SUMER Observations of Coronal-Hole Temperatures

Observations of emission lines in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral range with calibrated instrumentation provide crucial information on the prevailing plasma temperatures in the solar atmosphere. Coronal-hole temperatures measured by the SUMER spectrometer on SOHO will be presented in this contribution. Electron temperatures can be estimated from the formation temperatures of the observed emission lines. Line-ratio and emission-measure analyses, however, offer higher accuracies. Typical electron temperatures at altitudes of H<200?Mm in coronal holes are below 1?MK in bright structures—the coronal plumes—with higher values in darker areas—the inter-plume regions. Line-width measurements yield effective ion temperatures, which are much higher than the electron temperatures. Observations of line profiles emitted from species with different masses allow a separation of the effective temperatures into ion temperatures and unresolved non-thermal motions along the line of sight.     

Working Group 4 Report: Composition and Elemental Abundance Variations in the Solar Atmosphere and Solar Wind

This paper contains a summary of the topics treated in the working group on abundance variations in the solar atmosphere and in the solar wind. The FIP bias (overabundance of particles with low First Ionization Potentials over photospheric abundances) in coronal holes and coronal hole associated solar wind amounts to values between 1 and 2. The FIP bias in the slow solar wind is typically a factor 4, consistent with optical observations in streamers. In order to distinguish between different theoretical models which make an attempt to explain the FIP bias, some observable parameters must be provided. Unfortunately, many models are deficient in this respect. In addition to FIP fractionation, gravitational settling of heavy elements has been found in the core of long lived streamers. The so-called electron 'freeze in' temperatures derived from in situ observed ionization states of minor ions in the fast wind are significantly higher than the electron temperatures derived from diagnostic line ratios observed in polar coronal holes. The distinction between conditions in plumes and interplume lanes needs to be further investigated. The 'freeze in' temperatures for the slow solar wind are consistent with the electron temperatures derived for streamers. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不锈钢材料高温、高应变率下动态力学性能的试验研究

利用带有加热装置和同步组装系统的高温Hopkinson压杆系统对某不锈钢材料在温度20 ～ 800℃时,应变率103 ～ 104s-1下的动态压缩力学性能进行了测试,得到了材料在不同温度和应变率耦合作用下的真实应力-应变曲线.对比准静态结果,考察了材料流动应力的温度和应变率敏感性,并根据热激活位错运动理论对其内在机理进行了解释和探讨.试验表明,材料具有显著的热软化和应变率强化效应;且高温时,材料的温度敏感性、应变率敏感性均显著增加.     

Aerospace and military battery applications

This paper gives a review of the papers presented at the IEEE 17th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2002. The topics covered are: Li batteries for satellites, capacity fade of Li-ion cells cycled at different temperatures, Ni-H/sub 2/ battery lifetime, batteries for Mars-exploring vehicles, Li-ion cell performance enhancement at low temperatures, navy service batteries, and US Army man portable applications and mobile power challenges.     

MDYB-3有机玻璃疲劳性能温度效应研究

 对MDYB-3有机玻璃进行了不同温度下等幅载荷拉-拉疲劳试验,对实验结果按照疲劳寿命的幂函数公式进行拟合,得到了几个典型温度下的S-N曲线。结果表明随着温度的升高,疲劳强度有大幅度的降低。在对实验数据线性回归分析结果的基础上进行多项式拟合,建立了考虑温度效应的疲劳寿命估算方程,并用疲劳包络线粗略地表示了不同温度下达到指定疲劳寿命时的应力水平。分析了疲劳总应变与循环次数比之间的关系,给出了不同温度下第二阶段总应变增长率与疲劳寿命之间的关系式。研究结果为飞机风挡和舱盖的设计和寿命评估提供了参考和依据。     

Optimised radiative cooling of infrared space telescopes and applications to possible missions

General principles are outlined for the design of space infrared telescopes intended to cool by radiation to the lowest temperatures attainable without the use of on-board cryogens, and assuming on-orbit cooling after a warm launch. Maximum protection from solar and earth heating, maximum radiating area and efficiency and minimum absorbing area and absorptivity are the obvious basic criteria. The optimised design is a short, fat telescope surrounded by a series of radiation shields, each cooled by its own radiator. Maximising the longitudinal conductivity of the radiation shields and of the telescope tube itself is important both to the on-orbit cooling time and the final achieveable temperature. Realistic designs take between 80 and 200 days to cool to within a few degrees of equilibrium temperatures, depending on the materials used. Great advantages accrue from the use of an orbit distant from earth. Both simple models and detailed simulations suggest that temperatures of 30 to 40 K are attainable in high earth orbits. Placing a radiatively cooled telescope in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point L2 is a particularly attractive option and significantly lower temperatures can be achieved there than in Earth orbit. Optimised radiative cooling is an important element of the small Japanese mission SMIRT. We suggest that a combination of an ESA Medium-sized Mission with a NASA Explorer to send a 2m+ telescope to an L2 halo orbit would provide a cost-effective and powerful long-duration facility for the early 21st century.     

