基于区实混合序列相似度的异步不等速率航迹关联算法

在分布式多目标跟踪系统中,由于局部传感器开机时间、采样频率以及通信延迟不同等原因,导致来自各传感器的局部航迹往往是异步不等速率的。目前一般的方法是先进行时域配准再进行航迹关联,但是在同步化的过程中,航迹估计值的误差会发生传播,影响航迹关联的性能。针对此问题,提出了一种基于区实混合序列相似度的异步不等速率航迹关联算法。算法首先通过区间数-实数混合序列变换(IRST)得到等长度的航迹行为序列,然后定义一种新的序列差异信息度量,得到混合序列的相似度,以此进行航迹关联判定。仿真实验表明,该算法可以有效地解决异步不等速率航迹关联问题,并且通信延迟和数据乱序对算法性能的影响不明显。     

Track monitoring when tracking with multiple 2D passive sensors

A fast method of track monitoring is presented which determines what tracks are good and what tracks have had data association problems and should be eliminated. The philosophy of tracking in a dense target environment with limited central processing unit (CPU) time is to acquire the targets, track them with as simple a filter as will meet requirements, and monitor the tracks to determine if they are still tracking a target or are tracking incorrect returns and should be terminated. After termination the true targets are reacquired. However, it is difficult to determine from simple track monitoring the correct interpretation of a poor track. Poor tracks can be a result of a sensor failure, target maneuver, or incorrect data association. The author describes track monitoring and provides a solution to this dilemma when tracking with multiple two-dimensional passive sensors. The method is much faster than other monitoring methods.<>     

An efficient algorithm for multisensor track fusion

An efficient algorithm for track-to-track fusion by incorporating cross-covariance between tracks created by dissimilar sensors is described. An analytical solution of this problem is complicated if cross-correlation between sensors tracking the same target is taken into account. An explicit solution of the cross-covariance matrix at steady state is derived in terms of an integral. It is shown that solution of this integral involves inversion of a matrix whose elements are functions of parameters of individual trackers. Structure of this matrix is analyzed. An efficient analytical solution for inversion of this matrix is obtained. For fusion of similar sensors, it is shown that this matrix is reduced to the Routh-Hurwitz matrix which arises in the study of steady state stability of linear systems. Numerical results showing the amount of reduction of fused track covariance by taking into account the effects of cross-correlation between candidate tracks for fusion is also presented     

基于高斯混合模型的航迹抗差关联算法

针对雷达系统误差时变、上报目标不完全一致等复杂场景下目标航迹关联问题,采用高斯混合模型（GMM）与航迹间拓扑信息相结合的方法实现航迹抗差关联。将航迹关联问题转化为图像匹配中的非刚性点集匹配问题,建立对非同源航迹具有鲁棒性的高斯混合模型,根据航迹间的邻域拓扑信息决定高斯混合模型中各高斯组成部分的权重,利用期望最大值（EM）算法求解高斯混合模型的最优闭合解,在期望步（E-step）阶段求解航迹的对应关系,在最大化步（M-step）阶段求解非同源航迹比例,最后进行航迹关联判决以获得关联结果。仿真结果表明,该算法在不同系统误差、目标分布密度、探测概率等环境下具有较好有效性和鲁棒性。     

基于PTE的多雷达航迹融合算法

针对杂波背景下的多雷达航迹融合时局部估计误差互协方差矩阵未知的问题,提出基于目标存在概率（PTE）的航迹融合算法,提升了正确航迹率和跟踪精度。首先,通过综合概率数据关联得到单接收站的目标航迹估计集合和对应的目标存在概率。然后,在局部估计误差互协方差矩阵未知的条件下,基于PTE信息提出不带记忆的综合广义凸组合航迹融合算法。进而将前一帧的融合状态进行反馈,提出带记忆的综合广义凸组合航迹融合算法。仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Track-to-track fusion with dissimilar sensors

An analysis is described of a kinematic state vector fusion algorithm when tracks are obtained from dissimilar sensors. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that two dissimilar sensors are equipped with nonidentical two-dimensional optimal linear Kalman filters. It is shown that the performance of such a track-to-track fusion algorithm can be improved if the cross-correlation matrix between candidate tracks is positive. This cross-correlation is introduced by noise associated with target maneuver that is common to the tracking filters in both sensors and is often neglected. An expression for the steady state cross-correlation matrix in closed form is derived and conditions for positivity of the cross-correlation matrix are obtained. The effect of positivity on performance of kinematic track-to-track fusion is also discussed     

Track segment association, fine-step IMM and initialization with Doppler for improved track performance

