海洋一号C/D卫星在轨交叉定标设计

为了满足定量遥感对海洋水色遥感仪器定标精度定期监测的需求,提出海洋一号(HY-1)C/D卫星在星上配置具备高光谱分辨率与高辐射定标精度的定标光谱仪的设计方法,实现对同一卫星平台载荷设备的交叉定标。根据交叉定标基本原理,给出HY-1C/D卫星在轨实现交叉定标的流程设计,指出星上定标光谱仪作为参考遥感器需要满足的设计要求,并从工程实际角度对在轨交叉定标精度进行了预估。结果表明:在轨同平台交叉定标设计能够有效提升光学遥感器之间的交叉定标精度。     

星载大气监测光谱仪高精度星上定标技术

大气成分的高精度反演及应用对星载超光谱载荷的辐射精度和光谱精度均提出了更高要求,且随着遥感器运行寿命的不断延长,需建立高精度、高稳定的星上定标系统。文章介绍了一种满足大气监测光谱仪高精度定标要求的星上定标技术,结合时间调制型傅里叶变换光谱仪的技术特点,制定了星上绝对辐射定标、仪器线形函数ILS测量和光谱定标的方案。采用太阳漫反射板定标法实现全口径、全视场、全光路绝对辐射定标,定标漫反射板在光谱仪光路的最前端将太阳光谱引入,通过已知的大气层外太阳光谱照度和地面标定的漫反射板双向反射分布函数BRDF确立星上绝对辐射定标基准。设置参考漫反射板进行在轨性能衰减的监测和校正,采用的QVD漫反射板具有高稳定性,可保证全寿命周期内星上绝对辐射定标精度优于5%。星上设置单色稳频激光器对光谱仪的仪器线形函数进行定期监测,以评估光谱仪的光谱分辨率等光学性能的在轨状态。利用太阳光谱和大气光谱中的特征谱线进行在轨波长校正。     

“高分五号”卫星概况及应用前景展望

"高分五号"卫星是中国高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项中实现高光谱分辨率观测的卫星,运行于高度705km的太阳同步轨道,装载可见短波红外高光谱相机、全谱段光谱成像仪、大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪、大气主要温室气体监测仪、大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪、大气气溶胶多角度偏振探测仪等6台有效载荷,具备高光谱与多光谱对地成像、大气掩星与天底观测、大气多角度偏振探测、海洋耀斑观测等多种观测手段,获取从紫外至长波红外(0.24~13.3μm)高光谱分辨率遥感数据;载荷的光谱分辨率最高可达0.03cm~(–1),具备在轨定标功能,绝对辐射定标精度优于5%,光谱定标精度最高可达0.008cm~(–1)。卫星将在环境综合监测、国土资源调查和气候变化研究等方面发挥重要作用。     

HJ-1B卫星红外多光谱相机星上定标精度分析

介绍了"环境一号"B(HJ-1B)卫星红外多光谱相机在轨辐射定标的目的以及星上定标的原理,分析了星上定标算法的精度。利用星上零级数据对星上定标系统的测控精度和工作稳定性进行研究,并在此基础上分析了定标数据的处理精度。HJ-1B卫星发射以来共对红外相机热红外通道进行了7次星上定标,为了监测定标系统的精度变化,文章利用MODIS-31、32通道辐亮度对HJ-1B卫星上定标系统精度进行检验,考虑MODIS传感器本身定标的不确定度恒定,分析结果表明自HJ-1B卫星发射以来星上定标系统相对精度发生了衰减。     

"委遥二号"卫星长波红外通道在轨辐射定标

"委遥二号"卫星作为中国整星出口委内瑞拉的第二颗遥感卫星,搭载了一台高分辨率相机和一台红外相机,红外相机提供60m像元分辨率的2个长波红外通道。文章针对长波红外通道,采用星上黑体定标方法获得内定标系数,以具有较高绝对辐射定标精度的日本气象卫星H8作为参考传感器进行交叉定标,获取相机长波红外通道内外定标转换系数,最后通过场地实测数据来进行验证。结果表明,通过星上定标和交叉定标相结合的方式获取的绝对定标系数与地面测量计算得到的绝对定标系数相比,入瞳处等效亮温误差在1.5K以内,满足热红外通道绝对定标要求和数据使用要求。     

