500万年后，人类在干吗？

古猿用了约1500万年完成了向猿人的过渡，猿人用了约300万年完成了向古人的过渡。古人用了约30万年完成了向新人的过渡，新人用了约S万年完成了向现代人的过渡，现代人用了约5000年完成了由低级现代人向高级现代人的过渡，     

宽频带中频相位计的研制

比较全面地介绍了-宽带中频相位计的研制过程。论述了相位计的工作原理,给出了系统框图。对各个部件的设计做了介绍,并给出了相位计所达到的技术指标。还介绍了系统测试方法和检定方法,对系统的误差做了分析,并给出了理论计算误差与实测误差的对应关系,提出了今后的进一步设想。     

计算机电磁泄漏测试及防护措施

论述了计算机电磁泄漏的危害及测试的意义,介绍了测试系统的组成,对某国产微型计算机进行了测试,并对其测试数据进行了分析,提出了行之有效的防护措施。     

电容式两相流相浓度传感器的模化与优化

采用有限元法对电容式两相流相浓度传感器进行了计算机辅助设计，建立了电容传感器的有限元模型，分析了模化的误差来源，探讨了如何在优化过程中避免模化误差的影响，给出了优化示例。对两相流的几种典型流型进行了仿真。     

冷镜式露点仪测量精度影响因素分析

介绍了冷镜式露点仪的原理,分析了露点仪测量中的影响因素,针对开尔文效应推导了开尔文方程,通过计算的方法,验证了开尔文效应的影响大小。此外,还分析了乌拉尔效应和过冷水形成过程及原理,并提出了减小这些影响的措施和方法。     

临近空间飞艇外形优化设计与仿真

以临近空间飞艇为对象,针对传统外形设计方法中存在的问题,提出了新的优化设计方法,搭建了流程框架,编制了优化程序。首先研究了遗传算法及多学科设计理论,进而在此基础上建立了飞艇阻力、体面比、应力模型,利用多学科设计理念对飞艇气动、结构、强度进行了一体化设计。其次将遗传算法引入到优化设计当中,并利用Matlab和Fluent开展了联合仿真研究。最后结合实际应用需求进行了算例分析,验证了该方法的可行性和效果。     

超量程位置误差基准桥接测量技术研究

以某类型专用检具为例,介绍了一种基于坐标测量机的利用基准桥接测量其位置误差的方法,对平行度和垂直度参数建立了数学模型并进行了计算推导,给出了实现测量的方法,提升了测量范围和测量能力,同时对测量结果不确定度进行了评定,证实了此方法的可行性。     

月球探测器软着陆机构展开过程的运动学分析

软着陆机构是月球探测器实现软着陆的关键部件。针对一种四腿式软着陆机构方案,论述了该软着陆机构展开的工作原理,分析了机构的奇异性,推导了机构不发生奇异的条件,建立了展开机构的运动学方程组,采用Newton-Raphson法求解了该非线性运动学方程组,获得了主支撑杆运动参数的变化规律。     

汽车转向轮侧滑量测量技术研究

介绍了汽车转向轮侧滑量测量的必要性和基本测量原理,根据其基本原理设计了测量系统的硬件和软件;描述了测量数据的处理方法,并给出了(推导了)基本公式;经过试验验证,本系统达到了设计要求,具有广阔的应用前景。     

展开式薄膜遮光罩设计及重复展开精度研究

针对星敏感器的杂光抑制需求，设计了一种可以实现轴向展开的圆柱状展开式薄膜遮光罩，包括充气支撑管、薄膜蒙皮和挡光环，并完成了各构件的结构和材料设计。建立了薄膜蒙皮的运动学模型，分析了构型随着二面角的变化情况，验证了薄膜蒙皮采用hexagonal折纸样式可以完全折叠和展开。通过试验研究了遮光罩的重复展开精度，包括轴向和径向展开精度等。研制了遮光罩原理样机，并开展了地面展开试验，表明在充气支撑管的驱动下能够顺利展开，为大尺寸遮光罩的工程应用提供了新的技术方案。     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。     

火箭阀门动作量化检测方案设计及试验验证

阀门是运载火箭动力系统关键单机,用于推进剂的加注泄出、贮箱排气、承压安全、贮箱增测压等,实现阀门动作检测对确保阀门正常工作具有重要意义。宇航技术的发展对阀门动作检测提出了更高要求,目前,在飞火箭不能定量判断阀门的关闭程度及密封情况,为此,设计了一种动作可量化检测的阀门结构,并进行了工艺件试验和验证试验,结果表明提出的方案可实现阀门动作量化检测。     

