磁场重联的二维粒子模拟研究

利用二维全粒子模拟方法研究了无碰撞等离子体中的磁场重联过程，得到了不同区域的离子和电子速度分布．计算结果表明，电子和离子在扩散区中的不同动力学特性产生的Hall电流使磁场的y分量By呈现四极形分布．离子和电子的速度分布偏离了初态时的Maxwell分布，呈现非局域的多重分布．同时由于磁场重联而产生的电场使电子在X点附近得到加速和加热，因而在电子的能谱分布中形成-高能尾。     

双三角翼大迎角翼面压强分布与涡态相关分析

将双三角翼翼面测压试验结果与空间涡态观察测量结果进行了定性的相关对比分析,分析表明:垂直于双三角翼翼面的典型横截面上展向压强系数Cp分布与空间涡态有明显的对应关系,Cp分布的峰值数目反映了双三角翼的双涡态和单涡态,Cp峰值随α变化反映了涡强随α的变化,Cp峰值所在展向位置反映着涡核的展向位置,Cp峰形的平坦反映了涡的破裂.     

由卫星的历表位置测定恒星位置

利用云南天文台1m望远镜上的1号CCD的SRT（分离读出技术）观测天王星卫星的资料,相对卫星的历表位置测定了暗恒星的位置,测定精度与目前国外天然卫星位置测定时的最好精度相当．     

Uncertainty propagation for statistical impact prediction of space debris

Predictions of the impact time and location of space debris in a decaying trajectory are highly influenced by uncertainties. The traditional Monte Carlo (MC) method can be used to perform accurate statistical impact predictions, but requires a large computational effort. A method is investigated that directly propagates a Probability Density Function (PDF) in time, which has the potential to obtain more accurate results with less computational effort. The decaying trajectory of Delta-K rocket stages was used to test the methods using a six degrees-of-freedom state model. The PDF of the state of the body was propagated in time to obtain impact-time distributions. This Direct PDF Propagation (DPP) method results in a multi-dimensional scattered dataset of the PDF of the state, which is highly challenging to process. No accurate results could be obtained, because of the structure of the DPP data and the high dimensionality. Therefore, the DPP method is less suitable for practical uncontrolled entry problems and the traditional MC method remains superior. Additionally, the MC method was used with two improved uncertainty models to obtain impact-time distributions, which were validated using observations of true impacts. For one of the two uncertainty models, statistically more valid impact-time distributions were obtained than in previous research.     

基于子阵激励能量匹配的多子阵交错阵列设计

多子阵稀疏交错共享孔径阵列天线是实现多功能阵列天线设计的有效途径。提出了一种基于子阵激励能量匹配的多子阵稀疏交错优化方法。根据均匀线阵激励与其方向图之间存在的傅里叶变换关系,该方法首先通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）获得特定方向图的激励频谱能量分布,然后分析均匀线阵目标方向图频谱能量的分布特征,采用交叉选取子阵激励的方法,确定各子阵单元位置,使得阵列天线单元激励能量均匀分配,从而确保各子阵方向图近似一致。在此基础上通过迭代FFT的方法降低各子阵天线方向图旁瓣峰值（PSL）,实现低旁瓣,同性能的多子阵交错共享孔径阵列天线设计。仿真研究与实验表明,通过本文提出多子阵交错方法设计的共享孔径多稀疏交错子阵具有运算量小、孔径利用率高、各子阵峰值旁瓣电平低且拥有相似方向图的优点。利用子阵交错的方法,通过控制各子阵主波瓣指向,能轻松实现多波束指向的多功能阵列天线设计。      

Impact of loading effects on determination of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame

The International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), as a realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), is represented by a set of station positions and linear velocities. They are intended to be used as regularized coordinates to which some corrections should be added to access instantaneous coordinates. The latest ITRS realization is the ITRF2005, which has integrated time series of station positions to form long-term solutions for the four space geodetic techniques. Currently, a purely linear model is used to parameterize station displacements in the estimation process, plus occasional discontinuities in case of earthquakes or equipment changes. However the input data have been derived without applying surface loading models and so surface loading effects are supposed to be embedded in the coordinates as measured quantities. We evaluate the effect of applying a posteriori loading corrections, which include the effect of atmospheric, non-tidal ocean, and continental water loading, to time series of positions estimated from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), and Global Positioning System (GPS) data. We notice that they reduce about 50% or more of the annual signals in the translation and scale parameter time series of the SLR and VLBI techniques, except in SLR Z translation. In general, the estimated secular frame definition is negligibly affected and estimated positions and velocities are not significantly modified for stations that have accumulated a large number of observations. A multi-technique combination of such derived frames allows concluding that, for some cases, loading model corrections might degrade co-located station coordinates almost as much as they benefit them. However, most significant improvement of the estimated secular coordinates is observed for stations with less than 100 estimated positions as demonstrated with a multi-technique combination.     

