X射线照射下HZ Her大气的非球对称结构和观测证据

在密近双星系统Her X-1/Hz Her中,Her X-1的X射线辐射对HZ Her大气的加热效应,使大气结构变得很复杂.本文从理论上分析了HZ Her大气的非球对称结构,计算了以指数密度分布大气的温度、电离度等值线,描述了不在双星连心线上的大气结构,讨论了色球层、跃变层和星冕的位置变化.本文还对该系统的食变观测资料作了细致的分析,得到了与视线垂直的径向上不同层次的大气密度分布,与理论符合得很好.     

基于X射线掩星探测反演行星大气密度

X射线掩星是一种常见的天文现象，基于X射线掩星探测的大气密度反演是一种涉及学科交叉的新方法，其通过处理高能X射线天体辐射源的掩星观测数据实现大气密度的反演，基本原理为X射线在大气中传播时，X射线光子被大气中的原子（包括分子中的原子）吸收和散射，从而导致X射线强度发生衰减，根据衰减后X射线信号的强度反演对应的密度廓线。本文根据X射线掩星探测的应用需求，论证了基于X射线掩星实现大气密度反演的新方法，重点介绍了光变曲线拟合和能谱拟合两种地球中高层大气密度反演算法，分析了X射线掩星探测反演大气密度的研究进展和研究方法，对基于X射线掩星反演大气密度的优点进行分析和讨论，进而对X射线掩星探测的应用场景进行展望。结果表明，作为一种新型中高层大气密度测量手段，X射线掩星探测可对中高层大气密度实现有效探测，弥补了目前中高层大气密度实测数据的不足。     

基于上层大气数值模型的X射线传输特性

核爆炸的大部分能量是以X射线形式释放的，研究X射线辐射特性对于天基核爆事件监测，当量反演都具有一定参考价值。根据核爆炸X射线能谱特性，构建了黑体辐射模型；根据NRLMSIS大气模型成分数据和高度密度数据，构建大气分层数值模型，并结合NIST数据库，构建分层大气质量吸收系数模型，提高了大气模型与大气质量吸收系数模型准确度。使用数值模拟程序对X射线在大气中的传输特性进行研究，模拟在临近空间高度核爆炸产生的X射线经过大气吸收后的能谱特性以及不同海拔高度点位的能注量。结果表明，在检测点高度恒定的情况下，斜径角变小会增大X射线传输路径，X射线经过的大气吸收路径越长，能谱峰值越往高能处偏移。在相同高度下，爆炸点的正上方处能注量最大，其他位置随着斜径角减小能注量呈指数级衰减。     

欧洲X射线观测卫星的姿态和轨道控制方法

欧洲X-射线观测卫星(Exosat),重500公斤,直径2.1米,高1.35米(不包括高1.85米的太阳帆板)。它将置入近地点为500公里,远地点为200,000公里的大偏心率轨道,其主要任务是研究高能宇宙射线产生过程,探测软X射线和硬X-射线。1977年开始工业技术设计和研制,1981年进行飞行模型总装,目前卫星的研制工作已进入决定性阶段。卫星的结构特点是:卫星中心体敷有超绝热层,装有一块单自由度回转式太阳帆板。所有分系统都安装在中心体外壳内,各种科学仪器的窗口均位于卫星的一侧,可以沿X轴或平行于X轴观测。在发射期间,太阳帆板折叠在一起,盖住低能成象望远镜和中     

太阳X射线暴在地球大气中传输的Monte Carlo模拟

应用MonteCarlo方法对太阳X射线暴(1-8?及0.5-4?)与地球大气相互作用过程进行跟踪模拟,得到了X射线暴在电离层D层产生的电子产生率,并计算了由此产生的宇宙噪声吸收值。结果与作者在南极观测得到的X射线暴期间宇宙噪声吸收值符合较好.      

A0535＋26和Be星外流气体的结构

暂现的硬X射线双星系统中,Be星的外流气体结构是一个尚未解决的问题.本文根据Be星的观测和理论,提出了气盘和缓慢加速星风的混合模型,给出了速度结构,计算了X射线光度的变化,解释了A0535+26的许多观测现象.     

