Aerospace and military battery applications

This paper gives a review of the papers presented at the IEEE 17th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2002. The topics covered are: Li batteries for satellites, capacity fade of Li-ion cells cycled at different temperatures, Ni-H/sub 2/ battery lifetime, batteries for Mars-exploring vehicles, Li-ion cell performance enhancement at low temperatures, navy service batteries, and US Army man portable applications and mobile power challenges.     

Segmented battery charger for high energy 28 V lithium ion battery

Since they were first introduced in the early 1990s, lithium ion batteries have enjoyed unprecedented growth and success in the consumer marketplace. Combining excellent performance with affordability, they have become the product of choice for portable computers and cellular phones. Building on the same energy and life cycle attributes, which marked their consumer market success, but adding new high power storage capability, lithium ion technology is now poised to play a similar role in the transportation, military, and space sectors. With major program in various aspects of electric and hybrid electric vehicles, Saft has developed a family of battery products that address the power and energy storage where lightweight, long life, and excellent energy or power storage capabilities are needed. Significant progress in the packaging and control of high power, yet compact, batteries has been accomplished for a variety of vehicle applications. This paper discusses the charger and balancing strategies of one of this family of products     

无人战斗机的发展及其关键技术

回顾了无人战斗机（UCAV）的发展背景，简要介绍了目前国外无人战斗机的发展现状和重点研究方向。分析了其关键技术和发展过程中应解决的主要问题，详细介绍了其系统构成和技术要求，研究了未来无人战斗机系统成功的关键技术和人员因素问题，对我国UCAV的研制和发展具有指导意义和参考价值。     

Galileo probe battery system

NASA's pair of Galileo spacecraft arrived at Jupiter on 7 December 1995. The Probe descended into the upper Jovian atmosphere, performing its planned sequence of scientific measurements of the properties of that medium for about an hour. This Probe has been the most ambitious planetary entry vehicle to date. It evolved over several years of planning and construction, its launch was postponed many times, for a variety of reasons; and it required more than 6 years of travel after launch to reach the planet. Its electrical power was provided by a primary Li-SO₂ battery, supplemented with two thermal batteries (CaCrO₄-Ca) used for firing pyrotechnic initiators during the atmospheric entry. These power sources were designed to be robust, to assure they would perform their intended function after surviving several years in space. This paper discusses the final production, qualification, and the systems testing of these batteries prior to and following launch. Their excellent performance at Jupiter confirmed their life enhancement design features     

ATE enabling technologies

A discussion of the current and emerging core technologies and philosophies that will enable Air Force personnel to quickly, accurately and intuitively diagnose faults in increasingly complex systems     

产业集中、产业集群与区域产业竞争力提升

在传统产业经济学中,集中度问题是产业组织优化的研究内容,产业集中度与产业集群通常被认为没有直接的联系。对产业布局过程中的产业集聚现象所进行的考察表明,产业集中度与产业集群存在密切的联系。产业集中、产业集群与区域产业竞争力三者之间存在相互联系、相互作用的机制。提升区域产业竞争力,应围绕提高主导产业集中度、促进产业集聚、形成产业集群而展开。     

绿色制造及其关键技术

绿色制造是人类社会可持续发展战略在现代制造业中的体现。文中分析了制造业对环境的影响,介绍了绿色制造的概念及内涵,研究了产品从设计、材料选择、生产、包装、使用到废弃处理整个生命周期中的绿色制造关键技术,并以实例说明了绿色制造实施的可行性。     

A microcontroller-based intelligent battery system

State-of-charge indication for a secondary battery is becoming increasingly important for battery-operated electronics. Consumers are demanding fast charging times, increased battery lifetime, and fuel gauge capabilities. All of these demands require that the state of charge within a battery be known. One of the simplest methods employed to determine state of charge is to monitor the voltage of the battery. However, this method alone is not a good indicator of battery energy, since both NiMH and NiCd batteries have voltage-versus-energy curves that are essentially flat. This paper presents a more effective method of determining the state of charge in secondary cell batteries. A NiMH battery is used as our test vehicle, since it is one of the more difficult batteries to determine state of charge. This method monitors the battery's temperature, voltage, and discharge/charge rate. A microcontroller then manipulates the information, using look-up tables to determine the state of charge. Also, by modifying the look-up tables, this technique can be employed in many other battery technologies and is not limited to NiMH     

The Hy-StorTM battery

The Hy-Stor^TM Battery is a rechargeable battery being developed for electric vehicles and other large battery applications. The battery combines the high energy storage capability of metal hydride alloys with the high cycle life and discharge rate capabilities of nickel-hydrogen cells. It is a hybrid battery concept that offers potential performance, economic and safety advantages over other large battery technologies. Very recent developments indicate that much smaller batteries can also be produced to meet the needs of the portable computer and other portable electronic device markets. Initial tests demonstrated the ability of a metal hydride storage system to achieve high cycle life when absorbing hydrogen that was saturated with battery electrolyte solution and then passed through a purifier. Based on positive test results, a patent for the Hy-Stor battery was applied for and granted     

