Noisy Feedback in a Binary Sequential Communication Scheme

The effects of a noisy feedback channel on a communication system with the decision and information feedback proposed as by Mancianti et al. are described. Expressions for the expected transmitted energy per symbol, expected decision time, and receiver's error probability are derived in terms of the error probability Pef over the noisy information channel. Because of the complexity of exact calculations, we have analyzed in detail only the case of two repetitions per symbol. Then, in order to give a general picture of the system performance, the asymptotic behavior has been examined.     

Random Characteristics of the Type II Phase-Locked Loop

The results of a study of the characteristics of the second-order Type II phase-locked loop with a Gaussian noise input, and obtained by digital computer simulation, are presented. The digital simulation is described and the random state variables are defined such that their characteristics can be interpreted in terms of existing phase portraits of autonomous phase-locked loops. The statistics associated with the state variables, which are phase error and a measure of frequency error, and those associated with the number of cycles skipped and the mean time to unlock, are given.     

Direct-Ranging Loran Model Identification and Performance Predictions

With the availability of modern data processing techniques and lowcost stable time references, the use of Loran in a direct-ranging mode offers certain potential advantages. In order to generate reliable direct-ranging Loran (DRL) performance projections and system designs, however, accurate system error models are required. This paper first describes the processing of airborne flight data from a DRL receiver to identify models for significant DRL system errors. These models are then used in a Kalman filter covariance simulation to generate performance predictions for an optimally integrated DRL system. Comparisons with conventional hyperbolic Loran are also given. DRL is shown to be capable of substantially improved position accuracy over that of conventional hyperbolic Loran, especially in regions of poor geometry. A stationary ground-align technique for improving DRL performance is also discussed.     

具有未知输入干扰的观测器设计

提出一种全阶比例积分观测器。该观测器包含有估计误差的比例和积分回路,可同时得到状态和未知输入估计。分析了比例积分观测器的结构和估计性能,给出并证明了其存在条件,由于存在条件弱于未知输入观测器,该比例积分观测器可以更广泛地应用于基于观测器的技术方案。通过一个飞行器线性化模型,进行了比例积分观测器设计。仿真结果表明,比例积分观测器的估计性能优于常规 Luenberger观测器     

Degradation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio Due to IF Filtering

A receiver for biphase modulated signals using an integrate-and-dump filter is optimum only if the IF filter bandwidth is infinite. Finite IF filter bandwidth results is a performance degradation. Using the predetection signal-to-noise ratio as the performance criterion, a lower bound on this quantity is determined as a function of the ratio (IF filter bandwidth)/(bit rate). The corresponding upper bound on the error probability is also presented.     

Optimum Filters for Image Registration

Two-dimensional cross-correlation techniques are applied to the problem of image registration under the assumption of small geometric distortion. Optimum filter functions for use with arbitrary window functions are derived for two performance measures of interest: peak-to-sidelobe ratio, and mean- square registration error; the latter is examined in terms of the contribution due to distortion and the contribution due to noise. A generalized Lagrange multiplier approach is used to derive at least approximate ate solutions to the case where the images are modeled as random processes and to the case where the images are assumed to be deterministic.     

Analysis of Modeling and Bias Errors in Discrete-Time State Estimation

This paper concerns the effects of modeling and bias errors in discrete-time state estimation. The newly derived algorithms include the effect of correlation between plant and measurement noise in the system. The effects of nonzero mean noise terms and bias errors are considered. With plant or measurement matrix errors, divergence can occur. The local or linear sensitivity approach to error analysis, where the sensitivity is defined as a partial derivative with respect to a variable parameter taken about the modeled value, will not show this divergence due to neglect of higher order terms. Approximate algorithms are presented which circumvent the problem inherent in the local sensitivity approach. These make use of a "conditional bias" concept which views system error as a bias, conditioned on knowledge of the state estimates. It is shown that the actual error in optimum estimation is orthogonal to the residue error for suboptimum estimation where the residue error is defined as the difference between the actual estimation error and the optimum estimation error. Two examples, one concerning an integrated navigation system, demonstrate the theoretical results.     