全谱段光谱成像仪系统设计及实现

全谱段光谱成像仪是"高分五号"卫星上的一个重要的对地观测有效载荷,具有谱段多、空间分辨率高、辐射定标精度高的特点。载荷设计寿命8年,以60km幅宽、推扫成像方式,获取地球表面0.45~12.5μm谱段范围的辐射数据。可见近红外短波谱段(B1-B6)星下点空间分辨率20m,绝对辐射定标精度5%;中长波红外谱段(B7-B12)星下点空间分辨率40m,绝对辐射定标精度1K(300K时)。该载荷集成度高、技术指标先进,使中国多光谱光学遥感器在谱段数量、空间分辨率、辐射分辨率和辐射定标精度上都有了大幅提升。文章对载荷的方案、技术特点和先进性等进行了介绍,并对后续的应用方向进行了展望。     

高光谱观测卫星及应用前景

介绍了我国高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项中第一颗实现高光谱分辨率观测的高光谱观测卫星(GF-5)卫星及其应用前景。该卫星设计运行于高度705km的太阳同步轨道,装载可见短波红外高光谱相机、全谱段光谱成像仪、大气主要温室气体监测仪、大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪、大气气溶胶多角度偏振探测仪、大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪共6台有效载荷。卫星的光谱分辨率高且谱段全,具备高光谱与多光谱对地成像、大气掩星与天底观测、大气多角度偏振探测、海洋耀斑观测等多种观测模式,获取从紫外至长波红外(0.24~13.3μm)高光谱分辨率遥感数据;数据辐射分辨率高,载荷的光谱分辨率最高0.03cm-1,具备在轨定标功能,绝对辐射定标精度优于5%,光谱定标精度最高0.008cm-1;长波红外空间分辨率高;高码速率数传;高可靠长寿命设计。卫星入轨后将在环境综合监测、国土资源调查和气候变化研究等方面发挥重要作用。其典型应用有陆表环境综合观测、陆表局地高温及城市热岛效应监测、矿物填图、大气成分全球遥感监测和大气污染气体监测等。     

用于地球研究的高级成像光谱仪

俄国圣彼得堡光学精密机械学院的空间光谱测量研究实验室。在用于地球以及大小行星的光学遥感成像光谱仪研究和制造方面,均有实践经验,文中介绍了他们研制的几种紫外、可见光和红外成像光谱仪。     

DQ-1宽幅成像光谱仪发射前载荷定标技术

大气环境监测卫星作为国家民用空间基础设施规划中的科研卫星,其遥感应用需求对其载荷的定量化精度要求越来越重要。宽幅成像光谱仪作为大气环境监测卫星中的主要载荷,可获取光谱范围从可见光至长波红外(0.415~12.000 μm)的陆表和大气多光谱信息。采用45°扫描镜配合消旋系统的扫描方式,光路结构采用同轴望远镜系统,实现3个探测器焦面上21个谱段的同时对地的超宽幅高空间分辨率成像。为了准确地获取能量和仪器响应之间的定量关系,在卫星发射前开展宽幅成像光谱仪全光路、全口径辐射定标试验,分别介绍了可见到短波谱段积分球定标技术和中长波谱段热真空红外定标技术,为用户定量应用提供了良好的保障,并对定标过程中传递路径下的误差来源及精度进行分析评估。     

用于地球研究的高级成像光谱仪

俄国圣彼得堡光学精密机械学院的空间光谱测量研究实验室，在用于地球以及大小行星的光学遥感成像光谱仪研究和制造方面，均有实践经验，文中介绍了他们研制的几种紫外，可见光和红外成像光谱仪。     

空间红外望远镜(SIRTF)

文章介绍了空间红外望远镜装置SIRTF(SpaceInfraredTelescopeFacility)的用途 ,详细介绍了SIRTF上携带的低温望远镜装置CTA(CryogenicTelescopeAssembly)和 3台成像仪器 :红外阵列相机IRAC(In fraredArrayCamera)、红外光谱仪IRS(InfraredSpectrogram)和多谱段成像分光计MIPS(MultibandImagingPho tometerforSIRTF)。     

