The CLFM: A Method of Generating Linear Frequency-Coded Radar Pulses

A simple method of generating a coherent linear frequency-modulated pulse, suitable for use in a radar pulse-compression system, is described. The method, termed CLFM, employs a swept-frequency oscillator with closed-loop control of its phase. The phase-error voltages for the loop are obtained by sampling the waveform at regular intervals. The sampling technique itself is unconventional and avoids the need for large bandwidth circuitry. Results obtained with a demonstration model of the CLFM, generating a signal with a time-bandwidth product of 1000, are described.     

Stabilized Linear FM Generator

A technique for generating high-linearity chirp (linear FM) signals is presented. It uses a delay line and mixer to sense the slope of the output of a swept oscillator, and the difference from desired slope is fed back to correct the oscillator frequency. The technique also improves the coherence of the oscillator. An analysis is performed of the amount of linearization that can be achieved for three possible loop configurations. Experimental results are presented of tests run on a backward wave oscillator (BWO) operating over a bandwidth of 240 MHz with time duration of 120 ?s. The results indicate a linearity corresponding to a phase error (from parabolic) of 30 degrees (peak) and coherence within 5 degrees.     

Optimum Steady-State Position and Velocity Estimation Using Noisy Sampled Position Data

The Kalman filtering technique is used to obtain analytical expressions for the optimum position and velocity accuracy that can be achieved in a navigation system that measures position at uniform sampling intervals of T seconds through random noise with an rms value of ?x. A one-dimensional dynamic model, with piecewise-constant acceleration assumed, is used in the analysis, in which analytic expressions for position and velocity accuracy (mean square), before and after observations, are obtained. The errors are maximum immediately before position measurements are made. The maximum position error, however, can be bounded by the inherent sensor error by use of a sufficiently high sampling rate, which depends on the sensor accuracy and acceleration level. The steady-state Kalman filter for realizing the optimum estimates consists of a double integrator, the initial conditions of which are reset at each observation.     

宽带信号去斜脉冲压缩处理方法的研究

宽带信号广泛应用于雷达、导航和卫星通讯等领域。宽带信号的传统接收处理方法主要是采用匹配滤波或子带分割技术。本文用去斜脉冲压缩处理方法处理宽带信号,给出了具体的实现结构和改进措施,分析了如何选择系统的信号采样频率,同时还给出了脉压波形的仿真结果及性能分析。实验表明:对中心频率为9.5GHz、带宽1.3GHz、脉冲宽度30μs的宽带线性调频信号,采用该方法处理只需90MHz采样数据率,大大降低了数据采集的难度。     

基于梳状谱发生器的毫米波相参脉压模拟器

研制了一种基于梳状谱发生器的全相参脉冲压缩毫米波雷达目标射频回波模拟器。通过与被测雷达共用基准频率参考信号,结合梳状谱发生器及DDS,保证了输出信号和雷达发射信号的相参性和快速频率跳变,实现较好的相位噪声性能和杂散抑制。该系统输出为Ka波段,带宽2GHz,步进100kHz,相位噪声小于一80dBc@1kHz,跳频时间小于2μs。     

短波信道数字传输脉冲成形技术研究

短波窄带信道上的数据传输,要求将信号的带宽限制在3kHz语音频带内,当系统带宽小于数据信息所需的奈奎斯特最小带宽时,脉冲时域范围的扩展产生的码间串扰会降低系统的误差性能。文章阐明了脉冲成形技术可以压缩信号的频谱,分析了恰当选择的平方根升余弦脉冲成形滤波器可以明显提高短波信道数据传输的误差性能。     

Modified Barker Code Approximating Huffman's Impulse-Equivalent Sequence

It is shown by use of D.A. Huffman's polynomial representation for a finite sequence of contiguous pulses in a pulse train that Barker's binary-coded sequences can be modified, by a weighting of pulse amplitudes, to a condition where time sidelobes in the pulse compressed signal are substantially reduced. In such a pulse amplitude modification there is a sacrifice in pulse train energy since each pulse does not have maximum energy. Results here are provided for Barker's sequence of length 13 only.     

Frequency-Agility Processing to Reduce Radar Glint Pointing Error

A technique to reduce radar pointing errors due to glint using frequency agility and amplitude weighting is presented. The reduction in rms tracking error is developed into an equation dependent upon the original glint tracking error, ?g, and the number of returns weighted, N. The rms tracking error is thereby reduced approximately by a factor of N. Finally, the equation formulated allows one to evaluate the reduction in glint error versus the number of frequencies chosen for frequency agility.     

