Closed cycle coolers for space applications

Single stage Stirling coolers providing refrigeration at around 80 K have been developed for space use and are now being produced commercially. Development work is now concentrating on multistage coolers for temperatures below 30 K. This paper describes results from a two stage cooler built at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and preliminary tests on a closed cycle 4 K cooler.     

The effect of realistic surface properties on low temperature space observatories

We highlight the effect on space-telescope temperatures of thedirectionality of the radiative properties of materials, by showing results from a Monte-Carlo simulation of telescope cooling. The need for further measurements of directional properties is stressed.     

Applications of Brayton cycle technology to space power

The Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power conversion cycle can be used with a wide range of heat sources for space power applications. These heat sources include solar concentrator, radioisotope, and reactor. With a solar concentrator, a solar dynamic ground demonstration test using existing Brayton components is being assembled for testing at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). This 2-kWe system has a turbine inlet temperature of 1015 K and is a complete end-to-end simulation of the Space Station Freedom solar dynamic design. With a radioisotope heat source, a 1-kWe Dynamic Isotope Power System (DIPS) is under development using an existing turboalternator compressor (TAC) for testing at the same NASA-LeRC facility. This DIPS unit is being developed as a replacement to Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) to conserve the Pu-238 supply for interplanetary exploration. With a reactor heat source, many studies have been performed coupling the SP-100 reactor with a Brayton power conversion cycle. Applications for this reactor/CBC system include global communications satellites and electric propulsion for interplanetary exploration. applications. The CBC consists of a heater, turboalternator compressor (TAC), cooler, and recuperator. A mixture of He and Xe is used as the working fluid in the CBC system. The He provides superior heat transfer characteristics in the heater, cooler, and recuperator. The Xe adjusts the molecular weight to provide superior aerodynamic performance for maximized turbine and compressor efficiency. Cycle studies are performed to select the optimum He/Xe molecular weight or He to Xe mixture ratio. The following presents the characteristics and advantages of using the CBC for space power applications, CBC development status, characteristics and applications of the CBC with each of the heat sources, and finally performance projections     

The use of model-based test requirements throughout the productlife cycle

Test requirements, which are generally collected in multiple disparate formats throughout the life cycle of an electronic product, could be used in various applications that reduce test and development cycle times and increase the confidence in the final test program. Unfortunately, test requirements are seldom captured in a consistent format that may be processed by a computer, thus eliminating the possibility of using such requirements in an engineering application. Additionally, such an approach disallows test requirements captured in one segment of the product life cycle to be reused in subsequent life cycle stages. This paper describes a model-based methodology, specifically the Test Requirements Model (TeRM), which can be shown to facilitate the transfer of test-related product information between various stages of the life cycle. This transportability, in conjunction with an exchange format that can be processed by a computer, permits test requirement information to support value-added applications in the engineering process throughout the life cycle of a product     

Electrical power distribution on space based radar satellites

The radar payload on a space-based radar (SBR) satellite could require tens of kilowatts of power distributed to many small loads over a large area. This poses special problems for the power distribution and control system (PDCS). A study that examined the power requirements of an SBR spacecraft is reported. A baseline prime power system, generating about 30 kW, was derived. The proposed distribution network would transmit 240 V at 20 kHz. The voltage would be downconverted in one converter for about 100 transmit/receive modules. The design considerations are discussed, and the baseline PDCS is described     

基于等效系统拟配的人-机闭环系统稳定性研究

对于现代带电传操纵系统飞机,其人-机闭环系统是非线性高阶复杂系统.针对带电传操纵系统人-机闭环系统稳定性问题,运用遗传算法在频域内对人-机闭环高阶系统进行了等效拟配,提出应用根轨迹法对拟配得到的低阶等效系统进行稳定性分析.仿真结果表明,用遗传算法进行等效拟配能够避免初值选择问题,拟配精度较高.所提方法能够考虑到驾驶员环...     