Impact of covariance information of kinematic positions on orbit reconstruction and gravity field recovery

Gravity missions are equipped with onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for precise orbit determination (POD) and for the extraction of the long wavelength part of the Earth’s gravity field. As positions of low Earth orbiters (LEOs) may be determined from GPS measurements at each observation epoch by geometric means only, it is attractive to derive such kinematic positions in a first step and to use them in a second step as pseudo-observations for gravity field determination. The drawback of not directly using the original GPS measurements is, however, that kinematic positions are correlated due to the ambiguities in the GPS carrier phase observations, which in principle requires covariance information be taken into account. We use GRACE data to show that dynamic or reduced-dynamic orbit parameters are not optimally reconstructed from kinematic positions when only taking epoch-wise covariance information into account, but that essentially the same orbit quality can be achieved as when directly using the GPS measurements, if correlations in time are taken into account over sufficiently long intervals. For orbit reconstruction covariances have to be considered up to one revolution period to avoid ambiguity-induced variations of kinematic positions being erroneously interpreted as orbital variations. For gravity field recovery the advantage is, however, not very pronounced.     

动态火力接入下要地防空作战目标威胁评估

以动态火力接入下海军要地防空作战为背景,综合考虑要地相对价值和目标攻击能力、攻击意图以及到达时间,构建空袭目标威胁评估模型。首先,阐述了动态火力接入下要地防空作战系统及其动态接入与退出策略;然后,结合要地相对价值和空袭目标数量以及毁伤能力构建了空中目标威胁能力量化模型;其次,基于目标相对要地的航路角构建了目标攻击意图量化模型,并根据目标运动特性分别给出到达要地时间的计算方法;最后,根据目标距离防空体系拦截区的关系进行威胁等级排序,并提出威胁度计算方法,据此给出目标威胁等级排序。仿真结果表明,本文方法符合实际作战中的一般战术推理,能够客观地给出空袭目标威胁等级排序,可为要地防空作战决策研究提供一定的参考。      

Identification of seismic activity sources on the subsatellite track by ionospheric plasma disturbances detected with the Sich-2 onboard probes

Using a cylindrical Langmuir probe and the authors’ proprietary two-channel pressure transducer, ionospheric plasma parameter distributions along the orbit of the Sich-2 satellite (Ukraine, 2011–2012) were measured. This paper is concerned with identifying the space–time location of ionospheric plasma disturbance sources, including the epicenters of actual earthquakes (before or during the satellite flyover) and incipient earthquakes on the subsatellite track, from the measured distributions of the electron density and temperature and the neutral particle temperature along the satellite orbit. To do this, the measured ionospheric plasma parameter distributions are connected to the coordinates on the subsatellite track.It is shown that local disturbances in the electron density and temperature and neutral particle temperature distributions in the satellite orbit in the ionosphere may serve as indicators of seismic activity on the subsatellite track. The epicenters of incipient earthquakes may be set off from other plasma parameter disturbance sources associated with seismic activity using information provided by special monitoring and survey centers that monitor the current seismic situation.     

