冲击波在变密度、运动介质中的传播

本文得到了点源爆炸波在变密度、运动介质中传播的分析解(ω=2,γ=5/3),讨论了耀斑引起的击波在太阳风中传播的一些特性。发现1AU附近区域恰是击波各种重要效应的过渡区;击波减速等效指数i(D=K(u_o,E_s)R-i(u_o,E_s,R))是介质运动速度u_o.击波能量E_s,和击波传播距离R的函数,通常是小于1/2的,不是自型理论预言的那样简单;太阳风的对流效应使击波可以传播到10-20AU以远,与飞船(先躯者10、11号)新近的观测相吻合。      

几种材料的磁层亚暴环模试验

<正> 一、引言星际空间存在运动着的带电粒子。当太阳风粒子到达地球磁层顶且随着太阳风粒子而来的星际磁场,指向地磁南极时,太阳风中的感应电流产生的附加场使地磁场发生畸变。迎着太阳的一面较为扁平,而背着太阳的一面形成一个很长的磁尾。在磁尾区,太阳风粒子的注入(它们的能量为几十电子伏到几千电子伏)引起了高能粒子的大量增加。这些高能粒子在     

天气尺度到气候尺度太阳风变速对中高纬大气环流的影响

通过对冬季太阳风短时(天气尺度)降速与北大西洋涛动和北极涛动等北半球中高纬度环流指数的时序重叠分析,结合对1963年以来48个冬季太阳风平均速度与北极涛动等指数的相关分析发现,从短时太阳风降速到向亚极光带沉降的辐射带高能电子通量显著下降,北极涛动也有迅速的响应,这预示着从太阳风到大气环流存在天气尺度的短时关系链,在这一时间尺度现有理论中仅有“空间粒子-大气电-云微物理”联系机制能较好地解释;太阳风速度与北极涛动的正相关信号在气候尺度上也有显著体现,太阳风可能通过高能电子沉降与北半球冬季中高纬度环流相联系,这表明太阳风通过大气电-云微物理过程驱动的过程是太阳活动影响气候变化的不可忽视的途径;开展太阳风起源、空间环境与大气(环流、电场)和地磁系统的联合观测及数值模拟是揭示日地天气与气候联系的重要研究内容之一.      

地球同步轨道高能电子通量预报方法研究

统计分析了GOES卫星测量得到的E > 2MeV能道电子通量与地磁Ap指数及太阳风数据的关系, 构建了基于径向基函数RBF的神经网络模型框架, 对GOES-12卫星所处的地球同步轨道高能电子通量进行提前1天的预报, 其对2008-2010年数据预测的效果较好. 另外, 发现在GOES-12卫星观测的E >2MeV能道高能电子达到108 cm-2·d-1·sr-1以上时, FY-2D卫星的测量数据同时达到108 cm-2·d-1·sr-1以上的比例达到90%左右. 通过对FY-2D卫星E >2MeV能道电子通量与GOES卫星E>2MeV电子通量的相关性分析, 建立了FY-2D卫星高能电子预报模型, 预报结果与实测通量符合较好.      

近月空间带电粒子环境——“嫦娥1号”“嫦娥2号”观测结果

“嫦娥1号”（CE-1）、“嫦娥2号”（CE-2）都安装了1台太阳高能粒子探测器（High-energetic ParticlesDetectors,HPD）和2台太阳风离子探测器（Solar Wind Ion Detectors,SWIDs）,进行了月球轨道200 km和100 km空间环境探测,获得了月球轨道空间高能带电粒子（质子、电子和重离子）能谱随时间的演化特征、等离子体与月球相互作用特征以及太阳风离子速度、密度和温度参量。空间环境探测数据分析结果表明：太阳活动低年、空间环境扰动水平相对较低、月球处于太阳风中时,近月空间带电粒子环境的基本特征与行星际空间相比变化不大。CE-1、CE-2在轨运行期间,发现了多起0.1～2 MeV能量电子急剧增加事件,这些事件发生在月球从太阳风运动到磁尾的所有空间区域,其中20%的事件伴随着卫星周围等离子体离子加速。模拟和统计研究表明：能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降导致了离子加速现象的发生;能量电子总流量大于10¹¹ cm^-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负的上千伏。此外,月表溅射与反射太阳风离子、太阳风“拾起”离子等空间环境事件的发现,揭示了太阳风离子和月球存在复杂的相互作用过程。     

地球同步轨道高能电子增强事件预报方法

分析了地球同步轨道高能电子通量增强事件的发生规律及其与太阳风和行星际磁场参数的关系，并在此基础上建立了基于人工神经网络的高能电子增强事件模式，经实测数据检验，预报模式可以对未来1天的高能电子通量进行预报，误差为8．2％，达到了较高水平．     

太阳风中的Alfven波耗散与电子和质子温度分布问题

根据动力论Alfven波耗散机制,详细计算了动力论Alfven波衰减的能量分配给质子和电子的比率.初步解释了高速太阳风中质子温度比电子温度高的事实,定性说明了r＜10R_s时电子快速冷却的原因.      

