柱体为研究对象，采用和Ｒｏｅ三阶通量差分分裂格式求解雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值模拟研究了高超声速且壁面有传热条件下三维流流场的激波边界层干扰特性，物面压力分布计算值与值吻合良好，数值模拟结果可见圆柱上游分离区流场是一个马蹄形五涡结构且存在有二次分离激波，这是一种值得深入研究的流动新现象。     

斜激波串与上游激波干扰特性试验研究

为研究斜激波串在背压条件下前移与上游激波相互干扰的流场结构和运动规律,在来流为马赫数 2.7 的直管道内设计一种等宽度斜楔,采用动态压力测量、高速纹影和粒子图像测速(PIV)技术等手段进行了试验。研究结果表明：内置斜楔在管道内产生入射激波、分离激波、膨胀波、再附激波和激波诱导分离等复杂上游激波流场,在分离区附近形成有顺压梯度和逆压梯度的区域。当增大下游压比时,斜激波串逐渐向上游激波流场移动;经过斜楔产生的分离区时,斜激波串的移动速度急剧提升,同时出现非对称分离偏转方向的切换。对比了三种长度尺寸的等楔角斜楔所产生的上游激波流场的差异性,发现在相同的斜楔前缘起始点和楔角时,随着斜楔长度的增加,上游激波流场中激波诱导的分离尺度逐渐变大。     

水环境下喷管流动分离数值研究

为了研究水环境下发动机喷管流动分离现象以及影响因素和规律,基于VOF多相流模型和SST k-ω湍流模型,建立了水环境下固体火箭发动机喷流流场数值仿真模型,并进行了不同喷管扩张比和NPR(燃烧室总压与环境压强之比)下的喷流流场数值模拟。通过数值仿真分析获得了水环境下喷管内发生流动分离时推力、压力特征和流场非定常变化特征,水环境下喷管内流动分离具有强烈的非定常振荡特征,分离激波会在分离点与发动机喷管出口之间呈现推进-返回-推进周期性振荡的流动特征。同时,获得了喷管扩张比和NPR对流动分离特征的影响规律,相同水深环境下不同扩张比喷管对流动分离点位置影响较小; NPR越小,流动分离点的位置处喷管扩张比越小。     

钝头飞行器高超声速侧向喷流干扰流场特性研究

采用数值模拟方法求解N-S方程,对高超声速钝头飞行器绕流与侧向喷流干扰流场中的流动分离和旋涡特性,及其对喷流干扰区压力分布的影响进行了研究。在中小攻角时喷口前存在干扰引起的主分离涡和二次分离涡,喷口前拐角处还存在另一个调和主分离和喷流的第三个马蹄涡,大攻角时这三个马蹄涡消失,干扰规律与中小攻角不同;表面流谱中小攻角时为典型的双分离线和双再附线结构,主分离和二次分离为典型的闭形分离,大攻角时主分离非常靠前,且为鞍、节点结合的开式分离结构,干扰区内的分离为横向分离流动;不同的干扰流场结构导致中小攻角时主分离激波和喷流弓形激波在压力分布产生两个峰值,主分离马蹄涡和喷口前拐角处马蹄涡则产生两个波谷,随攻角增大分离区扩大,波峰和波谷都前移,峰值下降,大攻角时喷口前马蹄涡消失,压力波谷也消失,实验压力分布也从某种程度上验证了大攻角干扰流场特性与中小攻角差别的合理性。研究表明,在不同的攻角状态下高超声速钝头飞行器绕流与侧向喷流干扰流场分离和旋涡特性有很大的差别,引起喷流干扰区压力分布的明显不同,必然导致对喷流控制效率的严重影响。     

一种高超声速稀薄流激波干扰气动热测量技术

针对高超声速稀薄来流条件下的激波干扰气动热测量问题,设计了一种适用长时间、中低热流量值(5~500 kW/m2)的带封装结构的量热计,采用空气隔热设计方式降低其侧向传热,实现了有效一维传热,延长了测试时间;并通过热流传感器标定试验,实现了热流高精度测量。为验证量热计的测量性能,开展了地面标定实验和基于双锥模型的高超声速低密度风洞激波/边界层干扰实验(M10和M12),量热计与同轴热电偶的测量结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,本文所设计的量热计适用于稀薄来流条件下激波干扰引起的复杂气动热问题的热流测量。相比于同轴热电偶,量热计响应时间较慢,但对于较大热流,由于极大减轻了侧向传热的影响,测量精度较高。同轴热电偶对低量值热流(5~20 kW/m2)的测量性能较好,信噪比(SNR)较高。研究成果为开展高超声速低密度风洞稀薄流激波干扰气动热试验研究提供支撑。     

设计参数对幂次乘波体纵向静稳定性的影响

为实现幂次乘波体的纵向静稳定设计,对幂次体激波面后流线的“凹凸”特性与设计参数之间的关系进行了研究,并以此为依据,通过数值计算的方法得到了设计参数与幂次乘波体纵向静稳定性之间的关系。结果表明：幂次体激波面后的流线由“内凹”和“外凸”两部分组成;设计参数c越大、n越小、设计Ma越大、前缘点布置的越靠前以及乘波体长度L越长,流线的“外凸”段所占比例越大,由此得到的幂次乘波体纵向也就越稳定;此外,在其他设计参数确定的情形下,前缘线形状的改变并不影响乘波体的纵向静稳定性。     