HEAO-2卫星发回首批X射线源照片

高能天文观测卫星-2(HEAO-2)发回了第一批X射线源照片。这是第一次从一颗运行中的卫星上得到的。该卫星上的X射线望远镜拍摄的第一个目标是天鹅座X-1。有人     

VLF相位突然异常与太阳X射线事件相关性的分析

本文通过实测的VLF信号的SPA事件的数据和太阳X射线爆发通量密度之间的相关分析,建立了它们之间的数值关系.由于在SPA事件时,电离层高度的变化与太阳X射线爆发的通量密度之间的相关性很好,可以利用SPA事件的数据来估算太阳X射线爆发的强度.因为大气的吸收,在地面上不能直接观测X射线强度.作为一个实例,用推出的数值关系,计算了1982年6月3日的一次SPA事件,并与X射线爆发的数据作了比较.      

美苏拟进行航天飞机—礼炮号联合飞行

美国和苏联已经选定了5个研究领域,以期在1982年或晚些时候可能进行的航天飞机/礼炮联合飞行中予以实施。它们是: 1) 高能天文物理(γ-射线、X-射线和宇宙线天文学),2) 大气研究,3) 磁层和电离层的活动实验,4) 医学和生物实验,5) 射电天文学。     

大气中子感生的γ射线本底

大气中子同探测器物质相互作用产生的γ射线,往往成为一些X、γ射线探测器本底计数的重要组成部分。如何减少这部分本底的强度以增加探测器的观测灵敏度,是空间天文实测工作中一个重要课题。本文介绍一个附有中子屏蔽物质的小型背附探测器系统及其在气球上的飞行观测结果。结果表明,3cm厚的纯石蜡屏蔽层不仅不能减少本底,而且可能有相反的效果。      

Optical and X-ray observations of 4U2129+47/V1727 CYG in a quiescent state

We observed the 5.2 h X-ray binary 4U2129+47 for more than one orbital cycle on 29 September and 4 October 1983 using the LE, ME and GSPC detectors of the ESA X-ray satellite EXOSAT. In neither detector an X-ray flux from the source could be detected. Quasi-simultaneous UBV observations using the 2.2 m telescop at the German-Spanish Astronomical Center, Calar Alto, failed to detect the large amplitude light curve reported in earlier observations but show the optical companion in a low intensity state. The large amplitude light curve has been interpreted as due to X-ray heating of the optical star by the X-ray source similar to the system Her X-1/HZ Her. Our optical observations indicate that the heating X-ray source has been shut off and nicely explain that EXOSAT failed to detect the source. 4U2129+47 seems to behave similar to Her X-1 in the optical quiescent state, seen for instance from 1949 to 1956.     

High resolution X-ray spectrum of AM Her

We present the analysis of archival Chandra high resolution X-ray spectra of AM Her. Emission lines from several hydrogen-like ions, helium-like ions, Fe-L shell transitions and Fe-K fluorescent are identified. Using the resonance, intercombination and forbidden lines of the few prominent helium-like ions, we infer a density greater than 2 × 10¹² cm⁻³ and a temperature of 2 MK for the oxygen and neon line emitting regions in the accretion column of AM Her.     

A comparison of semi-empirical models in the lower thermosphere

Semi-empirical models are derived predominantly from satellite-borne observations. The nature of these observations restricts the applicability of the models mainly to the atmospheric regions sampled, i.e. the upper thermosphere. Current models are only capable of reproducing a zero-order approximation of the structure of the lower thermosphere. Based on selected examples, the progress in atmospheric research since CIRA-72 as well as the continuing deficiencies are demonstrated.     

1992年10月27日耀斑的多波段观测和分析

利用１９９２年１０月２７日耀斑极为完整的高质量观测资料,通过对可见光、软Ｘ射线和硬Ｘ射线图像和光谱的综合分析,诊断耀斑过程中的热与非热性质,结果表明,在这个事件中,热与非热过程并存且在时空演化上呈现不同的特征     

Recent advances in observations and modeling of the solar ultraviolet and X-ray spectral irradiance

There have been significant, recent advances in understanding the solar ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray spectral irradiance from several different satellite missions and from new efforts in modeling the variations of the solar spectral irradiance. The recent satellite missions with solar UV and X-ray spectral irradiance observations include the X-ray Sensor (XRS) aboard the series of NOAA GOES spacecraft, the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), the SOHO Solar EUV Monitor (SEM), the Solar XUV Photometers (SXP) on the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE), the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) aboard the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Dynamics, and Energetics (TIMED) satellite, and the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite. The combination of these measurements is providing new results on the variability of the solar ultraviolet irradiance throughout the ultraviolet range shortward of 200 nm and over a wide range of time scales ranging from years to seconds. The solar UV variations of flares are especially important for space weather applications and upper atmosphere research, and the period of intense solar storms in October–November 2003 has provided a wealth of new information about solar flares. The new efforts in modeling these solar UV spectral irradiance variations range from simple empirical models that use solar proxies to more complicated physics-based models that use emission measure techniques. These new models provide better understanding and insight into why the solar UV irradiance varies, and they can be used at times when solar observations are not available for atmospheric studies.     

