Precise navigation using adaptive FIR filtering and time domainspectral estimation

This paper introduces a new low cost, short range, positioning system based on adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filtering and time domain spectral estimation. The system can determine absolute positions with a high degree of accuracy and is well suited for real time navigation. The approach is based upon signal processing techniques and a priori knowledge of the system transfer function. The first step is to measure the phase response of the linear transfer function and then using a FIR filter the time response of the system can be determined. The FIR filter computes the time response by performing a deconvolution between the measured phase response, and the complex conjugate of the transfer function. By correlating the known input impulse response with the output of the FIR filter, an error term is generated. The time delay of the system is determined by adjusting the FIR filter coefficients to minimize the error term. Simulated analysis of the system indicates a worst case error of ±16 cm     

Filtering of moving targets using SBIR sequential frames

In this paper three-dimensional (3-D) finite-impulse response (FIR) filters are proposed for moving target detection and tracking from multiframe space-based infrared (SBIR) data. An optimal, in the l_p sense, 3-D FIR filter design technique is proposed which is suitable for the above application. This technique is the first 3-D FIR design of its kind presented in the open literature. Directional, matched, and adaptive 3-D filtering techniques are proposed. Prior to the filtering, clutter mean estimation and mean subtraction are required. Real time implementation of directional and/or matched filters for processing maneuvering targets is discussed and filter design methods are proposed. Finally, performance comparisons of the proposed and other available 3-D FIR and infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters, on real SBIR data, are presented in which the advantages of the proposed 3-D filters are shown     

Creating complex signal samples from a band-limited real signal

A very efficient method of creating complex signal samples from a band-limited real signal is presented. Because the method employs a simple mixer followed by one analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, plus a finite-duration impulse response (FIR) filter for image band rejection, there is no phase distortion in the resulting sampled signal. The method is more efficient than competing methods based on infinite-duration impulse response (IIR) filters     

Optimal FIR filters for time-varying state-space models

An optimal FIR (finite impulse response) filter and smoother is introduced for the time-varying state-space model. The suggested filter has an FIR structure and utilizes finite observation. It is shown that the impulse response of the optimal FIR filter can be obtained by a simple Riccati-type matrix differential equation. Especially for time-invariant systems, this FIR filter reduces to previously known simple forms. For implementation, a recursive form of the optimal FIR filter and smoother is derived by using adjoint variables, and computational algorithms are suggested. It is also shown by sensitivity analysis that the proposed optimal FIR filter alleviates potential divergence characteristics of the standard Kalman filter     

A new technique for decoding Loran-C radionavigation signals

A new approach to the extraction of navigation information from Loran-C radionavigation signals is described. A reduced-rate time-reversed sequence is derived from the RF signal and processed by a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter. It is shown that proper design of the FIR filter and proper control of the sampling point guarantee the rejection of skywave contamination, and achieve excellent rejection of continuous-wave interference (CWI). The process is computationally efficient     

Constrained Least-Squares Synthesis of Coefficients for Arrays of Sensors and FIR Digital Filters

A general method is presented for synthesizing weighting coefficients for arrays of sensors or for finite-impulse-response (FIR) digital filters. The beam pattern of the array or the frequency response of the digital filter is a weighted, least mean-square (LMS) approximation to a desired function, subject to constrained pattern values at specified points. The method is applied to the problem of producing beam patterns of a line array for the rejection of interfering point sources. For this case, we show that adaptive array processing can be based on modification of the roots of the array polynomial.     

Theory of Adaptive Radar

This paper reviews the principles of adaptive radar in which both the spatial (antenna pattern) and temporal (Doppler filter) responses of the system are controlled adaptively. An adaptive system senses the angular-Doppler distribution of the external noise field and adjusts a set of radar parameters for maximum signal-to-interference ratio and optimum detection performance. A gradient technique for control of the radar array/filter weights is described and shown to generate weights which asymptotically approach optimum values. Simulation results illustrate the convergence rate of adaptive systems and the performance improvement which can be achieved.     

