Gravity model development for precise orbit computations for satellite altimetry

Satellite altimeters have been developed which have the capability of measuring the surface topography of the ocean over entire basins for time periods of several years with a precision of a few cm. The combination of these data with accurate satellite position information, subsurface measurements and models of the density field can be used to determine the general circulation of the ocean and its variability. The Topex altimeter oceanographic experiment proposed for the early 1990's requires a radial orbit accuracy approaching 10 cm. Considerable progress has been made at the Goddard Space Flight Center in developing precision orbit determination to support satellite altimetry analysis. This progress is attributed to the development of more accurate models of the earth gravity field, earth and ocean tidal effects, a reference coordinate system as well as improved drag and solar radiation pressure computations. This computational system has been used for the Seasat data acquired during the 1978 time period and has produced an rms radial accuracy of about 50 cm. A first step towards the development of a new Interim gravity model is presented. Global orbit determination accuracies have been improved using these new PGS-T1 and T2 fields.     

移动式机器人复合电源能量管理策略

为了在不增加移动式机器人重量的前提下提高动力性能并延长电源使用寿命,采用了蓄电池-超级电容器复合电源代替单一蓄电池电源,而能量管理策略在很大程度上决定着复合电源的性能.针对移动式机器人驱动电流兼有低频和高频波动的特点,研究了一种模糊控制与滤波算法相结合的能量管理策略,模糊控制算法在较大时间尺度上对驱动电流的低频变化进行分配,同时滤波算法能够分解出驱动电流在较小时间尺度上的高频脉动成分给超级电容器承担.能量管理系统中通过一个双向DC/DC变换器控制超级电容器电流,间接实现对蓄电池电流的控制.模型仿真和样机实验结果均验证了能量管理策略的有效性.     

天基连续毫米波空间碎片探测雷达方案设想

<正>1空间碎片的尺寸和分布特性空间碎片是指除正常工作的航天器外所有在轨的人造物体,包括失效载荷、火箭残骸、操作性碎片、由爆炸和碰撞产生的残碎片、固体火箭的燃烧剩余物、核动力卫星泄露的冷却剂以及航天器老化而脱落的表面材料和组件等。据统计,目前已经有约6000t太空垃圾在绕地球飞速运转。目前能够编目跟踪的尺寸在10cm以上的空间碎片约有1.8万个,1~10cm以下的空间碎片据估计有70万个。     

多个裁剪参数曲面的有限元混合网格剖分法

根据冲压模具形状特点,对由CAD/CAM系统建立的冲压模具的多裁剪参数曲面数学模型,提出了一种符合冲压成形有限元分析需要的三角形和四边形混合网格剖分算法.按几何离散控制参数即最长边、最短边、距离误差和角度误差,将多裁剪参数曲面离散为多边形集.利用曲面曲线查找裁剪参数曲面相邻关系,建立B-Rep表示的曲面几何模型,并更新多边形集.然后由多边形集得到三角形和四边形混合网格,结果网格单元是相容的,在相邻裁剪参数曲面边界处无裂缝和覆盖.      

The radar-glory theory for icy moons with implications for radar mapping

The anomalous radar echoing properties of three ice-clad moons of Jupiter appear to be due to glory-like backscattering from buried craters. The enormous glare from these sources would impair geologic studies based on standard methods of radar mapping. It is not known whether similar or different problems will arise in the radar study of other icy surfaces in the outer solar system, or of the unseen surface of Titan. In any event, the results from the moons of Jupiter illustrate the role of exploratory measurements and the importance of possible bistatic radar-mapping techniques based on the use of separated transmitters and receivers.     

Automated design architectures for co-orbiting spacecraft swarms for planetary moon mapping

This work describes the design and optimization of spacecraft swarm missions to meet spatial and temporal visual mapping requirements of missions to planetary moons, using resonant co-orbits. The algorithms described here are a part of Integrated Design Engineering and Automation of Swarms (IDEAS), a spacecraft swarm mission design software that automates the design trajectories, swarm, and spacecraft behaviors in the mission. In the current work, we focus on the swarm design and optimization features of IDEAS, while showing the interaction between the different design modules. In the design segment, we consider the coverage requirements of two general planetary moon mapping missions: global surface mapping and region of interest observation. The configuration of the swarm co-orbits for the two missions is described, where the participating spacecraft have resonant encounters with the moon on their orbital apoapsis. We relate the swarm design to trajectory design through the orbit insertion maneuver performed on the interplanetary trajectory using aero-braking. We then present algorithms to model visual coverage, and collision avoidance in the swarm. To demonstrate the interaction between different design modules, we relate the trajectory and swarm to spacecraft design through fuel mass, and mission cost estimations using preliminary models. In the optimization segment, we formulate the trajectory and swarm design optimizations for the two missions as Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problems. In the current work, we use Genetic Algorithm as the primary optimization solver. However, we also use the Particle Swarm Optimizer to compare the optimizer performance. Finally, the algorithms described here are demonstrated through numerical case studies, where the two visual mapping missions are designed to explore the Martian moon Deimos.     

飞机复杂蒙皮拉形模具型面设计方法

针对目前复杂蒙皮拉形工艺中拉形模的设计没有实用、详细设计方法的情况,从改善毛料拉形过程中的应变分布出发,提出了一种基于"截面线等长"的拉形模型面设计方法,即通过工艺补充面的灵活设计,实现模具沿各个拉伸方向上的截面线长度趋于一致,以使毛料在贴模后各个截面的延伸率尽可能的接近,再通过工艺补充面的曲率和切向的调整,使毛料在拉形时应变分布更加均匀,以减少甚至避免与应变分布相关的各种缺陷的出现.通过某型号飞机复杂蒙皮零件模具型面的设计及拉形过程的有限元模拟分析,验证了这一拉形模具型面设计方法的合理性和有效性.      