硅橡胶涂覆织物的阻燃和烧蚀性能

为了提高硅橡胶涂覆织物的阻燃和烧蚀性能,本文采用在硅橡胶组分中添加阻燃剂的方法,制备出新型阻燃硅橡胶涂覆织物,对其阻燃性能与烧蚀性能进行测试,并与军用硅橡胶涂覆织物进行对比分析。实验结果表明:新型阻燃硅橡胶涂覆织物W-1和W-2的阻燃性能分别优于军用硅橡胶涂覆织物J-1和J-2,氧指数更高,续燃时间更短;两者的烧蚀性能比较接近,阻燃硅橡胶涂覆织物的氧乙炔烧蚀试验的停车时温度略低、最高温升却略高,且烧蚀层、完好层相近。     

Modeling on mechanical behavior and damage evolution of single-lap bolted composite interference-fit joints under thermal effects

This paper reports the modeling method and outcomes of mechanical performance and damage evolution of single-lap bolted composite interference-fit joints under extreme temperatures. The anisotropic continuum damage model involving thermal effects is established on continuum damage mechanics which integrates the shear nonlinearity constitutive relations characterized by Romberg-Osgood equation. The temperature-induced modification of thermal strains and material properties is incorporated in stress-strain analysis, extended 3D failure criteria and exponential damage evolution rules. The proposed model is calibrated and employed to simulate behavior of composite joints in interference fitting, bolt preloading, thermal and bearing loading processes, during which the influence of interference-fit sizes, preload levels, laminate layups and service temperatures is thoroughly investigated. The predicated interfacial behavior, bearing response and failure modes are in good agreement with experimental tests. The numerical model is even capable of reflecting some non-intuitive experimental findings such as residual stress relaxation and matrix softening at elevated temperatures.     

Monitoring the thermal condition of permanent-magnet synchronousmotors

This paper describes a novel approach to monitoring the condition of small permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) operating under thermal stress. The approach begins with the estimation of temperature-dependent motor parameters from measurements of line voltages and currents. The parameters are then used to derive estimates of motor temperatures. Next, the electrically estimated temperatures are combined with a surface measurement of motor temperature and a dynamic thermal model of the motor to yield an observer that is a Kalman filter. The temperatures estimated by the observer are used for failure prevention. Finally, by modifying the observer, it is tuned to use the geometric properties of its innovation for failure detection. The innovation, that is, the difference between the thermally and electrically estimated temperatures, is monitored and compared against appropriate thresholds to detect failures. Failure detection is demonstrated experimentally, and shown to be capable of distinguishing the conditions of normal operation, and operation with obstructed cooling     

各向异性单晶叶片强度寿命研究—第I部分:晶体滑移本构模型及应用

单晶叶片技术是提高航空发动机及地面燃气轮机性能、寿命及可靠性的关键技术之一，但单晶材料机械、力学性能的各向异性特性制约了其发展和应用，对其工程应用及应用的理论基础提出了挑战。课题组开展了各向异性单晶叶片强度分析和寿命预测方面的一些研究工作。包括：建立并验证了弹塑性、蠕变滑移本构模型及蠕变持久寿命预测方法；进行了不同晶体取向DD3单晶在不同温度、不同速率或不同温度、不同应力水平下的拉伸试验及蠕变试验，这些实验数据及由其反映的单晶中、高温各向异性特性对单晶材料的应用具有重要意义。此外还进行了某种单晶叶片的实验研究。作为上述研究的应用，对某发动机单晶涡轮叶片进行了强度分析和寿命预测。本文这一部分介绍本构模型及应用，实验研究将在第II部分介绍。     

再入体实验模型热化学非平衡绕流流场的数值分析

利用数值求解一个和多个振动温度热化学非平衡Navier-Stokes方程的CFD计算程序,对爆轰风洞球锥试验模型的热化学非平衡绕流流场进行了数值模拟,分析了分子组分振动温度在全流场(头身部流场和底部流场)中的分布规律.研究结果表明:(1)计算的压力、电子数密度以及流场的光辐射数据与试验数据符合较好;(2)在再入体身部,大多数分子的振动温度峰值大大高于平动温度的峰值;在再入体近尾出现振动温度冻结并大大高于平动温度的现象;CO2的两个振动态的振动温度分布非常接近平动温度分布.     

