Comparison of the transport codes HZETRN,HETC and FLUKA for galactic cosmic rays

The HZETRN deterministic radiation code is one of several tools developed to analyze the effects of harmful galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events on mission planning and shielding for astronauts and instrumentation. This paper is a comparison study involving the two Monte Carlo transport codes, HETC–HEDS and FLUKA and the deterministic transport code, HZETRN. Each code is used to transport an ion from the 1977 solar minimum GCR spectrum impinging upon a 20 g/cm² aluminum slab followed by a 30 g/cm² water slab. This research is part of a systematic effort of verification and validation to quantify the accuracy of HZETRN and determine areas where it can be improved. Comparisons of dose and dose equivalent values at various depths in the water slab are presented in this report. This is followed by a comparison of the proton and forward, backward and total neutron flux at various depths in the water slab. Comparisons of the secondary light ion ²H, ³H, ³He and ⁴He fluxes are also examined.     

Comparison of the transport codes HZETRN,HETC and FLUKA for a solar particle event

The protection of astronauts and instrumentation from galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events is one of the primary constraints associated with mission planning in low earth orbit or deep space. To help satisfy this constraint, several computational tools have been developed to analyze the effectiveness of various shielding materials and structures exposed to space radiation. These tools are now being carefully scrutinized through a systematic effort of verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification. In this benchmark study, the deterministic transport code HZETRN is compared to the Monte Carlo transport codes HETC-HEDS and FLUKA for a 30 g/cm² water target protected by a 20 g/cm² aluminum shield exposed to a parameterization of the February 1956 solar particle event. Neutron and proton fluences as well as dose and dose equivalent are compared at various depths in the water target. The regions of agreement and disagreement between the three codes are quantified and discussed, and recommendations for future work are given.     

运动目标RCS特性分析

运动目标相对雷达姿态角的获得是动目标雷达散射截面(RCS,Radar Cross Section)研究中的重要内容.详细阐述了动目标姿态角的定义和计算方法,以及与静止目标姿态角的区别和联系.飞行器飞行中受气流的影响,会产生各种随机抖动,将影响动目标的RCS.利用准静态的方法分析运动物体的散射,在高频条件下,RCS主要来自面元散射、边缘散射和角反射器散射等.利用一种抖动模型,详细分析了抖动对动目标RCS的影响.仿真结果表明:随着频率的增加,抖动对RCS的偏离度增加;在不同姿态下抖动对目标的RCS的影响程度不同, 在某些姿态角下影响非常大.      

基于不同角域RCS均值的雷达探测模型

针对目标在不同方位角的雷达散射截面积(RCS,Radar Cross Section)差异较大的情况,提出了一种基于目标不同角域内RCS均值的单部雷达探测概率模型及雷达网综合探测概率模型.计算机仿真平台中采用了两套不同的RCS取值方案:取单个RCS均值;根据探测方位角取不同角域内的RCS均值.两套方案所得探测概率差异表明:该模型符合雷达从不同方位角探测到目标的RCS差异较大的实际情况,计算所得探测概率更为精确.      

月球天梯力学特性研究

月球天梯的构型对其力学特性和质量特性起决定性作用,直接关系到天梯建造材料的选取。目前对月球天梯的研究集中在组合横截面积构型上,未对其他构型天梯的特性展开深入研究。针对这一问题,文章进行了不同构型月球天梯的力学特性研究。建立了月球天梯动力学模型,分别将天梯缆绳线密度和应力作为常值,推导了等横截面积和变横截面积两种新构型月球天梯的动力学方程和质量特性方程,进行了不同构型天梯关键特性参数的计算和对比分析。研究结果表明,变横截面积天梯可将最大应力设计为任意恒定值,降低了对材料极限应力的要求,其总质量小于等横截面积和组合横截面积天梯,为最优构型方案。     

空间目标RCS序列的分形分析

空间运动目标雷达散射截面(RCS)序列为非平稳时间序列, 常用时间序列分析方法很难对其进行分析和特征提取。针对部分空间运动目标 RCS序列的变化规律, 首次引入了分数布朗运动模型对其 RCS序列进行分析和特征提取。实测数据处理结果表明,其RCS序列具有分形特性, 其分形维可作为空间目标识别的有效特征。     

渐变体微波散射截面的计算

对具有二维周期性结构特点的大尺寸金属渐变体,首先采用矩量法计算渐变体单元的散射场,然后利用天线阵列技术求解整个渐变体的雷达散射截面RCS (Radar Cross Section),既保证一定的计算精度,又解决计算量大以及单元间耦合的难题.推导了相关的数学公式,在线极化平面波入射情况下,分别给出了单个和多个金属渐变角锥电磁散射截面的计算例子,计算结果与商用软件HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)计算得到的结果相吻合,计算用时大大少于HFSS的计算时间,表明介绍的方法在工程运用上是可行的.      