激光测高仪回波分解算法

开发了一种激光测高仪回波基本信息提取算法,对回波数据进行了高斯波分解,获取了高斯波分量的个数,及每个高斯波分量的波中心位置、宽度和幅度等参数．该算法首先根据回波拐点的数目和位置确定出高斯分量的个数及每个高斯分量的波中心位置和宽度初始值,随后利用线性最小二乘法计算出每个高斯分量的幅度,最后将经过选择和标记的高斯分量针对实际回波采用Levenberg-Marquardt方法进行拟合,得到优化后的高斯波基本参数．通过这些基本参数信息,能够进一步推导出激光测高仪光斑内各个反射表面的垂直分布、起伏程度和反射率等基本信息．     

Quality Assessment of the IDS Contribution to ITRF2008

Doppler Orbitography Radiopositionning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is one of the four fundamental techniques contributing to the ITRF. The optimal coverage over the globe of the DORIS observing sites and sites co-located with GPS, allow a strong embedding of DORIS within the ITRF network. DORIS contributes to the access to ITRF through precise orbit determination of altimetric satellites with onboard DORIS receivers. The DORIS contribution to the ITRF2008 is enhanced by the fact that the solutions of seven analysis centers were included in the submitted combined time series of weekly station positions and daily polar motion. We evaluate the quality of the DORIS combined solution in terms of its agreement with the other techniques (VLBI, SLR, GPS) contributing to the ITRF2008 combination. We show in particular that the precisions of the current IDS products range between 1.5 to 2.6 mm for station positions (at the epochs of minimum variances); better than 1 mm/yr in velocities and between 170 and 260 micro-arc-seconds for polar motion, a significant improvement by a factor of three to five, compared to past data used in the ITRF2005 combination. This improvement is certainly due to improved analysis strategies employed by the seven IDS analysis centers that contributed to the combined weekly submitted solutions of station positions and polar motion. A spectral analysis of DORIS station height time series indicates that annual and semi-annual signals are dominant. However, TOPEX draconitic period of about 118 days is still detected in about 20% of the station position power spectra. DORIS height annual signals correlate well with GPS annual signal estimated at some co-located stations, which show that DORIS technique is able to detect loading signals.     

GPS用于编队星座的姿态与相对位置确定

利用载波相位差分GPS技术确定编队星座的姿态和相对位置时，由于卫星状态间的相互耦合和差分观测值的相关性，应该联合星内和星间的差分观测进行状态的整体解算，文中给出了利用星间差分观测值形成的空间网形束、联合星内和星间差分确定编队星座姿 态和相对位置方法，数学仿真结果表明该方法的有效性。     

Gravity field models from kinematic orbits of CHAMP,GRACE and GOCE satellites

The aim of our work is to generate Earth’s gravity field models from GPS positions of low Earth orbiters. Our inversion method is based on Newton’s second law, which relates the observed acceleration of the satellite with forces acting on it. The observed acceleration is obtained as numerical second derivative of kinematic positions. Observation equations are formulated using the gradient of the spherical harmonic expansion of the geopotential. Other forces are either modelled (lunisolar perturbations, tides) or provided by onboard measurements (nongravitational perturbations). From this linear regression model the geopotential harmonic coefficients are obtained.     

基于UPF滤波的微小航天器姿态矩阵估计方法

针对基于惯性-星光姿态确定系统噪声存在非高斯分布的情况,提出了将离散粒子滤波(UPF)方法应用于定姿系统滤波器设计,该方法用离散卡尔曼滤波(UKF)得到粒子滤波的重要采样函数,从而克服扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)和UKF只能应用到噪声为高斯分布的不足。文章以微机电系统(MEMS)陀螺和互补性金属氧化物半导体有源像素图像传感器(CMOS APS)星敏感器为姿态敏感器件,选取基于矢量观测的最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法为定姿算法,提出将UPF与最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法结合,设计了一种针对微小航天器的UPF姿态估计器,采用从MEMS陀螺采集的数据进行了半物理仿真并对其特性进行了分析与比较。仿真比较结果表明:在敏感器精度较差并且系统噪声非高斯分布的情况下,这种基于UPF的姿态估计方法可以取得比EKF和UKF更快的滤波收敛性和更好的滤波精度,有效地提高了定姿性能。     

多点源诱偏系统对抗反辐射导弹效能分析

基于有源诱偏系统对抗反辐射导弹(ARM,Anti-Radiation Missile)的理论,导出诱偏误差公式,以3种典型布局方案(三点源布局1、三点源布局2及四点源布局)为例,对误差公式进行简化处理,通过数值计算得到诱偏误差曲线,分析不同布局方案下辐射源功率比对诱偏误差的影响;同时分析ARM的实际攻击过程,引入ARM机动修正,通过仿真分析得到ARM落点图和雷达保护概率曲线,对比不同布局方案下的诱偏效果,结果表明四点源布局为最优方案,对研究多点源诱偏系统对抗ARM的作战效能具有指导意义.     