基于AutoCAD环境下常用结构的参数化设计

AutoCAD是机械设计人员最常用的绘图工具,功能非常强大,但常因缺乏常用结构图形库而影响绘图效率,为此,论文提出在AutoCAD环境下采用AutoCAD VBA方式对机械图形中的常用结构进行参数化设计的解决方案.由于常用结构的开发方式类似,便以轴类零件中键槽结构的主视图和剖面图为例,讲述了Access数据库的构建方法、利用ADO方式来开发数据库的过程和编程实现最终图形的过程.     

基于随机有限集的空间碎片群运动状态估计

传统的空间目标监测是建立在单目标状态估计基础之上,在面对突发产生的大量空间碎片时,由于碎片尺寸小,且密集分布以"群"的方式出现,传统单目标处理方法很难奏效。以"群"整体作为处理对象,基于随机有限集(RFS)技术,对"群"的状态特征进行估计。为了解决漏检目标密度分配问题和轨迹关联问题,提出一种面向量测的改进集势概率假设密度(CPHD)滤波器,并结合滤波后的信息处理过程,完成了对低轨空间碎片群的目标密度分布、群内目标数以及群内显著目标的状态估计。在仿真实验中,提出的滤波器表现明显优于传统滤波器和标准CPHD滤波器,且在某些传统滤波器和标准CPHD滤波器已失效的情况下,所提技术仍能有效工作。     

BP神经网络制导弹道导弹的诸元数据制备方法

采用BP神经网络逼近算法,推导、建立了预定关机点及落点坐标与需要速度间的映射关系,并装订上弹,使关机点附近对应的每一个位置都能够映射出相应的需要速度矢量,利用闭路制导关机及导引方法对导弹实施控制。提出了基于BP神经网络制导的数据制备方法,将大量的弹道数据改为以神经网络形式进行制备,有效地缩小了数据存储空间及弹载计算机的计算时间。仿真结果表明,基于BP神经网路的制导方法能够大大提高导弹的制导精度,相应的诸元数据制备方法能够准确地实现神经网络在弹上的映射功能,为该制导方法在弹上的应用奠定了基础。     

Multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation based on kernel regression

The application of high-performance imaging sensors in space-based space surveillance systems makes it possible to recognize space objects and estimate their poses using vision-based methods. In this paper, we proposed a kernel regression-based method for joint multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation. We built a new simulated satellite image dataset named BUAA-SID 1.5 to test our method using different image representations. We evaluated our method for recognition-only tasks, pose estimation-only tasks, and joint recognition and pose estimation tasks. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-arts in space object recognition, and can recognize space objects and estimate their poses effectively and robustly against noise and lighting conditions.     

The seasonal cycle of water on Mars

A review of the behavior of water in the Mars atmosphere and subsurface is appropriate now that data from the Mariner and Viking spacecraft have been analyzed and discussed for several years following completion of those missions. Observations and analyses pertinent to the seasonal cycle of water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars are reviewed, with attention toward transport of water and the seasonal exchange of water between the atmosphere and various non-atmospheric reservoirs. Possible seasonally-accessible sources and sinks for water include water ice on or within the seasonal and residual polar caps; surface or subsurface ice in the high-latitude regions of the planet; adsorbed or chemically-bound water within the near-surface regolith; or surface or subsurface liquid water. The stability of water within each of these reservoirs is discussed, as are the mechanisms for driving exchange of the water with the atmosphere and the timescales for exchange. Specific conclusions are reached about the distribution of water and the viability of each mechanism as a seasonal reservoir. Discussion is also included of the behaviour of water on longer timescales, driven by the variations in solar forcing due to the quasi-periodic variations of the orbital obliquity. Finally, specific suggestions are made for future observations from spacecraft which would further define or constrain the seasonal cycle of water.     