跨音速细长体三维分离的数值研究

本文数值模拟了半球柱在跨音速、中等攻角时的粘性层流绕流，研究了流场中的复杂三维分离形态结构，其中包含流向与横向的主分离、二次分离、以及激波边界层的相互干扰，解释了在球柱接合部精确捕获的压力波动与流动主分离、二次分离的影响关系，这个现象是前人的计算［５，６］未捕捉到的。     

高超声速飞行器前缘缝隙流动数值模拟研究

通过分析高超声速飞行器前缘防热瓦结构,建立了一种开缝前缘的简化模型。针对这一模型的流场通过求解三维可压缩Navier Stokes方程进行了数值模拟。研究了缝隙诱导形成的三维旋涡的空间分布特征和旋涡运动对物面气动加热的影响规律。模型圆弧段缝隙肩部倒圆区因存在较强的三维效应形成“常规”高热流区,而缝隙内主旋涡再附致使侧壁上存在一个“非常规”高热流区;模型平直段展向流动诱导缝隙上方出现较强的旋涡运动,同时流动在缝隙倒圆区形成分离涡并于缝隙侧壁面再附,受这些旋涡运动的影响,缝隙肩部倒圆区转变为局部热流低值区,缝隙侧壁上存在局部热流高值区。     

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段内附面层/激波串相互干扰研究

隔离段内激波串的产生和发展以及激波/附面层相互干扰现象是极为复杂的,有效地进行激波串的组织是研究隔离段的关键所在,而其性能的好坏直接影响着超燃冲压发动机的性能。采用数值模拟的方法对不同来流附面层厚度工况的二维轴对称隔离段内流场流动特性进行了数值计算,分析了附面层/激波相互作用机理和附面层对隔离段激波串及隔离段性能的影响。结构表明:压缩-膨胀-再压缩-再膨胀……的气流流动挤压过程导致激波串的形成,逆压梯度的存在构成了附面层分离;附面层厚度的增加影响着激波串起始位置和结构;随着附面层厚度的增加,出口总压恢复系数和质量平均马赫数降低,且随着反压增大,变化趋势趋于明显。     

Interaction onde de choc-couche limite laminaire sur un corps de revolution en rotation

(Shock Wave-Laminar Boundary Layer Interaction on a Spinning Axisymmetric Body)—A method is developed to predict the shock wave-laminar boundary layer interaction on an axisymmetric body spinning in axial flow. The integral scheme of Lees, Reeves and Klineberg is used. The Falkner Skan “type” equations is then established for the boundary layer on spinning cylinder and used to construct the polynomial representation of the integral quantities. The independence of the polynomials with respect to the spinning rate is demonstrated. A cylinder of 200 mm diameter with a flare is built and tested up to 5000 rmp in wind tunnel at M = 2.21. The pressure measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical results. The rotation induces the decreasing of the pressure level and boundary layer separation inside the interaction region.     

火箭低空级间热分离初期流场特性数值模拟

采用耦合求解轴对称非定常NS方程与一维分离动力学方程的方法,对多级火箭低空级间热分离初期过程进行数值仿真。依据仿真结果描述低空级间热分离初期流场的两种典型结构：内部为喷管扩张段流动分离以及外部为级间缝隙横向喷流与超声速外流的干扰流场;给出两种典型流场结构中位于上面级弹体表面（喷管内）的流动分离点位置以及壁面压力分布随仿真时间的变化;初步估算流动分离线偏斜时内外流动分离区域对上面级弹体的干扰力矩。通过分析数值模拟与力矩估算结果,发现在低空级间热分离内外流场中流动分离激波后方形成的高压区域是上面级所受干扰力矩的重要来源。研究结论可为级间热分离过程干扰机理研究提供理论方向,为级间热分离时序设计提供参考。     

Multi-objective design optimization of the transverse gaseous jet in supersonic flows

The mixing process between the injectant and the supersonic crossflow is one of the important issues for the design of the scramjet engine, and the efficiency mixing has a great impact on the improvement of the combustion efficiency. A hovering vortex is formed between the separation region and the barrel shock wave, and this may be induced by the large negative density gradient. The separation region provides a good mixing area for the injectant and the subsonic boundary layer. In the current study, the transverse injection flow field with a freestream Mach number of 3.5 has been optimized by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) coupled with the Kriging surrogate model; and the variance analysis method and the extreme difference analysis method have been employed to evaluate the values of the objective functions. The obtained results show that the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is the most important design variable for the transverse injection flow field, and the injectant molecular weight and the slot width should be considered for the mixing process between the injectant and the supersonic crossflow. There exists an optimal penetration height for the mixing efficiency, and its value is about 14.3 mm in the range considered in the current study. The larger penetration height provides a larger total pressure loss, and there must be a tradeoff between these two objection functions. In addition, this study demonstrates that the multi-objective design optimization method with the data mining technique can be used efficiently to explore the relationship between the design variables and the objective functions.     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.