一种评估空间环境下半导体材料损伤的模拟方法

提出了一种模拟空间环境下半导体材料晶格损伤速率的方法, 计算了375km轨道高度不同纬度空间位置的飞行器模型中硅片产生晶格损伤的速率. 本方法考虑了宇宙射线的质子、正负电子、中子和γ射线成分, 建立了简单的多层飞行器结构模型, 并通过模拟给出了芯片上氕、氘、氚、氦、正负电子、正负π介子、γ射线及中子的损伤结果. 相比给出材料中的非电离能量损失, 更进一步给出了晶格损伤的产生速率, 为半导体器件的可靠性评估提供了进一步的参考数据.      

Comparative analysis of Venusian ionosphere dual-frequency radio soundings with the satellites Venera-9, 10 and Pioneer-Venus

A comparison of the Venusian ionosphere electron density profiles obtained by the dual-frequency radio occultation method for the satellites Venera-9,10 (1975) and the Pioneer-Venus orbiter (1978–1979) has been carried out. It is shown that the general nature of the profiles, the main maximum heights and electron densities, the ionopause height positions determined with the satellites Venera-9, 10 on the one hand and Pioneer-Venus orbiter on the other hand are in good agreement. This fact testifies to the reliability of the experimental dual-frequency radio occultation data. An attempt to compare the radio occultation data with the direct measurements points out the essential contradictions between them, which need detailed analysis and discussion.     

Energetic oxygen ions in the magnetosheath in the negative BZ phase of the CME on January 10, 1997

Energetic oxygen ion flux intensifications were observed by the HEP/LD instrument on board the GEOTAIL satellite thoughout the Bz negative phase of the CME event on January 10, 1997. At this time, the spacecraft was moving in the magnetosheath at 1500 LT on a magnetopause skimming segment of its orbit. The very steady southward magnetic field in the magnetosheath (negative Bz of the CME) was highly inclined forming an angle of 45° with respect to the north direction. The observed oxygen enhancements in the magnetosheath show anisotropic angular distributions which occupy a varying fraction of the unit sphere. These distributions became particularly narrow during the passage of a solar wind pressure pulse between between 1050 and 1113 UT. The details of the angular distributions in the magnetosheath favour a leakage model, although the reconnection model cannot be denied.     

Neural network development for the forecasting of upper atmosphere parameter distributions

This paper presents a neural network modeling approach to forecast electron concentration distributions in the 150–600 km altitude range above Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The neural network was trained using incoherent scatter radar data collected at the Arecibo Observatory during the past two decades, as well as the Kp geomagnetic index provided by the National Space Science Data Center. The data set covered nearly two solar cycles, allowing the neural network to model daily, seasonal, and solar cycle variations of upper atmospheric parameter distributions. Two types of neural network architectures, feedforward and Elman recurrent, are used in this study. Topics discussed include the network design, training strategy, data analysis, as well as preliminary testing results of the networks on electron concentration distributions.     

Analysis of the DORIS contributions to ITRF2008

In its function as an ITRS Combination Centre, DGFI is in charge with the computation of an ITRF2008 solution. The computation methodology of DGFI is based on the combination of datum-free normal equations (weekly or session data sets, respectively) of station positions and Earth orientation parameters (EOP) from the geodetic space techniques DORIS, GPS, SLR and VLBI. In this paper we focus on the DORIS part within the ITRF2008 computations. We present results obtained from the analysis of the DORIS time series for station positions, network translation and scale parameters, as well as for the terrestrial pole coordinates. The submissions to ITRF2008 benefit from improved analysis strategies of the seven contributing IDS analysis centres and from a combination of the weekly solutions of station positions and polar motion. The results show an improvement by a factor of two compared to past DORIS data submitted to ITRF2005, which has been evaluated by investigating the repeatabilities of position time series. The DORIS position time series were analysed w.r.t. discontinuities and other non-linear effects such as seasonal variations. About 40 discontinuities have been identified which have been compared with the results of an earlier study. Within the inter-technique combination we focus on the DORIS contribution to the integration of the different space geodetic observations and on a comparison of the geodetic local ties with the space geodetic solutions. Results are given for the 41 co-location sites between DORIS and GPS.