Performance Analysis of Monopulse Receivers for Secondary Surveillance Radar

In modern secondary surveillance radar (SSR) the monopulse technique is currently introduced for the measurement of the azimuth of the targets. The monopulse technique is based on a suitable processing of signals received by a multiple antenna. In SSR the signals are generated by a transponder on the aircraft as replies to interrogations from ground equipment, and consist of trains of pulses. The monopulse measurements can be carried out on the basis of a single pulse from each train, so that it provides a great number of azimuth estimates. Many monopulse measurement devices exist, corresponding to different processing techniques. From the point of view of accuracy and precision, their behaviors differ with respect to the sources of errors, both internal (noise and imperfect calibrations) and external (interference and propagation effects). The four main types of monopulse receivers are analyzed here with respect to the effects of the internal error sources on the resulting measurement accuracy. After an introductory discussion of the performances of the receivers, a detailed analysis is carried out on the basis of a general mathematical model. The results are given in an analytical form and in some comprehensive diagrams.     

A Clutter Reduction Technique for Random Signal Radars

The performance of certain radars is degraded in environments with significant clutter returns, and since the clutter is signal-generated, increasing the transmitted power does not improve the situation. However, changing the pulse width and pulse period of the transmitted signal can increase the input signal-to-interference ratio. In this correspondence, the transmitted signal is made up of pulses of random waveforms and the receiver is a correlator where the reference signal extends over many pulses. An expression for input signal-to-interference ratio as a function of pulse width and period is obtained for the case of a distributed target. This expression could be maximized by any of several methods, but to further elucidate the clutter reduction technique, contour plots of the input signal-to-interference ratio are presented.     

基于电流阈值的开关磁阻电机位置估计容错分析

在基于双电流阈值的位置估计基础上,提出了一种考虑电流传感器故障和估计误差补偿的位置估计容错技术。通过双电流阈值与脉冲电流峰值比较估计位置检索脉冲信号,利用开关磁阻电机相与相之间的独立性,利用正常相的电磁信息间接估计传感器故障相的转子位置信号。通过仿真计算得到转速对位置估计误差的影响,并提出了位置误差补偿措施。在一台12/8结构样机中进行了相关试验,试验结果表明,所提方法提高了无位置传感器技术的容错性,验证了该算法的正确性和可行性。     

Theoretical analysis of the sequential lobing technique

A theoretical analysis of the sequential lobing technique for target angle tracking is presented. The signal power received by each antenna beam is assumed to pass through a logarithmic amplifier. A rigorous statistical approach is adopted in the analysis for both non-fluctuating and fluctuating targets. Closed form expressions are derived for the normalized mean error and rms error of the angle estimate for Swerling 0, I, II, and III targets. Results are compared with those obtained using a simplified approach for the non-fluctuating target     

Contiguous pulse binary integration analysis

The probability of detecting m or more pulses contiguously-that is, in a row-from a pulse train of n pulses is determined when the detection of each pulse is an independent Bernoulli trial with probability p. While a general closed-form expression for this probability is not known, we present an analytical procedure that gives the exact expression for the probability of interest for any particular case. We also present simple asymptotic expressions for these probabilities and develop bounds on the probability that the number of pulses that must be observed before m contiguous detections is greater than or less than some particular number. We consider the implications for binary integration in radar and electronic warfare problems     

Noise Prediction for Rate Multiplier and Binary Adder Frequency Synthesizers

The theory for design of a rate multiplier or a binary adder frequency synthesizer for a specified level of noise attenuation is developed. Examples are presented to demonstrate the design procedure and the pattern of the pulse train output. The phase jitter associated with each pulse is characterized and illustrated in the time domain. The maximum absolute phase deviation is used as a measure of the phase modulation amplitude of the pulse train. Computer simulation resulted in simple equations approximating the amplitude of worst case spectral components.     

Leading Edge Estimation Errors

The leading edge estimator (LEE) of a pulse signal is defined as the instant at which a filtered version of the received noisy signal passes a preset threshold. A rigorous analysis for a rectangular pulse model of the signal results in an exact probability density function for the LEE, valid within the time interval of the leading edge of the filtered pulse. Possible occurrence of the threshold crossing outside of this interval is considered to be an anomalous estimate, since it leads to a gross error in comparison with the regular cases. It is found that the density function of the LEE error is asymmetrical and therefore biased, that the probability PA of anomalous estimation increases with the filter bandwidth, thus setting a well definable limit to the latter and that, for prespecified PA, the minimum bias and variance are proportional, respectively, to R-1 and R-2, minima being obtained by allowing for the largest bandwidth compatible with PA. On the other hand, for given bandwidth the variance decreases only as R-1. Here R is the signal-to-noise energy ratio. Results are presented in form of parameterized graphs.     

