故障样本量确定与分配一体化设计方案

针对当前测试性验证领域未能考虑故障样本量确定和样本分配2个环节的相互联系,以及现有样本分配方案对影响因子的选择没有统一的框架,导致确定的故障样本量和样本分配不合理的问题,提出了一种故障样本量确定与分配一体化设计方案。首先,以层次Bayes网络模型为框架,融合各节点测试性指标先验信息得到顶层测试性指标的融合分布,并建立故障样本量确定流程;其次,引入结构重要度作为样本分配影响因子,同时结合故障模式影响及危害性分析（FMECA）信息确定节点和故障模式的样本分配影响因子,提出基于节点和故障模式的二次分配框架实施样本分配;最后,通过实际案例进行对比分析。结果表明:相比其他样本分配方案,所提方案能充分考虑系统结构及其先验信息,进而实现了故障样本量确定和分配一体化方案的设计,保证了所确定的故障样本量和分配的合理性,具备更好的工程适用性。      

基于Bootstrap理论的小子样寿命评估模型

针对航天产品小子样、长寿命的特点,提出了基于Bootstrap理论的小子样寿命评估模型。采用B-样条函数构造Bootstrap样本经验分布函数,进行放回抽样。在此基础上,分别采用非参数Bootstrap方法和参数Bootstrap方法建立了寿命评估模型。采用提出的模型对空心阴极循环点火寿命试验数据进行评估,得到多个寿命特征结果,与传统的参数极大似然估计方法的计算结果进行了对比分析,其评估精度满足工程的应用需求,验证了该模型的工程实用性和有效性。      

Article

Planning for extraterrestrial sample returns--whether from Mars or other solar system bodies--must be done in a way that integrates planetary protection concerns with the usual mission technical and scientific considerations. Understanding and addressing legitimate societal concerns about the possible risks of sample return will be a critical part of the public decision making process ahead. This paper presents the results of two studies, one with lay audiences, the other with expert microbiologists designed to gather information on attitudes and concerns about sample return risks and planetary protection. Focus group interviews with lay subjects, using generic information about Mars sample return and a preliminary environmental impact assessment, were designed to obtain an indication of how the factual content is perceived and understood by the public. A research survey of microbiologists gathered information on experts' views and attitudes about sample return, risk management approaches and space exploration risks. These findings, combined with earlier research results on risk perception, will be useful in identifying levels of concern and potential conflicts in understanding between experts and the public about sample return risks. The information will be helpful in guiding development of the environmental impact statement and also has applicability to proposals for sample return from other solar system bodies where scientific uncertainty about extraterrestrial life may persist at the time of mission planning.     

天宫二号碲化锌晶体生长

在天宫二号飞船综合材料实验炉六工位采用碲熔剂法生长了碲化锌晶体,生长时最高温度为800℃,以0.5mm·h-1的提拉速度向炉膛内部提拉生长晶体.飞行实验后,用相同实验参数在地面进行了对比实验.结果发现,空间样品尾部有一个非常大的橙色结晶区域（约10mm×6mm×2mm）,而地面生长样品中碲化锌晶体尺寸仅为约3mm×3mm×1mm,空间生长的碲化锌晶粒尺寸明显优于地面.空间微重力环境下,由于毛细作用,空间样品的塞子处有Te和ZnTe的外延膜生成.而地面生长的锭条在塞子处只有零星点状气相生产物.因此微重力条件有利于碲化锌晶体材料的生长.      