复合材料层合板在动态变温情况下断裂韧性的研究

在室温至６５℃环境下,采用ＷＥＫ 断裂模型预测玻璃布－ 环氧层板材料的动态断裂韧性, 给出了具体的实验测试步骤和理论分析方法,同时测定了单边切口拉伸情况下的断裂功。结果表明,温度、加载速率的改变对玻璃布－ 环氧层板材料的断裂性能有明显的影响。还分析了在不同温度、不同加载速率条件下玻璃布－ 环氧层板材料的破坏过程及内部损伤情况。     

Two-fluid 2.5D MHD Simulations of the Fast Solar Wind in Coronal Holes and the Relation to UVCS Observations

Recent SOHO/UVCS observations indicate that the perpendicular proton and ion temperatures are much larger than electron temperatures. In the present study we simulate numerically the solar wind flow in a coronal hole with the two-fluid approach. We investigate the effects of electron and proton temperatures on the solar wind acceleration by nonlinear waves. In the model the nonlinear waves are generated by Alfvén waves with frequencies in the 10^-3 Hz range, driven at the base of the coronal hole. The resulting electron and proton flow profile exhibits density and velocity fluctuations. The fluctuations may steepen into shocks as they propagate away from the sun. We calculate the effective proton temperature by combining the thermal and wave velocity of the protons, and find qualitative agreement with the proton kinetic temperature increase with height deduced from the UVCS Ly-α observations by Kohl et al. (1998). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

APS热障涂层氧化动力方程适用性实验

使用实验的方法研究了大气等离子喷涂(APS)热障涂层在4种不同高温环境下的氧化层生长规律, 并且使用目前常见的两种氧化层生长动力学曲线方程拟合了涂层氧化的实验数据, 分别得到了相应的方程特征参数值.研究结果表明:APS热障涂层在所研究的4种温度下的动力学曲线形式上是一致的;抛物线形式的动力学方程只能描述较高温度下的氧化层生长规律, 而幂函数形式的动力学方程对氧化温度的适应能力比较强, 能很好的描述在所研究的4种温度下APS热障涂层的生长规律.      

Large lithium ion batteries for aerospace and aircraft applications

Eagle-Picher Energy Products (EPEP) has been manufacturing and testing large lithium ion cells (up to 100-Ah) for several years. Recently, work has focused on the testing of different chemistries at variable temperatures and designing and fabricating 100-Ah cylindrical cells. For the aircraft application the largest concern is irreversible capacity loss at elevated temperatures (70°C). In contrast, for the aerospace application shelf-life and cycle life are critical. EPEP has found that the major contributor to the loss in low temperature performance due to high temperature testing, was the positive electrode. EPEP discuss recent results of variable temperature cycling and 100-Ah cell performance     

多孔陶瓷等效导热系数的近似计算

提出了一个近似计算多孔陶瓷等效导效系数的公式。该公式综合考虑了孔隙大小，孔隙度以及气相辐射与导热的影响，可用于在任意温度下具有任意孔隙度的多孔陶瓷的等效导热系数的计算，用文献数据检验表明，该公式在高温区有较高的计算精度。     

铝合金在低温下的力学性能

阐述了铝合金在低温下的力学性能随温度的变化规律：在低温下拉伸性能提高、韧性改善、疲劳强度增加,且介质不同铝合金表现出不同的力学性能。并分析了这些力学性能变化规律的机理,同时对在极低温下某些铝合金锯齿变形的现象、特征、形成机理以及对力学性能的影响作了分析说明。     

Theoretical evolution sequences for homogeneous and two-zone models of Delta Scuti variables

Radial pulsation periods are calculated for models of variables in the lower Cepheid instability strip. Evolution tracks in several diagrams are constructed and used for comparisons with observed periods, period ratios, and effective temperatures. These comparisons are simpler and more direct than in earlier studies with separate evolution and pulsation calculations.     

高温高应变率耦合对DD407镍基单晶合金的性能影响

为了理解一种新型DD407镍基单晶高温合金在高温高应变率下的力学行为,利用CSS4410型电子万能材料试验机和具有高温高应变率耦合试验功能的Hopkinson压杆系统测试该合金在温度293~1 273K,应变率分别为0.001、1 000及4 000/s条件下的塑性流动特性,并对变形前后的试样进行金相和SEM微观分析。结果表明:DD407合金在高应变率下的使用温度不能超过1 073K;其在压缩情况下的破坏均为剪切破坏;在温度接近或超过某一临界值,该材料的屈服强度和塑性流动应力对温度和应变率才会有很强的敏感性,与常规金属不同,该材料应变时效现象不明显。     

各向异性单晶叶片强度寿命研究—第Ⅱ部分:实验研究

单晶叶片技术是提高航空发动机及地面燃气轮机性能、寿命及可靠性的关键技术之一，但单晶材料机械、力学性能的各向异性特性制约了其发展和应用，对其工程应用及应用的理论基础提出了挑战。课题组开展了各向异性单晶叶片强度分析和寿命预测方面的一些研究工作。包括：建立并验证了弹塑性、蠕变滑移本构模型及蠕变持久寿命预测方法；进行了不同晶体取向DD3单晶在不同温度、不同速率或不同温度、不同应力水平下的拉伸试验及蠕变试验，这些实验数据及由其反映的单晶中、高温各向异性特性对单晶材料的应用具有重要意义。此外还进行了某种单晶叶片的实验研究。作为上述研究的应用，对某发动机单晶涡轮叶片进行了强度分析和寿命预测。本文这一部分介绍试验研究工作，本构模型及其应用已在本文第I部分作了介绍。