Lithium-ion battery software safety protection

Production Li-ion batteries include hardware and software safety protection. The hardware protection includes PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistor switch, electrical circuit disconnect and rupture vent. The software protection involves a charging algorithm (charging to ultimate voltage), which is used with internal electrical circuitry (cell voltage control and equalization circuit). This paper discusses a specific charging algorithm and additional software protection features associated with hard, soft and chemical shunt recognition     

Advanced lithium ion battery charger

A lithium ion battery charger has been developed for four and eight cell batteries or multiples thereof. This charger has the advantage over those using commercial lithium ion charging chips in that the individual cells are allowed to be taper charged at their upper charging voltage rather than be cutoff when all cells of the string have reached the upper charging voltage limit. Since 30-60% of the capacity of lithium ion cells may be restored during the taper charge, this charger has a distinct benefit of fully charging lithium ion batteries by restoring all of the available capacity to all of its cells     

Heating and cooling battery electric vehicles-the final barrier

Battery electric vehicles (EVs) present a particular challenge to the development of more efficient and effective heating and cooling systems for automotive applications. Because heating-ventilating-air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are electrically powered, vehicle range is reduced when the HVAC system is operating. The alternative solutions to HVAC battery electric vehicles are identified and evaluated. These include a basis for determining HVAC boundary design assumptions and showing mathematical methods for estimating the HVAC load and energy requirements, and evaluation of the new European and Japanese approaches to wintertime heating, such as NaS battery, motor and component waste heat recovery, electric seat warmer, radiant foot warmer, electric windshield and backlight defrost, molten salt latent heat storage, metal hydride hydrogen storage and catalytic heater, and liquid fueled heater     

国货航与山航携手开拓市场

2月23日,国货航与山航签署合作协议。该协议本着优势互补、资源共享、市场共销的基本原则,依托国货航丰富的产品结构、网络优势和运力资源,同时依靠山航在山东境内的渠道优势,就山东境内至北     

Synergism of flow and noise control technologies

This paper will discuss the synergism of flow and noise control technologies relevant to both air and undersea vehicles. Because many review publications specifically focus on either flow control or noise control, this presentation will not provide an exhaustive literature survey. Sufficient citations will highlight the effectiveness of the technologies; however, the primary goal of this paper is to outline direct and indirect linkages, counterproductive linkages, and examples with no linkages between noise and flow control technologies. Hence, woven through out the individual sections is a focus on the various forms of linkage between flow and noise control applications.     

ATE enabling technologies: present and future

A discussion of the current and emerging core technologies and philosophies that will enable Air Force personnel to quickly, accurately and intuitively diagnose faults in increasingly complex systems     

Continuing challenges in lithium battery development

In these days of emphasizing standardization, Acquisition Reform, Non-Developed Items (NDI) and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) technologies, we are facing new challenges associated with these trends. Program managers are pressured to use a standard or COTS battery, while simultaneously, the new systems being developed have increasingly complex and demanding power requirements. Hardware must be developed with shorter schedules, and policies of Acquisition Reform limit the amount of control the government has over the development of a given item. In this paper, we review battery development efforts that have resulted in unexpected problems. Relevant data from both current and past test programs are presented. Recommendations are provided concerning how to best avoid duplication of effort, while ensuring that the final product will have the best chances of succeeding     

New battery types for space vehicles

Engineers from all over the world came to discuss their new developments at the 36^th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC), held in Savannah, Georgia, USA, July 30 through August 2, 2001. Twenty battery presentations covered topics ranging from powering instruments in oil-well boreholes to supplying energy to instruments on the surface of Mars. Important developments in aerospace batteries are summarized in this article     

产业集中度与产业盈利水平关系的研究

基于经济学演化范式的观点和产业的复杂适应系统特征，构建了以目标产业为核心的产业供求关系网络分析框架。在回顾以往产业集中度与利润率关系的研究成果的基础上，利用国内消费类产业集中度与毛利率的相关系数分析，对以往研究结论做了进一步印证。在此基础上，基于对产业供求关系网络的认识，提出将产业集中度与产业盈利水平关系的研究，从目标产业本身扩展到与其密切相关的上下游产业，深入分析产业间集中度差异对产业盈利水平产生的影响。     

U.S. Army battery needs-present and future

The purpose of this paper is to describe the needs of the U.S. Army for silent portable power sources, both in the near and longer term future. As a means of doing this, the programs of the Power Sources Division of the Army Research Laboratory are discussed. In carrying out these programs, the personnel of the Power Sources Division work closely with the Battery Management Office of the Army Materiel Command, which is located in the Logistics and Readiness Directorate of the Communication-Electronics Command (CECOM). We are also closely integrated with the Army Research Office, and the fuel cell personnel of the CECOM Research Development and Engineering Center (RDEC), and the battery personnel of the RDECs for the Tank and Automotive Command and the Missile Command. The six program areas discussed in which the Power Sources Division is engaged are: primary batteries, rechargeable batteries, reserve/fuze batteries, pulse batteries and capacitors, fuel cells, and thermophotovoltaic power generation