基于相关性分析的结构可靠性加严试验方法

针对传统结构可靠性试验的验证多是基于载荷应力和结构强度相互独立的假设问题,从应力和强度数据的相关性分析与度量出发,在二者均为正态随机变量的前提下,建立了一种基于Copula函数相关应力-强度干涉模型的结构可靠性加严试验验证方案设计方法。该方法结合Copula函数和应力-强度干涉模型实现相关条件下原可靠性指标与加严条件下可靠性指标的转化,适用于小样本情况下基于传统成败型试验方法评估其可靠性。研究结果表明:相比独立假设,应力和强度呈负相关时,会增加试验样本量且样本量随负相关程度减弱而减少;呈正相关时,会减少试验样本量且样本量随正相关程度增强而减少。     

小天体的多种尺寸颗粒样品收集容器流域的数值模拟

采集小天体表面的样品并返回是当前小天体探测的核心目标之一,样品容器流域设计是氮气激励采样技术的关键.为了保证样品容器具备高效的收集性能,要求样品容器的流域设计能够对样品颗粒形成陷阱效应,并对样品颗粒进行有效的分级.旋风式样品收集容器方案利用旋风离心力和引导叶片的共同作用对样品颗粒进行收集和分级.为了验证这种方案在微重力环境下的性能和可行性,本文利用Fluent软件进行了流域的数值模拟.模拟结果表明:在确定容器的结构下,样品容器的最优氮气入口速度为0.6 m·s-1,容器在该速度下的样品收集效率达到99.7%.样品容器的流域具备很好的颗粒分级功能,对小于2mm的样品颗粒的捕获率超过了90%,其压力损失也在合理的范围之内.本文研究结果可为小天体采样任务提供借鉴.      

利用相似产品信息的成败型产品Bayes可靠性评估

在成败型产品的可靠性评估中,为提高估计精度,经常利用历史数据来确定先验分布.但在工程实际中,历史样本和样本本质上属于不同的总体,这对可靠性评估结果有着显著影响.为此,采用相似系统分析确定历史样本和样本的相似程度,将其归纳为继承因子;然后,根据历史样本信息确定产品可靠性的历史后验,基于无信息先验得到产品可靠性的更新后验;最后通过继承因子,综合历史后验和更新后验,得到产品可靠性的融合后验,并在此基础上进行可靠性推断.该方法不仅充分利用了相似产品信息,而且突出了产品的独有特性.     

新的寻的导弹半实物仿真系统小样本实验方法

针对自寻的制导导弹半实物仿真系统仿真实验造价昂贵的现实,对小样本实验进行了研究,提出了一种新的基于目标机动对命中误差灵敏度和机动分布函数的小样本实验和估算方法.文中描述了目标机动对命中误差灵敏度的拟合正交函数系及其一致收敛性,并用测度理论证明了小样本方法估算期望和方差的逼近的一致收敛性质.文中的理论证明为该小样本实验方法提供了理论依据.通过对半实物仿真系统的大样本和小样本对比实验,证明该方法的统计结果与大样本统计结果非常接近.该方法是一个适应于各种可控变参系统和自寻的制导武器半实物仿真系统小样本实验的崭新方法.     

δ0.05mm薄钢带力学性能测试方法研究

研究了拉伸速率、试样类型、试样表面状态对δ0.05mm薄钢带力学性能测试的影响,通过数据对比,结果表明：拉伸速率对薄钢带的力学性能测试结果影响并不大,而试样的类型和试样的表面状态对力学性能测试结果有很大的影响;表面无缺陷的哑铃型试样可以满足检测要求,提高钢带检验一次合格率。     

基于改进加权响应面的结构可靠度计算方法

在结构可靠度分析中,响应面法由于具有良好的适用性和可操作性,是目前广泛使用的基于代理模型的分析方法。针对响应面法的计算效率和精度难以平衡兼顾等难点问题,提出一种基于改进加权响应面的结构可靠度计算方法。首先,在迭代过程中,同时考虑样本点与验算点距离、极限状态函数值、联合概率密度函数值3个权重因子对样本点进行赋权,采用加权回归并重复利用已有样本点更新不含交叉项的二次多项式响应面函数。其次,在迭代收敛后,选取已有样本点中权重较大的样本点加权拟合含有交叉项的二次多项式响应面函数。最后,结合数值算例和工程案例,通过与传统抽样方法和其他响应面法进行对比,验证了改进加权响应面法的可行性。结果表明所提方法具有较高效率的同时也保证了精度。      