隐身目标电磁散射特性的图形电磁计算方法研究

计算了不同涂覆介质的反射系数,利用图形电磁计算方法计算了平板和圆柱的涂覆不同介质的雷达散射截面,并且为了增加图形电磁计算的通用性引入了归一化因子。结果表明,此计算方法是正确的。     

Calculation of fast neutron removal cross sections for different lunar soils

The interaction of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) with the lunar surface produces secondary radiations as neutrons. The study of the production and attenuation of these neutrons in the lunar soil is very important to estimate the annual ambient dose equivalent on the lunar surface and for lunar nuclear spectroscopy. Also, understanding the attenuation of fast neutrons in lunar soils can help in measuring of the lunar neutron density profile and to measure the neutron flux on the lunar surface. In this paper, the attenuation of fast neutrons in different lunar soils is investigated. The macroscopic effective removal cross section (_ΣR)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R)$ of fast neutrons was theoretically calculated from the mass removal cross-section values (_ΣR/ρ)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R/\rho )$ for various elements in soils. The obtained values of (_ΣR)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R)$ were discussed according to the density. The results show that the attenuation of fast neutrons is more important in the landing sites of Apollo 12 and Luna 16 than the other landing sites of Apollo and Luna missions.     

微波暗室内双站RCS测量方法的仿真

阐述了在微波暗室内使用紧缩场和平面近场扫描测量双站RCS(Radar Cross Section)的方法,并用天线耦合公式、平面波综合和等效原理将近场变换到远场.分析了采样、有效角域和窗函数对测量性能的影响.半波长的采样可满足测量的要求,欠采样会侵蚀有效角域范围.虑及综合口径的等效投影,完善了有效角域的估计公式.驻相法分析了近远场变换对近场的近似局部依赖性.并且使用窗函数来抑制扫描截断误差,提高测量精度.最后,通过数值算例验证了测量方法和性能分析的有效性.      

TE波入射渐变微波散射体散射场的计算

利用阵列分析技术和矩量法相结合的方法求解二维周期渐变形状角锥散射体的散射,导出TE波入射时散射场的表达式。计算了金属渐变角锥电磁散射的例子,给出二面角散射体的双站RCS和后向散射随频率变化的规律,以及给出完整散射体对TE波的散射截面。计算结果与商用软件计算所得的结果相吻合,表明该方法在工程运用上是可行的。     

动态桨叶RCS特性的实验研究

在微波暗室中测量了金属平板桨叶动态模型的高频雷达散射截面RCS(Radar Cross Section),并通过快速傅立叶变换FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)得到相应的频谱图;详细分析了时域和频域RCS随桨叶片数、雷达波入射方向、入射频率、极化状态和桨叶转速等因素的变化.实验结果表明主要特征是时域RCS呈周期性起伏,频谱图因前行桨叶与后行桨叶散射有差别而不对称,且频谱宽度反映了多普勒效应.取得的结果与已有文献的计算分析一致,对直升机的探测和识别具有重要的参考价值.      

插值逼近结合FDTD法快速计算目标宽角度RCS

FDTD(Finite Difference Time Domain)法结合多项式插值逼近和样条函数插值逼近快速计算了三维目标的宽角度RCS(Radar Cross Section).引入插值逼近方法可以节省计算时间.在整个入射角度范围内选定若干个入射角,对不同的入射角,分别用FDTD法计算得到外推面上各点的切向电磁场值,进而得到这些场值随入射角度变化的插值函数,然后用插值函数计算出全入射角度范围内外推面上各点的切向电磁场值,最后通过近远场变换得到宽角度RCS.计算结果表明,在只有少数几个插值节点的情况下该方法就能很好地逼近FDTD法的精确计算结果,节省了计算时间.      