Reevaluation of thermosphere heating by auroral electrons

This paper presents a new calculation of neutral gas heating by precipitating auroral electrons. It is found that the heating rate of the neutral gas is significantly lower than previous determinations below 200 km altitude. The neutral gas heating arises from the many exothermic chemical reactions that take place from the ions and excited species created by the energetic electrons. The calculations show that less than half the energy initially deposited ends up heating the neutral gases. The rest is radiated or lost in the dissociation of O₂ because the O atoms do not recombine in the thermosphere. This paper also presents a new way of calculating the heating rate per ionization that can be used for efficient determination of the overall neutral gas heating for global thermosphere models. The heating rates are relatively insensitive to the neutral atmosphere when plotted against pressure rather than altitude coordinates. At high altitudes, the heating rates are sensitive to the thermal electron density and long-lived species. The calculations were performed with the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) model using a 2-stream auroral electron precipitation model. The heating rate calculations in this paper differ from previous heating rate calculations in the treatment of backscattered electrons to produce better agreement with observed flux spectra. This paper shows that more realistic model auroral electron spectra can be obtained by reflecting the up going flux back to the ionosphere at the upper boundary of the model. In this case, the neutral gas heating rates are 20%–25% higher than when the backscattered flux escapes from the ionosphere.     

基于日地月信息的航天器全弧段自主容积卡尔曼滤波导航

高精度全弧段航天器自主导航是航天应用技术的发展方向,是实现航天器在轨任务执行的前提和基础。文章对仅利用日、地、月等天文信息进行航天器全弧段自主导航方法进行了研究。首先,以航天器轨道动力学方程和航天器与日地月之间的夹角信息及地心距作为自主导航系统的状态模型和观测模型,构建了非线性导航系统模型。其次,给出了全弧段自主导航算法,在日月可见弧段采用非线性容积卡尔曼滤波实现航天器自主导航,在星蚀时段利用航天器轨道动力学模型进行高精度轨道预报。最后,给出了数值仿真算例。结果表明,基于日地月天文信息的航天器全弧段自主导航精度保持在2km以内,能够满足其自主导航的要求。     

电动伺服舵系统动力学建模及颤振分析

舵机动力学对舵系统颤振有最直接影响,其动力学模型的准确建立是颤振分析的关键。以某电动伺服舵系统为对象,分别建立了电机、减速器及控制回路模型。基于其地面振动试验（GVT）数据特征,考虑了减速器中零部件间隙及滚珠丝杠间接触刚度2类非线性因素。动力学仿真结果复现了试验现象,证明了接触刚度和间隙对该伺服舵系统动力学特征的主导作用。在颤振分析中,对比了接触刚度和常数刚度2种假设下,舵机在不同阶跃角指令下的舵偏角响应。发现常数刚度下舵系统仅存在极限环（LCO）和失稳2个域,临界速度不会随间隙大小而变化;而接触刚度下存在稳定、LCO和失稳3个域,且相同风速下,其临界指令角较常数刚度假设更高,但其临界速度却会随间隙增大而减小,甚至小于常数刚度假设,应引起足够重视。      

Unsteady drag measurements for flow over a circular disk

对垂直于来流方向的圆盘进行非定常测力实验,研究上游二维干扰圆杆和圆盘绕流雷诺数(雷诺数范围为0.44×10⁵~2.74×10⁵)对圆盘阻力及其脉动特性的影响.实验结果表明,无论有无上游干扰,圆盘平均阻力系数均不随雷诺数改变.上游干扰圆杆在降低圆盘阻力系数的同时,使圆盘阻力脉动量增大,而且当圆盘绕流雷诺数大于1.84×10⁵时阻力脉动量的增幅将随雷诺数的加大而迅速增加.对圆盘阻力的频谱分析表明,在圆盘上游无干扰时,圆盘绕流形成的螺旋状涡引起的非轴对称波动频率(斯特劳哈尔数为0.135)为阻力脉动的主频.     