In this work we present a new track segment association technique to improve track continuity in large-scale target tracking problems where track breakages are common. A representative airborne early warning (AEW) system scenario, which is a challenging environment due to highly maneuvering targets, close target formations, large measurement errors, long sampling intervals, and low detection probabilities, provides the motivation for the new technique. Previously, a tracker using the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator combined with an assignment algorithm was shown to be more reliable than a conventional Kalman filter based approach in tracking similar targets but it still yielded track breakages due to the difficult environment. In order to combine the broken track segments and improve track continuity, a new track segment association algorithm using a discrete optimization approach is presented. Simulation results show that track segment association yields significant improvements in mean track life as well as in position, speed, and course rms errors. Also presented is a modified one-point initialization technique with range rate measurements, which are typically ignored by other initialization techniques, and a fine-step IMM estimator, which improves performance in the presence of long revisit intervals. Another aspect that is investigated is the benefit of "deep" (multiframe or N-dimensional, with N > 2) association, which is shown to yield significant benefit in reducing the number of false tracks.     

Tracking Multiple Targets Simultaneously with a Phased Array Radar

A new technique is described by which radar tracks can be established and maintained in a dense multitarget environment. These targets may fly in formation, maneuver relative to each other, or be on crossing paths. They may fade and reappear, lose their resolution, or become resolved. If the formation members move apart, the formation track is split into separate tracks. Typical requirements for a formation tracking system are stated, followed by a discussion of the principles on which this design is based. The same logic applies both to single targets and to forma. tions. Finally, results from field tests are presented.     

基于分段序列离散度的异步航迹关联算法

为解决异步不等速率航迹关联问题，提出一种基于分段序列离散度的异步航迹关联算法。定义分段混合航迹序列的离散信息度量，给出不等长航迹序列分段划分规则，通过计算离散度，利用经典分配法进行关联判定，并针对多义性问题设置二次检验环节。与传统算法相比，不需要时间对准，且具有不受噪声分布影响的特点。仿真结果表明，算法在航迹异步、传感器采样率不同等条件下均能以较高正确率稳定关联，并可有效分辨航迹交叉、分叉和合并等复杂情况，具有明显的优势。     

Tracking in Clutter using IMM-IPDA?Based Algorithms

We describe three single-scan probabilistic data association (PDA) based algorithms for tracking manoeuvering targets in clutter. These algorithms are derived by integrating the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimation algorithm with the PDA approximation. Each IMM model a posteriori state estimate probability density function (pdf) is approximated by a single Gaussian pdf. Each algorithm recursively updates the probability of target existence, in the manner of integrated PDA (IPDA). The probability of target existence is a track quality measure, which can be used for false track discrimination. The first algorithm presented, IMM-IPDA, is a single target tracking algorithm. Two multitarget tracking algorithms are also presented. The IMM-JIPDA algorithm calculates a posteriori probabilities of all measurement to track allocations, in the manner of the joint IPDA (JIPDA). The number of measurement to track allocations grows exponentially with the number of shared measurements and the number of tracks which share the measurements. Therefore, IMM-JIPDA can only be used in situations with a small number of crossing targets and low clutter measurement density. The linear multitarget IMM-IPDA (IMM-LMIPDA) is also a multitarget tracking algorithm, which achieves the multitarget capabilities by integrating linear multitarget (LM) method with IMM-IPDA. When updating one track using the LM method, the other tracks modulate the clutter measurement density and are subsequently ignored. In this fashion, LM achieves multitarget capabilities using the number of operations which are linear in the: number of measurements and the number of tracks, and can be used in complex scenarios, with dense clutter and a large number of targets.     

Joint integrated probabilistic data association: JIPDA

A new recursive filter for multi-target tracking in clutter is presented. Multiple tracks may share the same measurement(s). Joint events are formed by creating all possible combinations of track-measurement assignments and the probabilities for these joint events are calculated. The expressions for the joint event probabilities incorporate the probabilities of target existence of individual tracks, an efficient approximation for the cluster volume and a priori probability of the number of clutter measurements in each cluster. From these probabilities the data association and target existence probabilities of individual tracks are obtained, which allows track state update and false track discrimination. A simulation study is presented to show the effectiveness of this approach.     

基于航迹分割的航空器噪声预测模型

根据航空器的航迹来预测其影响区域的噪声情况,基于航迹的几何特性,将航迹分成直线段航迹和曲线段航迹两个基本航迹元素;确定了直线段和曲线段的各自影响范围之后,分别计算各航迹段对它们影响区域的噪声值贡献情况;统计了各个航迹段对监测点的噪声影响之后,综合得出整个航迹段对监测点的噪声影响,从而建立了航空器航迹噪声预测的模型。将该模型计算的结果分别和软件模拟数据、实际监测数据进行对比分析,发现该模型在航迹段内对监测点噪声均值的预测较为准确,监测点噪声峰值预测结果更接近实测数据。     