飞行器结构缝隙电磁散射问题的研究

提出了求解飞行器表面结构缝隙电磁散射的方法,由场等效原理及场连续条件,运用矩量法解关于缝隙口面上等效磁流为未知数的方程,由此得到长直缝隙口面上的等效磁流的数学模型,基于上述理论,由座舱结构缝隙建立无了大导电曲屏面上的缝隙的数学模型,将曲屏面上缝隙给合理划分成若干个似的直缝隙,求解每一段直缝隙的等效磁流,由辐射积分方程求解该等效磁流的散射,由这些散射场的叠加得到曲屏面上的缝隙的散射场,最后给出飞行器     

无人机雷达散射截面的数值模拟及突防分析

用数值模拟的方法获得了无人机雷达散射截面的空间分布，建立了无人机突防的数学模型，并对其突防能力进行了分析。     

Nuclear fragmentation database for GCR transport code development

A critical need for NASA is the ability to accurately model the transport of heavy ions in the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) through matter, including spacecraft walls, equipment racks, etc. Nuclear interactions are of great importance in the GCR transport problem, as they can cause fragmentation of the incoming ion into lighter ions. Since the radiation dose delivered by a particle is proportional to the square of (charge/velocity), fragmentation reduces the dose delivered by incident ions. The other mechanism by which dose can be reduced is ionization energy loss, which can lead to some particles stopping in the shielding. This is the conventional notion of shielding, but it is not applicable to human spaceflight since the particles in the GCR tend to be too energetic to be stopped in the relatively thin shielding that is possible within payload mass constraints. Our group has measured a large number of fragmentation cross sections, intended to be used as input to, or for validation of, NASA’s radiation transport models. A database containing over 200 charge-changing cross sections and over 2000 fragment production cross sections has been compiled. In this report, we examine in detail the contrast between fragment measurements at large acceptance and small acceptance. We use output from the PHITS Monte Carlo code to test our assumptions using as an example ⁴⁰Ar data (and simulated data) at a beam energy of 650 MeV/nucleon. We also present preliminary analysis in which isotopic resolution was attained for beryllium fragments produced by beams of ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. Future work on the experimental data set will focus on extracting and interpreting production cross sections for light fragments.     

翼形几何参数对机翼散射特性的影响

系统地揭示了翼形几何参数对机翼的空间散射特性、极化散射特性的影响规律.研究发现,在垂直极化状态下用理论尖劈公式计算机翼后缘绕射的计算结果与实验结果相差甚远.提出在垂直极化状态下机翼后缘绕射的计算必须将后缘厚度考虑在内的见解.对于水平极化,前缘散射波峰只与前缘半径有关;而对于垂直极化,前缘散射波峰与翼形最大厚度以及最大厚度位置有关.给出前后缘散射波峰的工程估算公式,为低雷达散射截面( RCS )机翼设计提供依据.     

低可探测机身参数化造型与优化

为提高低可探测机身外形造型效率,在概念设计中针对典型机身剖面研究了参数化造型方法.定义了若干设计参数对B样条的控制顶点进行调整,从而用单条B样条表示出机身和座舱盖的典型剖面,包括尖劈及凹凸曲线等.以此为基础,构造了一系列参数化剖面曲线模板,调整选用模板的参数生成机身各站位处外形,从而实现了机身快速造型.最后,利用提出的方法建立了两种隐身飞机概念方案的外形,并以侧向雷达散射截面为目标分别进行了优化,验证了该方法在机身外形优化中的有效性.      

三角板角反射器在RCS定标测试中的应用

对三角 板角反射器的散射特性进行分析,提出了其在单站及收发分离单站RCS(Radar Cross Section)定标测试中的应用方案.三角板角反射器后向散射方向图的主瓣部分很宽且很平缓,并具有较强的方位稳定性,适用于较大RCS目标的单站定标测试.但在收发分离的单站RCS定标测试系统中,发射馈源与接收馈源间存在一个小双站角,这会使得三角板角反射器散射方向图的主瓣部分急剧下降,并呈现较强的纹波,从而无法利用其进行精确定标.而其散射方向图的某一旁瓣部分,在存在小双站角时的变化不大,且同样具有较强的方位稳定性,故可利用旁瓣峰值作为收发分离单站RCS测试中的定标参考点.     

单反射面紧缩场接收机灵敏度要求评估方法

根据洛伦兹互易定理,提出了一种对单反射面紧缩场接收机灵敏度要求进行评估的方法.分别计算紧缩场馈源发射的电磁波以及标准定标球散射的电磁波在位于反射面和静区中间的参考平面上的近场分布,并考虑反射面效率和馈源发射功率,即可得到在测量过程中,对接收机灵敏度的要求.该方法能够全面反应目标雷达散射截面、工作频率、馈源性能和位置、反射面形状尺寸及其边齿结构和边缘绕射、紧缩场静区中心位置等因素的影响.利用该方法对北京航空航天大学微波暗室紧缩场的接收机灵敏度要求进行评估,并与实验测试结果对比,进而验证该方法的正确性.