Sequence design for IIR inverse filter pulse compression

An infinite impulse response (IIR) inverse filter structure is presented, and compared with the performance of two finite impulse response (FIR) designs. The IIR design is shown to provide better performance and be able to improve further (e.g., -1.4 dB in sidelobe levels per unit delay increase for the length-13 Barker sequence) by increasing delay. The performance parameters of this IIR inverse filter suggest a design criterion for sequences on which the filter operates; that is related to the roots of the Z transform polynomial of the sequence. The sidelobe-optimal sequence derived according to this criterion is shown to provide sharper sidelobe reduction (-6 dB per unit delay increase for the sidelobe optimal length-13 sequence)     

方位降采样滤波器设计和FPGA实现

在SAR(合成孔径雷达)雷达实时信号处理中,为了降低运算量且不影响成象质量,通常需要对输入的距离-方向二维数据在方位上做降采样和滤波处理。为了满足实时处理的需要,本文提出了一种将降采样和方位滤波相结合的设计,以及利用窗函数设计滤波器系数的方法,运用硬件描述语言Verilog HDL构造了一种用现场可编程门阵列FPGA实现降采样滤波器的电路结构,并分析了其性能。该降采样滤波器的降采样率和滤波器阶数可变,可适应多种场合的需要。     

Angular Accuracy of a Scanning Radar Employing a Two-Pole Filter

A two-pole filter is proposed as a detector for a scanning radar. The optimum values of the filter coefficients are found and are approximated by a simple expression. The optimum two-pole filter requires a 0.15-dB increase in signal-to-noise ratio in order to provide the same detection capability as the optimum detector, and yields azimuth estimates whose standard deviation are within 15 percent of the Cramér-Rao lower bound. The estimator is simple to implement, avoiding the storage requirements of the moving window detector and the bias complications of the feedback integrator.     

基于余弦基神经网络的FIR滤波器设计

提出了一种基于余弦基神经网络FIR滤波器的设计方法。根据线性相位FIR滤波器的幅频特性是有限项的傅里叶级数，构造了一个三层余弦基神经网络模型，并给出了最优隐层神经元的个数。经模拟仿真，滤波器性能非常理想，具有同时输出低通、高通、带通、带阻各种功能，通带、阻带无过冲无波动，边界频率可以精确控制。     

线性相位有限冲激响应滤波器的实现

介绍线性相位滤波器的一种实现方法,即采用有限冲激响应（FIR）滤波器的窗函数法设计线性相位的数字滤波器。     

New approach for suppression of FM jamming in GPS receivers

A new approach is proposed for the suppression of FM jammers in C/A code GPS receivers. This approach is based on the cascading of the augmented-state approximate conditional mean (ASACM) filter and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) filter. An ASACM filter for single interference suppression in spread-spectrum systems has been reported in the recent literature. However, the formulation of the ASACM filter and its performance analysis is lacking in the case of suppression of multiple FM interferences. The ASACM filter is formulated here for the suppression of multiple FM jammers. Further, a DWT filter using biorthogonal wavelet is suggested for the suppression of FM jammers. Finally, these two filters are cascaded to get an optimum performance for higher jammer to signal ratio, which is of importance in the GPS, for the case of suppression of multiple FM jammers. The performance of the proposed filters is analyzed through simulation examples for the suppression of single and multiple FM jammers in GPS receivers     

Optimization of point target tracking filters

We review a powerful temporal-based algorithm, a triple temporal filter (TTF) with six input parameters, for detecting and tracking point targets in consecutive frame data acquired with staring infrared (IR) cameras. Using an extensive data set of locally acquired real-world data, we used an iterative optimization technique, the Simplex algorithm, to find an optimum set of input parameters for a given data set. Analysis of correlations among the optimum filter parameters based on a representative subset of our database led to two improved versions of the filter: one dedicated to noise-dominated scenes, the other to cloud clutter-dominated scenes. Additional correlations of filter parameters with measures of clutter severity and target velocity as well as simulations of filter responses to idealized targets reveal which features of the data determine the best choice of filter parameters. The performance characteristics of the filter is detailed by a few example scenes and metric plots of signal to clutter gains and signal to noise gains over the total database     