GEO轨道相对论电子日积分通量预报统计建模

基于辐射带相对论电子哨声波局地加速理论,将地磁AE指数作为源电子通量和通量各向异性的指标,将地磁Dst指数作为损失机制的指标,利用滑动窗口线性滤波器方法,建立了一个地球静止轨道大于2MeV相对论电子预报模型.利用该模型开展了2000-2009年地球静止轨道相对论电子通量预报试验.研究发现,这10年总预报效率为0.818,2003年的预报效率（0.633）最低,2009年的预报效率（0.856）最高.模型预报效果与持续模型相比有很大提高,略低于利用太阳风参数作为输入的同类预报模型的预报效果.这说明即使在缺少太阳风参数的情况下,该模型利用地磁扰动参数也能取得较好的预报效果.当模型输入参数增加了太阳风速度时,即综合考虑了行星际扰动和磁层扰动对辐射带粒子加速过程的影响,模型逐年的预报效率进一步提升.其中,2005年的预报效率提升了9.5%,这10年的总预报效率增加到0.848,预报值与实测值之间的线性相关系数为0.918,均方根误差为0.422.      

太阳风中动力论Alfven波的湍流谱(a)朗道衰减

提出一个太阳风中Alfven脉动湍流的新模式,动力论Alfven波是Alfven波和离子声波非解耦的新波模。由太阳向外传播的各种波长的动力Alfven波的非线性相互作用推导出动力论Alfven脉动湍流功率谱P_k,在Alfven半径以外,P_k∝k-3/2,而在Alfven半径以内,由太阳附近的P_k∝k-1变化成P_k∝k-3/2动力论Alfven脉动在Alfven半径以内完成朗道衰减。新模式克服了以前理论模式遇到的困难。      

上游太阳风中高能电子向同步轨道区的传输

通常认为，同步轨道区的电子通量增加是由于磁暴或者上游太阳风高速流的扰动所引起．近来的观测表明，起源于太阳活动的行星际高能电子也是引起同步轨道电子通量增加的重要原因之一．Zhao等在研究2000年7月14日太阳剧烈活动时发现，同步轨道区相对论电子通量巨幅增加时没有观察到上游太阳风高速流的扰动，并且磁暴发生在电子通量事件之后．采用解析磁场模型和实际磁场模型(T96模型)模拟来自太阳的相对论电子在磁尾中的运动特性．计算结果表明，当行星际磁场南向时，进入到磁尾的行星际相对论电子可以从较远的磁尾区域运动到同步轨道区域．这一研究结果从理论上论证了起源于太阳活动的高能电子可以对同步轨道区相对论电子通量的增加产生重要的作用．     

午后极光强度与太阳风-磁层耦合函数的相关

利用1997年和1998年南极中山站多通道扫描光度计的地面观测数据和Wind卫星在弓激波上游对行星际磁场和太阳风参数的观测数据,对午后高纬极光强度与太阳风-磁层耦合函数之间的相关性进行定量研究.研究表明,午后630.0nm极光强度与太阳风-磁层耦合函数间有很好的相关,而557.7nm的相关性差一些;在考察的所有耦合函数中,午后极光受太阳风电场和能量的影响更直接;同时,行星际磁场的时钟角对午后极光也有很强的控制作用.      

Study of backward propagating Langmuir waves with PIC simulation

The conversion of Langmuir waves into electromagnetic radiations is an important mechanism of solar type III bursts. Langmuir waves can be easily excited by electron beam instability, and they can be converted into backward propagating Langmuir waves by wave–wave interaction. Generally, the backward propagating Langmuir waves are very important for the second harmonic emission of solar type III bursts. In this work, we pay particular attention to the mechanism of the backward propagating Langmuir waves by particle in cell (PIC) simulations. It is confirmed that the ions play a key role in exiting the backward propagating Langmuir waves. Moreover, the electron beam can hardly generated the backward propagating Langmuir waves directly, but may directly amplify the second harmonic Langmuir waves.     

Particle acceleration by coronal and interplanetary shock waves

Utilizing many years of observation from deep space and near-earth spacecraft a theoretical understanding has evolved on how ions and electrons are accelerated in interplanetary shock waves. This understanding is now being applied to solar flare-induced shock waves propagating through the solar atmosphere. Such solar flare phenomena as γ-ray line and neutron emissions, interplanetary energetic electron and ion events, and Type II and moving Type IV radio bursts appear understandable in terms of particle accleration in shock waves.     