成像光谱仪编程选择波段数据采集系统的研究

随着成像光谱仪的发展,遥感数据量越来越大,这对电子学系统中的数据采集、传输和处理带来了一定的困难。基于目前技术和数据的实用性两方面考虑,采用编程选择波段的方法能够很好地解决数据量日益增大的问题,国内外的一些方案中已经对此有了一定的设想,即通过遥控指令改变波段数目、光谱取样间隔或波段的重组,这一切都要求有一个灵活性强、通用性好的数据采集系统,能够对不同的选择情况正确地收集用户所需的数据。文中对数据采集的可行性进行了研究,并提出了一个较为容易实现的方案。     

基于小孔成像技术的中能电子成像谱仪及其空间观测结果

中能电子测量对空间辐射环境的理论研究和空间航天器的防护设计具有重要意义。北京大学研制的中能电子成像谱仪(BD-IES)利用小孔成像技术实现多方向中能电子的能谱测量。地面标定试验结果表明,BD-IES具有良好的能量线性度和较小的系统噪声,能够有效实现对中能电子的能谱测量。该仪器已成功应用在我国导航卫星上。最新测量结果表明BD-IES对中能电子的测量是成功的,其结果对于研究如亚暴注入、波-粒子相互作用等空间物理热点问题具有重要意义。BD-IES未来将被应用到"风云"等空间环境探测平台上。     

Near-infrared detection of potential evidence for microscopic organisms on Europa

The possibility of an ocean within the icy shell of Jupiter's moon Europa has established that world as a primary candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life within our Solar System. This paper evaluates the potential to detect evidence for microbial life by comparing laboratory studies of terrestrial microorganisms with measurements from the Galileo Near Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (NIMS). If the interior of Europa at one time harbored life, some evidence may remain in the surface materials. Examination of laboratory spectra of terrestrial extremophiles measured at cryogenic temperatures reveals distorted, asymmetric nearinfrared absorption features due to water of hydration. The band centers, widths, and shapes of these features closely match those observed in the Europa spectra. These features are strongest in reddish-brown, disrupted terrains such as linea and chaos regions. Narrow spectral features due to amide bonds in the microbe proteins provide a means of constraining the abundances of such materials using the NIMS data. The NIMS data of disrupted terrains exhibit distorted, asymmetric near-infrared absorption features consistent with the presence of water ice, sulfuric acid octahydrate, hydrated salts, and possibly as much as 0.2 mg cm(-3) of carbonaceous material that could be of biological origin. However, inherent noise in the observations and limitations of spectral sampling must be taken into account when discussing these findings.     

空间大气成分探测傅立叶变换红外光谱仪

文章阐述了用于空间大气成分探测傅立叶变换红外光谱仪的国外发展状况,主要介绍了几种国外先进的高分辨率空间大气探测用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪的结构、应用范围和技术指标,比较了这几种设备的优缺点和技术特点。     

MESSENGER at Mercury: Early orbital operations

The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, launched in August 2004 under NASA's Discovery Program, was inserted into orbit about the planet Mercury in March 2011. MESSENGER's three flybys of Mercury in 2008–2009 marked the first spacecraft visits to the innermost planet since the Mariner 10 flybys in 1974–1975. The unprecedented orbital operations are yielding new insights into the nature and evolution of Mercury. The scientific questions that frame the MESSENGER mission led to the mission measurement objectives to be achieved by the seven payload instruments and the radio science experiment. Interweaving the full set of required orbital observations in a manner that maximizes the opportunity to satisfy all mission objectives and yet meet stringent spacecraft pointing and thermal constraints was a complex optimization problem that was solved with a software tool that simulates science observations and tracks progress toward meeting each objective. The final orbital observation plan, the outcome of that optimization process, meets all mission objectives. MESSENGER's Mercury Dual Imaging System is acquiring a global monochromatic image mosaic at better than 90% coverage and at least 250 m average resolution, a global color image mosaic at better than 90% coverage and at least 1 km average resolution, and global stereo imaging at better than 80% coverage and at least 250 m average resolution. Higher-resolution images are also being acquired of targeted areas. The elemental remote sensing instruments, including the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer and the X-Ray Spectrometer, are being operated nearly continuously and will establish the average surface abundances of most major elements. The Visible and Infrared Spectrograph channel of MESSENGER's Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer is acquiring a global map of spectral reflectance from 300 to 1450 nm wavelength at a range of incidence and emission angles. Targeted areas have been selected for spectral coverage into the ultraviolet with the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVVS). MESSENGER's Mercury Laser Altimeter is acquiring topographic profiles when the slant range to Mercury's surface is less than 1800 km, encompassing latitudes from 20°S to the north pole. Topography over the remainder of the southern hemisphere will be derived from stereo imaging, radio occultations, and limb profiles. MESSENGER's radio science experiment is determining Mercury's gravity field from Doppler signals acquired during frequent downlinks. MESSENGER's Magnetometer is measuring the vector magnetic field both within Mercury's magnetosphere and in Mercury's solar wind environment at an instrument sampling rate of up to 20 samples/s. The UVVS is determining the three-dimensional, time-dependent distribution of Mercury's exospheric neutral and ionic species via their emission lines. During each spacecraft orbit, the Energetic Particle Spectrometer measures energetic electrons and ions, and the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer measures the energies and mass per charge of thermal plasma components, both within Mercury's magnetosphere and in Mercury's solar-wind environment. The primary mission observation sequence will continue for one Earth year, until March 2012. An extended mission, currently under discussion with NASA, would add a second year of orbital observations targeting a set of focused follow-on questions that build on observations to date and take advantage of the more active Sun expected during 2012–2013. MESSENGER's total primary mission cost, projected at $446 M in real-year dollars, is comparable to that of Mariner 10 after adjustment for inflation.     