基于多特征融合的航天器锂电池健康评估技术

传统的航天器蓄电池可靠性试验按照最大放电深度进行定额充放电，所构建的失效模型用于支撑航天器总体可靠性设计，不能用于在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估任务；航天器在蓄电池遥测的采样率、精度、样本量方面无法与民用领域相比，基于高采样、大样本的民用蓄电池健康估计方法也不适用于在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估。针对该问题，从在轨航天器蓄电池数据特性出发，挖掘在轨状态下所能提取的退化特征，并采用多特征综合评价方法，设计了一种基于多特征融合的在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估方法，实现了在轨蓄电池放电内阻、同放电深度下的终端电压、恒压充电时间3项退化特征融合的健康量化评估，应用于某型号卫星的在轨监测与健康评估，具有良好的工程实用性，可作为国内航天器健康评估技术的参考。     

基于FMECA信息的测试性验证试验样本分配方法

针对目前国内外测试性验证试验中普遍采用的基于故障率的分层抽样方法考虑因素单一,可能导致样本分配不尽合理,而现有考虑多因素的样本分配方法代表性不足,难以实现工程上的应用的问题,对影响样本分配的因素与故障模式影响及危害性分析(FMECA)信息的关系进行了详细分析,提出了基于FMECA信息的样本分配方法。首先定义了单元影响系数和影响因子向量,提出了向量各元素赋值规则,解决了影响因素选取的问题;其次通过基于逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)优化的层次分析法确定了权值矩阵,实现了样本分配。最后通过实例验证表明该方法考虑因素全面,运用灵活,更具代表性和工程应用价值。     

A sample collector for robotic sample return missions III: Impact survivability studies

Laboratory impact tests have been performed on experimental versions of a proposed robotic sample collector for extraterrestrial samples. The collector consists of a retractable aluminum ring containing an impregnable silicone compound that is pressed into the surface of the body to be sampled. As part of a comprehensive program to evaluate this idea, we have performed tests to determine if the samples embedded in the collector medium can survive the impact forces experienced during direct reentry, such as that of the recent Genesis sample return mission. For the present study, samples of sand, rock, glass, and chalk were subjected to decelerations of 1440–2880 g using drop tests. We found that even the most fragile samples, chosen to be representative of a wide range of the types of materials found on the surface of asteroids that have currently been studied, can withstand impacts of the intensity experienced by a sample return capsule during direct reentry.     

基于记忆关联学习的小样本高光谱图像分类方法

高光谱图像（HSI）分类是遥感领域的基础应用之一。该任务旨在根据部分带类别标签的像素样本训练分类器,预测图像中剩余像素对应的类别标签。在实际应用中,由于人工标记样本成本过高,只能获得少量带标签的样本。针对少量样本无法准确描述数据分布从而导致训练过程过拟合的问题,提出一种基于记忆关联学习的小样本高光谱图像分类方法。考虑到无标签样本中包含大量与数据分布相关的信息,构建基于有标签样本记忆模块,并根据样本间的特征关联,利用不断更新的记忆模块学习无标签样本的潜在类别分布,构建无监督分类模型,并与传统的有监督分类模型进行联合学习。在多个高光谱图像分类数据集上的实验结果表明,所提方法能有效提升小样本高光谱图像分类的准确性。      

Development of a thin section device for space exploration: Overview and system performance estimates

In this paper we present a conceptual design of a spaceborne instrument for the in situ production of rock thin sections on planetary surfaces. The in situ Automated Rock Thin Section Instrument (IS-ARTS) conceptual design demonstrates that the in situ production of thin sections on a planetary body is a plausible new instrument capability for future planetary exploration. Thin section analysis would reduce much ambiguity in the geological history of a sampled site that is present with instruments currently flown. The technical challenge of producing a thin section device compatible with the spacecraft environment is formidable and has been thought too technically difficult to be practical. Terrestrial thin section preparation requires a skilled petrographist, several preparation instruments that individually exceed typical spacecraft mass and power limits, and consumable materials that are not easily compatible with spaceflight. In two companion papers we present research and development work used to constrain the capabilities of IS-ARTS in the technical space compatible with the spacecraft environment. For the design configuration shown we conclude that a device can be constructed that is capable of 50 sample preparations over a 2 year lifespan with mass, power, and volume constraints compatible with current landed Mars mission configurations. The technical requirements of IS-ARTS (mass, power and number of samples produced) depend strongly on the sample mechanical properties, sample processing rate, the sample size and number of samples to be produced.     