Reduction of Radar Tracking Errors with Frequency Agility

Frequency agility with random frequency in each pulse gives an improvement in radar angle tracking with a monopulse radar. With a conical-scan tracking radar, the glint error is reduced but fading error can be increased, and the net result must be studied in each case. A theory, usable for calculating angle tracking errors with a frequency agile radar, is given, and two examples showing the error reduction are presented. According to the theory, one part of the glint or fading spectra is ``smeared out' to half the pulse repetition frequency. Another part, the size of which depends on the degree of correlation between pulses, keeps the form of the original spectrum.     

The Detection of Moderately-Fluctuating Rayleigh Targets

Pulse train detection of fluctuating targets whose coherence time is long compared to the time between pulses and short compared to the pulse train duration is compared for two systems: (1) a recursive digital optimal receiver operating in conjunction with a coherent pulse train transmitter, and (2) a good (but not optimal) receiver operating with a block coherent frequency-hopping transmitter. The equivalence of this type of problem to noise-in-noise detection problems is demonstrated, the performance relations for both systems are derived and comparisons are made.     

Reduction of sidelobe self-interference in an agile beam radar

In an agile beam phased array radar, the beam is often multiplexed over several angular positions, and “listens” in each position only over an instrumented range that may be a fraction of the unambiguous range as determined by the pulse repetition period in each position. After transmitting a pulse in a given direction, the beam is switched, essentially instantaneously, to another position, after the instrumented range delay. In this second position, echoes from the first position, from multiple trips of the instrumented range, enter the one-way angular sidelobes of the first position. This interference is compounded if there are several beam positions in a pulse repetition period. The author proposes a method of phase coding the pulses in such a way that the pulse-to-pulse phase variation in each direction is orthogonal to every other phase code in the other directions. The codes are Walsh functions. These are sets of binary valued (+1 or -1) functions such that all of the functions in the set are mutually orthogonal. Not every possible number N of pulses in each direction and number K of beam positions can be accommodated, but a large variety of such combinations can be accommodated. Several examples are given. The combination of low one-way sidelobes and orthogonality (or near orthogonality) of the phase codes should provide for very stringent sidelobe self interference rejection     

Error Covariance Analysis of a Karhunen-Loeve Random Field Estimator

An error covariance analysis of a two-dimensional Karhunen-Loeve random field estimator (KLE) for gridded gravity data is presented without actually using the data. Attention is focused particularly on the north-south deflection component of the disturbance vector so that the rms value of its residual error may not exceed 3 percent of the signal rms for grid spacing of not less than 5 nm, when signal-to-noise ratio in the data is varied within reasonable limits. To achieve this rather stringent goal, a discrete KLE derived entirely from a two-dimensional grid configuration is needed. The KLE for geodesy applications was developed initially by Bose. Using continuous measurements and the orthogonality relations of the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) eigenvectors in a continuous domain, continuous KL gain coefficients ?mnj and consequently the continuous KL gain vector Kmn were obtained; thus a satisfactory continuous KLE was achieved. However the discrete version of the KLE was then given by keeping the old (continuous) ?mnj, and simply computing the KL eigenvectors on the grid coordinates to evaluate the discrete KL gain vector Kmn. Clearly this is not a satisfactory discrete KLE since , ?mnj are not constants but rather depend on the measurement noise variances. So if the measurements are now going to be discrete, one must rederive ?mnj for this situation.     

Range Resolution of Targets

The problem of resolving targets in range is formulated as a hypothesis-testing problem. A generalized likelihood approach is developed and very good results are obtained, e. g., targets separated by more than a pulsewidth can almost always be resolved, Specifically, simulations showed that when using a sampling rate of 1.5 samples per pulsewidth, two 20 dB nonfluctuating targets can be resolved at a resolution probability of 0.9 and at a false-alarm probability of 0.01 at separations varying between ? and ? of a pulsewidth, depending on the relative phase difference between the targets. The effect of increasing the sampling rate was investigated and it appears that there is only marginal benefit in increasing the sampling rate beyond 1.5 samples per pulsewidth. Finally, the generalized likelihood approach was compared to several easily implemented adhoc approaches and an adhoc approach involving fitting a pulse shape to the data is only slightly (approximately 10%) less accurate than the likelihood approach.