基于近似模型的变循环发动机稳态性能分析及优化

针对变循环发动机可调节变量多的特点,基于变循环发动机稳态性能计算结果,提出了通过构建和利用近似模型对稳态性能进行分析、优化的研究方法,同时还建立了优化求解程序。以超声速巡航工况稳态性能的分析及优化为例,解析了主要变几何部件调节对推力和耗油率的影响,获得了满足优化条件的性能方案。与传统大范围变几何部件参数研究方法对比验证表明,该方法在提高设计效率方面作用显著。为变循环发动机性能分析及控制规律设计提供了一种研究方法。     

基于进发匹配的自适应循环发动机总体性能设计初步研究

建立了自适应循环发动机与进气道的流量匹配数学模型,提出了一种可行的自适应循环发动机总体性能设计方法,并以此为基础对采用FLADE(Fan on Blade)的自适应循环发动机的设计参数选取和性能优化开展了研究。结果表明,自适应循环发动机性能设计,需综合考虑超声速进气道高空大飞行马赫数设计点和发动机地面静止起飞设计点的进发流量匹配需求;发动机设计点FLADE涵道比取值,应随着进气道设计马赫数及该飞行状态下冷却用气需求量的增加而增大。     

基于贝叶斯理论的低循环疲劳寿命模型不确定性量化

为量化低循环疲劳寿命模型中的不确定性因素,利用贝叶斯理论,采用经典的模型校准形式确立了寿命模型的不确定性量化形式,并结合正态性检验对误差项进行验证;应用马尔可夫链-蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法获得了模型参数后验分布的抽样样本,在小子样试验数据条件下确定了低循环疲劳寿命的95%不确定性区间,较好地覆盖了寿命的分散性;对参数样本进行了相关性分析,并将异方差回归概率模型与贝叶斯概率模型进行了比较。最后,利用Morris全局灵敏度分析方法获得了Manson-Coffin模型参数的全局灵敏度指标;同时,验证了在模型参数对先验信息敏感,或者说在先验信息影响极大的情况下,采用无信息先验处理方法的合理性。     

基于滑移网格的临近空间螺旋桨流场数值仿真

基于滑移网格模型,考虑RNG k-ε湍流模型,通过求解三维非定常N-S方程,仿真研究了螺旋桨非定常旋转流场,比较研究了20km临近空间环境下不同前进速度、不同转速下螺旋桨气动性能的异同.结果显示,拉力随转速的增大而增大,效率随转速的增大先增大后减小;桨叶周围的速度及速度场的分布范围,涡流强度的大小及涡流强度的分布范围都随转速的增大而增大;桨叶旋转运动产生的诱导速度对螺旋桨前面流场的影响范围较小,对螺旋桨后面流场的影响范围较大.     

An innovative inertial parameters identification method for non-cooperative space targets based on electrostatic interaction

Inertial characteristics of non-cooperative targets are crucial for space capture and sub-sequent on-orbit servicing.Previous methods for identifying inertial parameters involve proximity operations,which are associated with the risk of collision with non-cooperative targets.This paper introduces a long-range,contactless method for identifying the inertial parameters of a non-cooperative target during the pre-capture phase.Specifically,electrostatic interaction is used as an external excitation to alter the target's motion.A force estimation algorithm that uses measure-ments from visual and potential sensors is proposed to estimate the electrostatic interaction and eliminate the need for force sensors.Furthermore,a recursive estimation-identification framework is presented to concurrently estimate the coupled motion state,weak electrostatic interaction,and inertial parameters of the target.The simulation results show that the proposed method extends the identification distance to 170 times that of the previous method while maintaining high identifica-tion precision for all parameters.     

Star point positioning for large dynamic starsensors in near space based on capsule network

In order to solve the problem that the star point positioning accuracy of the star sensor in near space is decreased due to atmospheric background stray light and rapid maneuvering of platform,this paper proposes a star point positioning algorithm based on the capsule network whose input and output are both vectors.First,a PCTL (Probability-Coordinate Transformation Layer) is designed to represent the mapping relationship between the probability output of the capsule network and the star point sub-pixel coordinates.Then,Coordconv Layer is introduced to implement explicit encoding of space information and the probability is used as the centroid weight to achieve the conversion between probability and star point sub-pixel coordinates,which improves the network’s ability to perceive star point positions.Finally,based on the dynamic imaging principle of star sensors and the characteristics of near-space environment,a star map dataset for algorithm training and testing is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the MAE (Mean Absolute Error) and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of the star point positioning by 36.1%and 41.7%respectively compared with the traditional algorithm.The research results can provide important theory and technical support for the scheme design,index demonstration,test and evaluation of large dynamic star sensors in near space.