基于网络编码的空间DTN LTP协议改进

随着空间通信技术与应用的不断发展,空间DTN (Delay Tolerant Network,容延迟网络)中节点之间数据传输的重要性日益明显。针对空间DTN的可靠信息传输需求,首先介绍了空间DTN的特点及信息传输协议体系,并对LTP (Licklider Transmission Protocol,立克里德传输协议) 进行了重点分析。然后针对空间DTN中LTP协议的缺点和不足,研究提出了基于网络编码的空间DTNLTP传输协议改进策略——NC-LTP协议,并通过数学仿真对算法性能进行了分析评估。仿真结果表明,相比于LTP协议,NC-LTP协议在不同信道传输时延、不同丢包率等条件下的适应性方面表现出较大的优势,因此NC-LTP协议更适用于具有高动态特性、高信道误码率、带宽受限的空间DTN环境。     

The Effects of Filtering and Limiting a Double-Binary PSK Signal

This paper describes a digital computer simulation of a double-binary phase-shift keying system. This simulation program is used to investigate the effects of limiting action and of the shape and bandwidth of the filter on the system performance, expressed in terms of error probability     

Modeling and Design of Switching Regulators

Various building blocks of a switching regulator are described in detail and mathematical models are developed for all building blocks in terms of transfer functions, which enable one to design a switching regulator for stability, desirable bandwidth, line rejection, and transient response. A step-by-step procedure to design compensation is illustrated using two examples. Various networks for compensation and their transfer functions are presented which the author hopes will be very handy to use and will become the reference source.     

Mobile terminal location for UMTS

Interest in mobile phone location is expanding due to the implementation of the third generation (3G) multimedia phones. The initial need for accurate terminal positioning has been motivated by government authorities, mainly by the US FCC's E911 mandate for emergency services. In Europe, similar ideas have appeared but the primary interest is in commercial value-added functions. Systems resembling air navigation and secondary radar as brought down to street level and pedestrian speeds are also foreseen. This article presents an overview of UMTS mobile terminal location. The performance of standardized observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) and a novel database correlation method (DCM) for wide bandwidth systems are evaluated through simulations in an urban microcell environment. DCM is shown to provide a reasonable location error of 25 m for 67% of the calls. The obtained respective OTDOA accuracy is 215 m only. Location problems encountered in built-up areas and relevant applications based on the obtained accuracy are discussed.     

Some Results on Digital Chirp

Generating chirp waveforms by means of phase coding yields a simple, cost-effective mechanization. The coding process, however, introduces phase errors whose effect must be included in the design. An approximate analysis is presented, valid for moderate to high compression ratios, which allows error effects on compressed pulse amplitude and sidelobes to be calculated in a simple manner. The anaylsis provides criteria for selecting the coding bit width (sample rate), weighting network bandwidth, and phase-coder quantization interval and transition times. Weighting functions for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or for producing desired close-in sidelobe performance are derived, as is an exact expression for the transmitted spectrum. Numerical results are presented for Gaussian and the maximum-SNR weighting. The results indicate that performance will be satisfactory for many applications.     

Synthetic Aperture Processing with Limited Storage and Presumming

The number of transmitted pulses associated with the Doppler histories of a side-looking radar may greatly exceed the desired azimuth compression ratio of the system. This discrepancy is taxing if the storage required for the azimuth processing is provided by cores, magnetic drums, and the like. Thus, as a practical matter, one considers presumming of the data prior to correlation in an attempt to achieve the desired performance with a minimum amount of digital storage. In this paper, the optimum (in terms of resolution) presummer is derived, along with the optimum apportionment of the available storage capacity between the presumming and correlation operations. Under the condition (or generally pessimistic approximation) that the illumination pattern of the antenna uniformly illuminates a Doppler bandwidth equal to the PRF of the radar, the optimum presumming coefficients are the first Np Fourier coefficients of a function which is one of the Doppler bandwidth to be correlated and zero on the remainder of the PRF bandwidth, where Np is the number of transmitted radar pulses over which presumming is provided. Increasing Np reduces the degradation due to presumming, but may leave inadequate storage for correlation. Hence, we optimize the apportionment between the two operations and present the obtainable resolution as a function of total storage and the number of transmitted pulses in the received Doppler history.     

基于FPGA和DSP的高性能伺服控制器设计

针对高性能伺服控制器对复杂的控制算法以及较小延时的需求,研究了一种基于FPGA和DSP的高性能伺服控制器设计方法。FPGA完成电流环、坐标变换、空间脉宽矢量调制、电流位置读取,DSP则负责速度环、位置环和上位机通信,使系统既能实现复杂的控制算法,又能将延时控制到最小,从而保证控制器的最佳性能。此外,详细介绍了两者之间的通信方式以及三环控制器设计。试验数据结果表明,伺服控制器速度环带宽能达到100 Hz,额定转速下稳速精度在1 r/min以内,定位精度能达到0.02°,证实了该控制器结构的实效性。     

Protection of PSK Communication Systems with Adaptive Arrays

The performance of binary phase-shift-keyed (BPSK), binarydifferential phase-shift-keyed (DPSK), and quadrature phase-shift-keyed(QPSK) communication systems that use adaptive arrayantennas for interference rejection is examined. The case where thedesired signal is corrupted by continuous wave (CW) interference isspecifically addressed. The performance of the adaptive array andthe ideal BPSK, DPSK, and QPSK detectors are evaluated first andthe results of these calculations are combined to determine theoverall system performance. The bit-error probability at the systemoutput is used as the performance measure. Several examples arepresented which illustrate the effects of signal powers, arrivalangles, frequencies, and the array input bandwidth.     