星载红外相机相对定标算法研究

文章针对红外相机双面镜旋转多元并扫成像方式的特点,对其相对定标算法进行了研究。首先分析了探元A／B面响应差异,然后介绍了算法原理,采用不同的定标算法获得了定标校正系数,并对定标数据和在轨图像进行了相对辐射校正,验证了算法的正确性和结果的有效性,最后在定标系数校正的基础上,进一步改进了像质。     

Aerospace technology transfer to breast cancer imaging

In the United States in 1996, an estimated 44,560 women died of breast cancer, and 184,300 new cases were diagnosed. Advances in space technology are now making significant improvements in the imaging technologies used in managing this important foe. The first of these spinoffs, a digital spot mammography system used to perform stereotactic fine-needle breast biopsy, uses a backside-thinned CCD developed originally for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer. This paper describes several successful biomedical applications which have resulted from collaborative technology transfer programs between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health (OWH). These programs have accelerated the introduction of direct digital mammography by two years. In follow-on work, RTI is now assisting the HHS Office on Women's Health to identify additional opportunities for transfer of aerospace, defense, and intelligence technologies to image-guided detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer. The technology identification and evaluation effort culminated in a May 1997 workshop, and the formative technology development partnerships are discussed.     

基于改进的PRI方法对植被冠层叶绿素含量的反演

叶绿素是植被光合作用的重要色素，对植被的健康状况有直接的指示作用。利用遥感技术准确、快速地获取植被叶绿素含量对精准农业具有重要意义。文章在对各种光化学植被指数（Photochemical Reflectance Index，PRI）与叶绿素含量进行敏感性分析的基础上，提取出对叶绿素变化较为敏感的组合形式，并考虑土壤背景的影响，提出了一种改进的PRI模型，同时利用在小汤山试验田获取的地面采样数据和实用模块化成像光谱仪（Operative Modular Imaging Spectrometer，OMIS）数据进行验证。结果表明，基于OMIS高光谱数据，模型能够很好地对植被冠层的叶绿素含量进行反演，反演的叶绿素含量与实测值具有较好的相关性。     

Processing/analysis capabilities for data acquired with hyperspectral spaceborne sensors

The Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis System (ISDAS) is being developed by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates on Sun Microsystems SPARC workstations using the Application Visualization System (AVS) software package to meet the requirements for efficient processing and analysis of hyperspectral data acquired with airborne as well as future spaceborne sensors. Various visualization tools have been developed for rapid exploratory analysis together with preprocessing and information extraction tools for numerical analysis. Linkages to a spectral database and a conventional image analysis system were established to support the analysis. ISDAS is being used for multidisciplinary applications development in areas such as agriculture, environment, and exploration geology using physically based analysis approaches to retrieve information from hyperspectral data. This continuing effort, in collaboration with industry will lead to streamlined procedures that are important to take hyperspectral satellite remote sensing towards an operational mode.