DME Interference mitigation for L-DACS1 based on system identification and sparse representation

L-band digital aeronautical communication system 1 (L-DACS1) is a promising candi-date data-link for future air-ground communication, but it is severely interfered by the pulse pairs (PPs) generated by distance measure equipment. A novel PP mitigation approach is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a deformed PP detection (DPPD) method that combines a filter bank, correlation detection, and rescanning is proposed to detect the deformed PPs (DPPs) which are caused by mul-tiple filters in the receiver. Secondly, a finite impulse response (FIR) model is used to approximate the overall characteristic of filters, and then the waveform of DPP can be acquired by the original waveform of PP and the FIR model. Finally, sparse representation is used to estimate the position and amplitude of each DPP, and then reconstruct each DPP. The reconstructed DPPs will be sub-tracted from the contaminated signal to mitigate interference. Numerical experiments show that the bit error rate performance of our approach is about 5 dB better than that of recent works and is closer to interference-free environment.     

基于FPGA的FIR滤波器设计与实现

本文根据激光陀螺仪信号的解调原理,提出了一种利用数字信号处理技术并采用FPGA实现的解调方法。分析了FIR滤波器的工作原理,根据激光陀螺仪对滤波器的要求,给出了由FPGA设计实现FIR滤波器的基本原理,并利用IP核实现了FIR滤波器,满足了激光陀螺仪的需求。通过在国产激光陀螺仪上的应用,验证了方案的正确性。通过对激光陀螺仪脉冲计数的高速采样并利用数字滤波器处理,可以有效的消除抖动引起的信号噪声,得到所需要的惯性信息。采用FPGA设计实现,可以提高运算速度,并且可以缩短数据采样的延时。     

Degradation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio Due to IF Filtering

A receiver for biphase modulated signals using an integrate-and-dump filter is optimum only if the IF filter bandwidth is infinite. Finite IF filter bandwidth results is a performance degradation. Using the predetection signal-to-noise ratio as the performance criterion, a lower bound on this quantity is determined as a function of the ratio (IF filter bandwidth)/(bit rate). The corresponding upper bound on the error probability is also presented.     

数字滤波器在DSP上的实现

可编程DSP(Digital Signal Processor)是一种能够快速进行数字信号处理的特殊微处理器，而数字滤波器是DSP的基本应用之一。在掌握DSP应用系统开发知识的基础上，介绍了线性相位FIR数字滤波器的设计方法，并重点论述了在TMS320C5402 DSP上实现滤波器的关键技术。实践证明，借助DSP硬件结构上的优势，所设计的数字滤波器具有运行速度快、能够进行实时信号处理、精度高的优点，其整体性能较优越。     

扰动基座下惯组信号消噪方法对比研究

针对捷联惯导系统在扰动基座下对准时,惯组信号中存在干扰角运动和线运动的特点,进行了车载扰动基座初始对准试验,对试验数据进行频谱分析,得到车载扰动基座环境的频域特性。根据分析结果,设计并实现了FIR数字滤波器滤波和小波滤波对惯组信号的消噪,频谱分析和惯性系粗对准的结果显示,这两种方法都能有效地消除惯组信号中的噪声。数据分析显示,小波滤波的效果要优于FIR数字滤波器滤波的效果。     

组合导航系统中一种基于特征值分解的自适应信息融合滤波算法

基于分散滤波理论的联合滤波算法,可以有效地降低组合导航系统的计算负担,并且增强系统的容错性能。给出了一种联合滤波算法中信息分配系数的自适应计算方法,能够使联合系统根据导航过程中各传感器的信息质量的变化合理地反馈全局信息。仿真结果表明,该算法可以有效地降低由于导航子系统降级带来的滤波误差。