100kHz~1MHz频率范围水听器灵敏度激光法校准及其验证

激光法校准水听器灵敏度是一种绝对校准方法，本文介绍了激光法水声声压校准装置的校准原理及主要系统构成，采用激光法对TC4034和BK8103水听器的灵敏度在100kHz~1MHz频率范围进行了校准实验研究，分析了激光法校准装置的测量不确定度，校准结果与三换能器互易法对校准结果进行了对比。结果表明两种校准方法的结果总体上是一致的，校准结果偏差小于两套装置的合成不确定度。本文对导致二者之间偏差的原因进行了分析。     

考虑FDR的测试性测定试验及其相关方法

针对装备研制过程中,缺乏试验手段测定产品测试性水平,确定其与规定要求间的差距的情况,界定了测试性试验和测试性测定试验的概念,在仅考虑测定故障检测率(FDR,Fault Detection Rate)的情况下,研究给出了基于功能相关特征矩阵和重要度特征的故障特征建模方法,构建了二元组故障特征模型,用于测定FDR试验的试验样本选取.在该种试验样本选取方法中,为了减少进行故障注入试验时,注入不同故障样本的工作量和复杂度,充分考虑了试验样本间的等效关系,定义了等价集合和等效样本的概念,并在此基础上给出了考虑等效样本存在的试验结果评估方法.该研究在某型导弹飞控系统中取得了很好的应用.      

Generic procedure for designing and implementing plan management systems for space science missions operations

This paper is one of the components of a larger framework of activities whose purpose is to improve the performance and productivity of space mission systems, i.e. to increase both what can be achieved and the cost effectiveness of this achievement. Some of these activities introduced the concept of Functional Architecture Module (FAM); FAMs are basic blocks used to build the functional architecture of Plan Management Systems (PMS). They also highlighted the need to involve Science Operations Planning Expertise (SOPE) during the Mission Design Phase (MDP) in order to design and implement efficiently operation planning systems. We define SOPE as the expertise held by people who have both theoretical and practical experience in operations planning, in general, and in space science operations planning in particular. Using ESA’s methodology for studying and selecting science missions we also define the MDP as the combination of the Mission Assessment and Mission Definition Phases. However, there is no generic procedure on how to use FAMs efficiently and systematically, for each new mission, in order to analyse the cost and feasibility of new missions as well as to optimise the functional design of new PMS; the purpose of such a procedure is to build more rapidly and cheaply such PMS as well as to make the latter more reliable and cheaper to run. This is why the purpose of this paper is to provide an embryo of such a generic procedure and to show that the latter needs to be applied by people with SOPE during the MDP. The procedure described here proposes some initial guidelines to identify both the various possible high level functional scenarii, for a given set of possible requirements, and the information that needs to be associated with each scenario. It also introduces the concept of catalogue of generic functional scenarii of PMS for space science missions. The information associated with each catalogued scenarii will have been identified by the above procedure and will be relevant only for some specific mission requirements. In other words, each mission that shares the same type of requirements that lead to a list of specific catalogued scenarii can use this latter list of scenarii (regardless of whether the mission is a plasma, planetary, astronomy, etc. mission). The main advantages of such a catalogue are that it speeds-up the execution of the procedure and makes the latter more reliable. Ultimately, the information associated to each relevant scenario (from the catalogue or freshly generated by the procedure) will then be used by mission designers to make informed decisions, including the modification of the mission requirements, for any missions. In addition, to illustrate the use of such a procedure, the latter is applied to a case study, i.e. the Cross-Scale mission. One of the outcomes of this study is an initial set of generic functional scenarii. Finally, although border line with the above purpose of this paper, we also discuss multi-spacecraft specific issues and issues related to the on-board execution of the plan update system (PUS). In particular, we show that the operation planning cost of N spacecraft is not equal to N times the cost of 1 spacecraft and that on-board non-synchronised operation will not require inter-spacecraft communication. We also believe that on-board PUS should be made possible for all missions as a standard.     

纵列式直升机配平计算及稳定性、操纵性分析

为了进行纵列式直升机定直平飞状态的配平计算,建立了两种非线性飞行动力学模型(涡流理论模型和动量理论模型).提出了基于线性小扰动理论和五点中心差分算法的稳定性、操纵性导数计算方法;采用状态空间表达式形式的动力学方程,计算了纵列式直升机非耦合运动状态下的稳定根;以动量理论模型为基础,以MATLAB软件为计算平台,进行了纵列式直升机稳定性与操纵性的分析.最终计算结果与参考数据吻合较好,为纵列式直升机飞行品质研究奠定了基础.