Architectures and algorithms for track association and fusion

Target tracking using multiple sensors can provide better performance than using a single sensor. One approach to multiple target tracking with multiple sensors is to first perform single sensor tracking and then fuse the tracks from the different sensors. Two processing architectures for track fusion are presented: sensor to sensor track fusion, and sensor to system track fusion. Technical issues related to the statistical correlation between track estimation errors are discussed. Approaches for associating the tracks and combining the track state estimates of associated tracks that account for this correlation are described and compared by both theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations     

Directed Subspace Search ML-PDA with Application to Active Sonar Tracking

The maximum likelihood probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) tracking algorithm is effective in tracking Very Low Observable targets (i.e., very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets in a high false alarm environment). However, the computational complexity associated with obtaining the track estimate in many cases has precluded its use in real-time scenarios. Previous ML-PDA implementations used a multi-pass grid (MPG) search to find the track estimate. Two alternate methods for finding the track estimate are presented-a genetic search and a newly developed directed subspace (DSS) search algorithm. Each algorithm is tested using active sonar scenarios in which an autonomous underwater vehicle searches for and tracks a target. Within each scenario, the problem parameters are varied to illustrate the relative performance of each search technique. Both the DSS search and the genetic algorithm are shown to be an order of magnitude more computationally efficient than the MPG search, making possible real-time implementation. In addition, the DSS search is shown to be the most effective technique at tracking a target at the lowest SNR levels-reliable tracking down to 5 dB (postprocessing SNR in a resolution cell) using a 5-frame sliding window is demonstrated, this being 6 dB better than the MPG search.     

基于傅里叶变换的航迹对准关联算法

研究了在组网雷达存在系统误差情况下的目标航迹关联问题,理论分析了雷达系统误差对目标航迹的影响,并将该影响表示为目标航迹的旋转和平移量。在此基础上,提出了一种基于傅里叶变换的系统误差配准前航迹对准关联算法,该算法将组网雷达的航迹数据看做为一种整体信息,采用傅里叶变换理论来估计和补偿组网雷达目标航迹数据到融合中心航迹数据的相对旋转量和平移量,将雷达网中雷达上报的目标航迹数据对准到融合中心,从而不依赖于估计雷达网系统误差,实现了误差配准前的航迹准确关联,能够为后端的系统误差配准提供可靠的关联目标航迹数据。     

基于GMAP.NET的民机试飞二维电子地图设计与研发

电子地图是民机试飞中常见的监控应用,用于实时反映试飞飞机的位置、航迹和空域等信息。但传统的电子地图功能单一,存在无法动态更新空域、不能航后回放以及不支持多架机集中监控等问题,无法满足当前试飞安全监控需求。基于GMAP.NET组件设计研发了一款新的二维电子地图实时监控软件,采用多线程调度、动态图层等技术,集成了时序数据库,在实现多架机试飞航迹实时监控的同时,支持航迹信息的实时存储、回放和空域信息的在线更新。通过在某国产大型客机试飞现场的测试,软件可满足试飞航迹的安全监控需求。     

基于区间灰数的分布式多目标航迹关联算法

研究了存在系统误差条件下分布式多目标航迹关联问题,以异地配置的2D组网雷达为背景,分析了时变系统误差对雷达上报航迹的影响,将误差影响下的目标定位看做一种认知不确定性,并给出两种用区间灰数描述这一不确定性的方法。由此提出了一种航迹关联算法,该算法以区间相离度作为衡量航迹间差异信息的测度,建立灰色关联分析模型,并根据灰关联度排序给出航迹关联对。通过对算法的约束条件进行深层次分析,给出了使用算法的先决条件。在常见系统误差环境下的蒙特卡罗仿真结果表明,算法具有良好的抗差性能和较广泛的适用性。     

基于区间灰数的分布式多目标航迹关联算法

 研究了存在系统误差条件下分布式多目标航迹关联问题,以异地配置的2D组网雷达为背景,分析了时变系统误差对雷达上报航迹的影响,将误差影响下的目标定位看做一种认知不确定性,并给出两种用区间灰数描述这一不确定性的方法。由此提出了一种航迹关联算法,该算法以区间相离度作为衡量航迹间差异信息的测度,建立灰色关联分析模型,并根据灰关联度排序给出航迹关联对。通过对算法的约束条件进行深层次分析,给出了使用算法的先决条件。在常见系统误差环境下的蒙特卡罗仿真结果表明,算法具有良好的抗差性能和较广泛的适用性。     

Multiple target detection using modified high order correlations

This work is concerned with the problem of multiple target track detection in heavy clutter. Using the “modified high order correlation” (HOC) process and a track scoring mechanism a new method is developed to perform data association and track identification in the presence of heavy clutter. Using this new scheme any number of very close, crossing or splitting target tracks can be resolved without increasing the computational complexity of the algorithm. The applicability of the method for continuous detection of target tracks that can originate and terminate at any scan is also demonstrated, In addition, the operating characteristics as a function of the clutter density are also provided. Simulation results on all the cases are presented