Viewing radiation signatures of solar energetic particles in interplanetary space

A current serious limitation on the studies of solar energetic particle (SEP) events is that their properties in the inner heliosphere are studied only through in situ spacecraft observations. Our understanding of spatial distributions and temporal variations of SEP events has come through statistical studies of many such events over several solar cycles. In contrast, flare SEPs in the solar corona can be imaged through their radiative and collisional interactions with solar fields and particles. We suggest that the heliospheric SEPs may also interact with heliospheric particles and fields to produce signatures which can be remotely observed and imaged. A challenge with any such candidate signature is to separate it from that of flare SEPs. The optimum case for imaging high-energy (E > 100 MeV) heliospheric protons may be the emission of π⁰-decay γ-rays following proton collisions with solar wind (SW) ions. In the case of E > 1 MeV electrons, gyrosynchrotron radio emission may be the most readily detectible remote signal. In both cases we may already have observed one or two such events. Another radiative signature from nonthermal particles may be resonant transition radiation, which has likely already been observed from solar flare electrons. We discuss energetic neutrons as another possible remote signature, but we rule out γ-ray line and 0.511 MeV positron annihilation emission as observable signatures of heliospheric energetic ions. We are already acquiring global signatures of large inner-heliospheric SW density features and of heliosheath interactions between the SW and interstellar neutral ions. By finding an appropriate observable signature of remote heliospheric SEPs, we could supplement the in situ observations with global maps of energetic SEP events to provide a comprehensive view of SEP events.     

Ionospheric losses of Venus in the solar wind

The nature of ionospheric losses from Venus is of essential importance for understanding the ionosphere dynamics of this unmagnetized planet. A plausible mechanism that can explain the escape of charged particles involves the solar wind interaction with the upper atmospheric layers of Venus. The hydrodynamic approach proposed for plasma expansion in the present study comprises two populations of positive ions and the neutralizing electrons, which interact with the solar wind electrons and protons. The fluid equations describing the plasma are solved numerically using a self-similar approach. The behavior of plasma density, velocity, and electric potential, as well as their reliance upon solar wind parameters have been examined. It is found that for noon midnight sites, the oxygen ion-to-electron relative density may be the main factor to enhance the ionic loss. However, the other parameters, like hydrogen density and solar wind density and velocity seem to do not stimulate the runaway ions. For lower dawn-dusk region, the plasma are composed of hydrogen and oxygen ions as well as electrons, but for higher altitudes only hydrogen ions and electrons are encountered. All ionic densities play an important role either to reduce or boost the ionic loss. The streaming solar wind velocity has no effect on the plasma escaping for lower altitudes, but it reduces the expansion at higher altitudes.     

太阳风中磁场重联离子扩散区的大尺度特征

利用ACE和WIND卫星2007年1月6日的联合探测, 在1AU附近发现了一个等离子体密度极低的Petschek-like重联喷流区. 该喷流区内部出现了非常明显的Hall双极磁场、等离子体密度下降区以及与Hall电流相符的低能段电子投掷角分布. 这些特征与重联离子扩散区的Hall效应非常吻合, 说明很可能在太阳风中观测到了一个离子扩散区. 分析表明, 与之相关的磁场重联为准稳态快速完全反向重联, 其扩散区以一对慢模波为边界, 空间尺度达到80个离子惯性长度, 表现出了大尺度重联的特征.      

Plasma wave observations during electron gun experiments on ISEE-1

The ISEE-1 electron guns were operated during the final orbits of ISEE-1 in 1987 in tests designed to study the stimulation of plasma waves. The guns were operated in modes which varied from 10-μA, at 10-eV, to 100-μA at 45-eV. Experiments were run on inbound orbits, while moving from the solar wind into perigee on the dusk side. A broadband emission was generally found from 0.1–10-kHz (e.g. below the plasma frequency). Next, a strong signal was typically induced at about 80-kHz, well above the ambient plasma frequency. This is interpreted as being the plasma frequency associated with the “beam” electrons. There were occasionally intensifications of the naturally occurring signals at the electron cyclotron frequency and the electron plasma frequency (or upper hybrid resonance).     

Advances in space research nonlinear dependence of Dst and AE indices on the electric field of magnetic clouds

Using the Dst and AE geomagnetic index values and parameters of interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind we have examined the geoeffectiveness of transient ejections in the solar wind, namely, magnetic clouds and high-speed streams. It is found that for magnetic clouds the dependences of indices on the solar wind electric field are nonlinear of different kind. In contrast to magnetic clouds, the dependence of Dst and AE geomagnetic index values on the solar wind electric field agrees closely with the linear one for high-speed streams. We suggest approximating formulas to describe dependences obtained taking into account the relation of the electric field transpolar potential to the electric field and dynamic pressure of the solar wind. We suppose that the interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations also contribute to these dependences.     

Field formation around negatively biased solar arrays in the LEO-plasma

Heavy emission caused by impacting plasma ions results in a fast discharging effect of the initially large surface potentials on the dielectric solar cells. This eventually counteracts the energization process of the plasma ions to the cover glasses and leaves no significant electric fields. Thus, with an existing thermal plasma, electrons are again able to reach dielectric surfaces. Strong localized electric fields of the order of several 10 kV/cm form near the interconnector-cover glass interface.