基于M/M/1模型的网络及时可靠性加速模型

网络任务周期普遍较长,为了有效暴露网络传输延迟故障,可靠性试验时间往往是其任务周期数倍,否则会造成样本数量少、试验结果置信度低的问题.为此,针对通信网M/M/1排队模型,分析其延迟故障机理,应用相似理论推导建立了及时可靠性相似准则,得到了加速模型,并应用OPNET仿真平台对其进行了验证,分别阐述了数据到达强度不变和变化两种情况下该模型的应用方式,仿真结果表明正常应力作用下的原始网络和短时高应力作用下的相似网络及时可靠性误差小,且加速模型的效用不随故障阈值、应力增加倍数变化.     

A new technique for direction of arrival estimation for ionospheric multipath channels

A novel array signal processing technique is proposed to estimate HF channel parameters including number of paths, their respective direction of arrivals (DOA), delays, Doppler shifts and amplitudes. The proposed technique utilizes the Cross Ambiguity Function (CAF), hence, called as the CAF-DF technique. The CAF-DF technique iteratively processes the array output data and provides reliable estimates for DOA, delay, Doppler shift and amplitude corresponding to each impinging HF propagated wave onto an antenna array. Obtained results for both real and simulated data at different signal to noise ratio (SNR) values indicate the superior performance of the proposed technique over the well known MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) technique.     

Penetration testing for the Optical Probe for Regolith Analysis (OPRA)

The Optical Probe for Regolith Analysis (OPRA) is a spike-shaped subsurface analytical probe that will be delivered to a planet, asteroid, or cometary body by a lander and/or rover. OPRA will be pushed down into the subsurface to record near infrared spectra as a function of depth down to maximum of 50 cm. Therefore, knowledge of the required penetration force to specific depths can be helpful in estimating the length of the probe. Test probes covering the anticipated diameter (2.5, 1.9, 1.2 and 0.9 cm diameter) and tip angle (T.A. = 30°, 60°, 90° and 120°) of OPRA were inserted mechanically into dry playground sand. The results showed that tip angle does not have a major effect, while probe diameter and density of the regolith are the most important parameters. Increasing probe diameter from 0.9 to 1.9 cm (i.e. a factor of 2) leads to an increase in penetration force from 200 to 1000 N (i.e. a factor of 5) at 20 cm depth. An increase in bulk density (B.D.) from 1550 to 1700 kg m⁻³ leads to an increase in penetration force from 10 to 200 N at 20 cm depth. Bearing capacity theory was used to explain the downward movement of the penetrometer through regolith and showed good agreement with the experimental results. This model was then used to take into account the effect of gravity on other planetary bodies. We observed a good agreement between the theoretical model and results from penetration testings on the Moon by the Apollo missions. Since the maximum allowed force for penetration is the weight of the lander/rover on their targeted planetary surface, our results put a strong constraint on the maximum reachable depth without endangering the whole mission.     

基于社团结构节点重要性的网络可视化压缩布局

为有效展示网络的中观尺度结构,将力导引布局算法与网络社团结构特征相结合,提出了一种基于社团结构节点重要性的网络可视化压缩布局方法。首先,采用Louvain算法对网络进行多粒度社团结构划分;然后,通过计算社团结构中节点的拓扑势评估节点的重要性,保留社团结构中的重要节点,合并边缘节点,实现社团结构压缩;最后,采用力导引布局算法布局压缩网络节点,实现网络可视化的压缩布局。实验结果表明:所提方法在压缩节点和连边规模的基础上,能够完整保留原始网络的社团构成,并且通过保留社团结构代表点可以清晰展示社团内部结构,突出社团和重要节点在网络结构中的位置和作用。      

Instruments for X-ray astronomy

The present communication describes instruments for galactic-extragalactic and solar X-ray astronomy.     

Synergies between plant research conducted for terrestrial and for space purposes.

During the past 10 years, the main part of CELSS studies has concerned the exploration of limits of plant productivity. Very high yields were obtained in continuous and high lighting, without reaching any limit. Concepts of mineral nutrition were renewed. CELSS activities now induce a development in the techniques of image processing applied to plants in order to follow the growth, to detect stresses or diseases or to pilot harvesting robots. Notable efforts concern the development of sensors, the study of trace contaminants and the micro-organisms monitoring. In parallel, several instruments for plant culture in closed Systems were developed. The advantages of closure are emphasised in comparison with open flow systems. The concept of Artificial Ecosystems developed for space research is more and more taken into account by the scientific community. It is considered as a new tool to study basic and applied problems related to ecology and not especially concerned with space research.     

纳米计量的溯源与传递

介绍了纳米计量溯源到国际基本单位制(SI)的传递过程。回顾了国内外计量型扫描探针显微镜(Scanning Probe Microscope,SPM)的工作原理及其溯源性。论述了目前主要纳米计量参数、溯源用标准样本的研究概况。     

陀螺经纬仪校准技术

提出并研究了一种陀螺经纬仪校准装置,该装置利用天文方位角基准和温控转台实现了高低温环境条件下陀螺经纬仪工作性能和技术指标的校准,可以应用于军用陀螺经纬仪的校准.