Design and Performance of an Adaptive Kalman Receiver for Synchronous Data Transmission

A class of multilevel linear-modulation data-transmission systems, over unknown, slowly time-varying, and bandlimited channels is considered. It is shown how sequence estimation in the presence of Gaussian noise and intersymbol interference can be carried out by means of a discrete Kalman estimator. Moreover, the receiver can be provided with data-aided adaptive loops for performing channel identification, carrier recovery, and timing extraction. A computational method is presented to evaluate the average probability of error of the overall system in the presence of inter-symbol interference, additive noise, and phase-and sampling-synchronization errors. The method is based upon nonclassical one-and two-dimensional quadrature rules, which are outlined in the Appendix. As an example, numerical performance results related to a phase-shift-keying (PSK) system are given. The results are obtained by means of general-purpose and system-oriented computers.     

Carrier-Tracking Loop Performance for Quaternary and Binary PSK Signals

By expressing the open-loop response voltage as a Fourier series in terms of the phase-tracking error and then utilizing a very useful mean-value expression, we assess the performance of loops suited to recovering the carrier of four-phase (quaternary) and two-phase (binary) phase-shift-keyed (QPSK and BPSK) signals. At high signal to noise ratios (SNRs) they perform comparably, but at low SNRs the former's performance deteriorates much more rapidly. The loop's ability to maintain the carrier frequency despite the noise accompanying the PSK signal is measured by the mean and the variance of the oscillator's control voltage. In particular, Spilker's loop for QPSK and the Costas loop for BPSK signals are discussed.     

Comparison of SDINS in-flight alignment using equivalent errormodels

The psi-angle model and the equivalent tilt (ET) model have been widely used for in-flight alignment (IFA) to align and to calibrate a strapdown inertial navigation system (SDINS) on a moving base. However, these models are not effective for a system with large attitude errors because the neglected error terms in the models degrade the performance of a designed filter. In this paper, with an odometer as an external aid, a velocity-aided SDINS is designed for IFA. Equivalent error models applicable to IFA with large attitude errors are derived in terms of rotation vector error and additive and multiplicative quaternion errors. It is found that error models in terms of additive quaternion error (AQE) become linear. Thus the proposed error models reduce unmodeled error terms for a linear filter. From a number of van tests, it is shown that the proposed error models effectively improve the performance of IFA     

Effect of a Few Dominant Specular Reflectors Target Model Upon Target Detection

Some data indicate that aircraft targets viewed from certain aspects are well modeled as consisting of a few specular reflectors. The effect of a simplified form of this target model upon radar detection performance for two different waveforms has been analyzed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for detection as a function of waveform bandwidth for a conventional-single-channel waveform and for a four-channel frequency diversity waveform is evaluated. It is shown that for either waveform there is an optimum bandwidth to minimize the SNR required for detection. In addition, the single-channel minimum is less than the four-channel minimum. The best performance occurs for the single-channel waveform when the waveform bandwidth just resolves the individual reflectors. For typical targets, this bandwidth is of the order of 35 to 75 MHz. It is also shown that only a 0.8-dB loss relative to this minimum is incurred when using a four-channel narrow bandwidth waveform.     

脱壳穿甲弹气动力-外弹道优化设计

本文将脱壳穿甲弹结构参数在飞行弹道上对空气动力特性、外弹道特性的相互影响作了分析,提出了在飞行弹道上对主要结构参数进行气动力-外弹道一体化优化设计的必要性。基于脱壳穿甲弹的弹道特点和战术技术要求,确定了优化设计变量、目标函数、约束函数。建立了一体化的优化设计数学模型,并利用空气动力数值计算、外弹道数值计算和最优化方法进行求解,编制了一套设计软件。通过对某小口径火炮脱壳穿甲弹优化设计应用表明,软件计算精度较高,优化设计后的脱壳穿甲弹主要弹道性能有了大幅度抛高,优化设计收到了很好的效果。