The performance of KSC Fixation Tubes with RNALater for orbital experiments: A case study in ISS operations for molecular biology

Molecular biology experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) continue to face challenges of sample harvesting and sample return to earth for post flight analysis; however, the use of Kennedy Space Center Fixation Tubes filled with RNALater has proven to be a robust solution to many of these challenges. While it is clear that one direction of future spaceflight experimentation may be towards enhanced on-orbit analytical capabilities, the rapid progress of earth-bound analytical capacity dictates that facile return of molecular biology samples from the ISS will continue to be a mainstay of space life sciences research and flight operations. In this paper we present a case study of the successful performance of KFTs and RNALater over a broad set of operational conditions of ascent configuration, on-orbit experiment use, on-orbit storage and sample return configurations that are unique to ISS current operations and constraints. We also provide observations on performance limits and discuss deployment opportunities and scenarios that are consistent with continued successful ISS molecular biology experimentation.     

GPS锁定晶振的数据处理方法研究

针对GPS锁定晶振频率标准,提出了一种滑动平均值法滤波方法,通过这种算法建立新的取样值与历史取样值相关性,适当选取取样点数形成滑动滤波窗口,改变的滑动滤波窗口大小,能有效克服GPS接收机输出的1×10-6的波动影响,可以在很短的时间间隔内解算出被控晶振与GPS的偏差值,应用于控制算法,不断修正压控晶振的频率,使压控晶振锁定在GPS上。     

Planetary protection on international waters: An onboard protocol for capsule retrieval and biosafety control in sample return mission

Planetary protection has been recognized as one of the most important issues in sample return missions that may host certain living forms and biotic signatures in a returned sample. This paper proposes an initiative of sample capsule retrieval and onboard biosafety protocol in international waters for future biological and organic constituent missions to bring samples from possible habitable bodies in the solar system. We suggest the advantages of international waters being outside of national jurisdiction and active regions of human and traffic affairs on the condition that we accept the Outer Space Treaty. The scheme of onboard biological quarantine definitely reduces the potential risk of back-contamination of extraterrestrial materials to the Earth.     

丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝特性及TC4成形组织

针对热阴极电子束轴侧熔丝与丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝方法的特点进行分析,研究了丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝增材制造熔滴过渡特点及获得滴状过渡和搭桥过渡方式需要满足的条件。采用直径2 mm的TC4钛合金丝材制备出丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝增材制造的钛合金试样,对其微观组织进行分析,结果表明:与常规热阴极电子束轴侧熔丝成形的工艺相比,丝束同轴冷阴极电子束熔丝成形试样的组织表现为等轴晶与柱状晶层层交替叠加的状态,柱状晶与等轴晶尺寸明显减小,表明成形试样的晶粒细化,力学性能得到提高。      

基于高效搜索方法的可靠性分析改进响应面法

针对结构可靠性计算中广泛应用的响应面法计算量大、迭代效率低等问题,提出了一种基于样本点混合加权和可靠性指标变向搜索的改进响应面法。首先,在传统响应面法的权数选取策略基础上,构建一种考虑样本点与设计点距离和样本点极限状态函数值大小的混合加权方法。然后,对每次响应面迭代求解过程中,由于传统一次二阶矩方法求解效率低等问题,基于变向搜索算法,实现对每一次响应面迭代过程中设计点的有效搜索。算例表明,在一定的计算精度下,所提方法具有很好的收敛性,且大幅减少迭代次数,可以获取高精度的最大失效点和可靠性指标。