The entropy in groups – a clue to galaxy formation

The entropy in the hot X-ray gas in groups of galaxies is a fossil of the process of galaxy formation The amount of entropy in these low mass systems considerably exceeds that predicted from structure formation models. To explain these results requires “extra” energy which is a relic of the process of star formation and active galaxy heating. We present new XMM results on the entropy and entropy profiles. These results are inconsistent with pre-heating scenarios which have been developed to explain the entropy floor in groups but are broadly consistent with models of structure formation which include the effects of heating and/or the cooling of the gas. The total entropy in these systems provides a strong constraint on all models of galaxy and group formation, and on the poorly defined feedback process which controls the transformation of gas into stars and thus the formation of structure in the universe.     

Soft X-ray characteristics of white dwarfs observed by EXOSAT

EXOSAT has observed 19 hot white dwarfs with alleged strong soft X-ray emission. Positive detection of a large fraction of this sample was obtained, among these practically all hot DA dwarfs. High-resolution spectral data, acquired with the 500 1/mm grating spectrometer, indicates no traces of He in the atmosphere of HZ43, i.e. n(He)/n(H) ? 10^?5 at a photospheric temperature of 60000 K (log g = 8). In contrast, the hot DA1 dwarf Feige 24 shows the presence of an appreciable He-abundance (n(He)/n(H) ? 10^?3); however no simple homogeneously mixed H/He atmosphere can explain the observed spectral shape.     

Comparison of solar soft X-ray irradiance from broadband photometers to a high spectral resolution rocket observation

The solar soft X-ray (XUV; 1–30 nm) radiation is highly variable on all time scales and strongly affects the ionosphere and upper atmosphere of Earth, Mars, as well as the atmospheres and surfaces of other planets and moons in the solar system; consequently, the solar XUV irradiance is important for atmospheric studies and for space weather applications. While there have been several recent measurements of the solar XUV irradiance, detailed understanding of the solar XUV irradiance, especially its variability during flares, has been hampered by the lack of high spectral resolution measurements in this wavelength range. The conversion of the XUV photometer signal into irradiance requires the use of a solar spectral model, but there has not been direct validation of these spectral models for the XUV range. For example, the irradiance algorithm for the XUV Photometer System (XPS) measurements uses multiple CHIANTI spectral models, but validation has been limited to other solar broadband measurements or with comparisons of the atmospheric response to solar variations. A new rocket observation of the solar XUV irradiance with 0.1 nm resolution above 6 nm was obtained on 14 April 2008, and these new results provide a first direct validation of the spectral models used in the XPS data processing. The rocket observation indicates very large differences for the spectral model for many individual emission features, but the differences are significantly smaller at lower resolution, as expected since the spectral models are scaled to match the broadband measurements. While this rocket measurement can help improve a spectral model for quiet Sun conditions, many additional measurements over a wide range of solar activity are needed to fully address the spectral model variations. Such measurements are planned with a similar instrument included on NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), whose launch is expected in 2009.     

Results from the RXTE All-Sky Monitor

Selected results from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer All-Sky Monitor are presented to illustrate the phenomenology of the light curves. The sensitivity to periodic intensity variations is indicated by the folded light curve of AM Her. The gray line between transient and persistent sources is emphasized. Light curves of a range of systems comprising black holes or neutron stars and low and high mass companion stars show that the behavior of these systems is often, but not always, characteristic.     

Her X-1 as seen in the ROSAT all-sky survey

ROSAT performed the first, spectrally resolved, soft X-ray observations of Her X-1 in the SHORT-ON state of the 35^d cycle. The data were taken during the All-Sky survey covering the range 0.1–2.4 keV. The mean luminosity in the ROSAT bandpass is 1.5 × 10³⁶ ergs sec⁻¹. Timing analysis of the data revealed a highly significant signal at a period of 1.237749(1) sec. Finally, we present evidence to support the hypothesis that the resuction in intensity during the SHORT-ON state is caused by hot matter absorption in the disk.