太阳周期活动对低高度内辐射带高能质子的影响

利用NOAA-15卫星1998年到2011年近13年的高能质子全向通量观测资料, 分析了一个太阳活动周内, 低高度内辐射带高能质子通量的分布变化特性及其物理原因, 比较了观测结果与AP8模型的不同. 研究表明, 低高度内辐射带高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反相关关系与磁壳参数L值及磁场B值有关; L值越低, B值越大的空间点, 其高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反向相关性越明显. 高能质子通量随太阳活动水平的变化存在明显滞后现象, L值越高、 B值越小的空间点, 滞后现象就越明显, 滞后严重时可以达到一年左右的时间; 这种滞后现象反映出低高度内辐射带高能质子的源与损失达到平衡是一个中长期过程. 通过与AP8模型计算结果的比较分析可以看出, 利用AP8模型时, 仅考虑地磁场长期变化对质子通量的影响可能会夸大低高度内辐射带局部高能质子通量的增强.      

Model for induced ionization by galactic cosmic rays in the Earth atmosphere and ionosphere

The ionization profiles produced by galactic cosmic rays in the Earth atmosphere and ionosphere are obtained on the basis of Monte Carlo simulations. Cascade processes in the atmosphere are simulated using CORSIKA 6.52 code with FLUKA 2006 and QGSJET II hadronic interaction subroutines. Proton induced showers are considered using a realistic atmospheric model (US Standard Atmosphere). The energy deposit from different components is taken into account, namely electromagnetic, hadron and muon components. The curvature of the atmosphere is considered in the computer code. On the basis of the computed ionization yield function the ion pair production rate in the atmosphere is obtained for different conditions and locations. The model is applicable to the entire atmosphere, from ground level to upper atmosphere. Several applications of the obtained results are discussed. The Monte Carlo simulation model considers nuclear interactions below the altitude of 35 km. It is compared with analytical–numerical electron production rate model. The latter model which takes into account the electromagnetic interactions above altitudes of 35 km has two main regions of application: above 50 km (thin target model) and between 35 and 50 km (intermediate target model). A good agreement between the CORSIKA results and analytical–numerical model results is found above altitude of 35 km.     

飞机机载综合热管理系统稳态仿真

建立机载综合热管理系统的稳态仿真数学模型,在MATLAB软件平台上搭建仿真模块,针对同一高度不同飞行速度以及同一马赫数不同高度进行系统稳态仿真,得到系统中关键部件的进出口温度和流量,并分析了马赫数以及高度对各状态点温度的影响.分析得出,飞机在同一高度、亚音速区以不同的马赫数飞行时,在燃油子系统中,除个别状态点外,其它各点的温度都随马赫数的增加而增加;在空气循环子系统中,各状态点的温度随马赫数的增加而先减后增.飞机以同一马赫数在不同高度飞行时,在燃油子系统中,除个别状态点外,其它各点的温度都随飞行高度的增加而减小;在空气循环子系统中,各状态点的温度都随飞行高度的增加而减小.      

An investigation of the spatial variations of the energetic trapped electrons at low altitudes

We have analyzed the trapped electron data (0.19–3.2 MeV) taken by the Japanese OHZORA satellite operated at 350–850 km altitude in polar orbit during 1984–1987 near solar minimum. The electron observations reveal all the global attributes of the quiet-time electron radiation belts, such as the South Atlantic Anomaly, the electron “slot”, and the outer radiation belt regions. The electron data are in general agreement with the NASA AE-8 electron model, but there are differences, particularly with respect to distinctive local-time variations in the slot region. In this paper, we present results from analyses of variations of the electron pitch angle distributions with local time, L-shell and altitude.     

雷暴云准静电场和夜间低电离层的电离

用点电荷模型计算雷暴云突然放电后形成的准静电后形成的准静电场随高度的分布，以E/N（E的电场大小，N为大气密度）为输入参量，在一定条件下，对Boltzmann方程数值求解，计算电离层电子数密度的扰动。计算结果表明，在约70-90km之间，在约放电后的10ms内，准静电场大于中性大气的击穿电场，将引起大气的雪崩电离，从而引起夜间低电离层电子密度的显著增加，但这种电子密度的增加是暂的，在很短的时期内就恢复到平静时的水平，恢复时间随高度的变化而不同。     

不同上边界条件下的极区电离层数值模拟

利用一维自洽的极区电离层模型,研究了沿磁力线方向不同电离层-磁层耦合条件下极区电离层的响应.此模型在110-610km的电离层空间区域内,综合求解描述极区电离层的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程,以得到电离层数值解.研究发现,上边界条件在200 km以上的高度能显著地影响电离层参量的形态.较高的O+上行速度对应较低的F层峰值和较高的电子温度.不同边界O+上行速度对应的温度高度剖面完全不同.200km以上电子温度高度剖面不但由来自磁层的热流通量所控制,同时还受到场向O+速度的影响.对利用电离层模型研究电离层内部物理过程提出了建议.      

Rocket measurements of mesospheric ionization irregularities

The Langmuir-probe technique for measurement of electron concentration in the mesosphere is capable of excellent altitude resolution, of order 1 m. Measurements from nine rocket flights frequently show small-scale ionization structures in the altitude region 60–90 km. These are believed to be identical with regions of strong coherent backscatter seem by VHF radars at Jicamarca, Peru and Urbana, Illinois. They are believed to represent intermittent turbulence attributable to nonlinear interaction of waves in the mesosphere. Parameters of the turbulent regions are estimated.     

中国廊坊中间层和低热层大气平均风观测模拟

利用中国廊坊站（39.4°N,116.7°E）流星雷达在2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日的水平风场观测数据,分析廊坊上空80~100km的中间层与低热层（Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere,MLT）大气平均纬向风和经向风的季节变化特征.结果表明平均纬向风和经向风都表现出明显的季节变化特征.平均纬向风在冬季MLT盛行西风,极大值位于中间层顶,随高度增加西风减弱;在夏季中间层为东风,低热层为强西风,风向转换高度约为82km.平均经向风在冬季以南风为主,在夏季盛行北风.纬向风和经向风在春秋两季主要表现为过渡阶段.流星雷达观测结果与WACCM4模式和HWM93模式模拟的气候变化特点基本一致,但WACCM4模式纬向风和经向风风速偏大,而HWM93模式纬向风和经向风风速偏小.      

精确星光大气折射导航观测模型的研究

高精度星光折射间接敏感地平的自主导航方法,目前被国内外广泛关注,由于大气参数变化的不确定性,国内外现用星光折射模型有一定局限性,使得利用星光折射导航定位精度大打折扣.根据大气密度随高度、纬度、季节等变化规律,有效改进现有固定高度(25km)的观测模型,可从整体上提高自主导航精度及可靠性.并通过对大气折射原理、平流层大气数据、大气模型以及影响星光折射观测模型的诸多因素的深入研究,建立了自适应连续高度(20~50km)的星光折射观测模型,同时建立带摄动的系统方程,利用Unscented卡尔曼滤波算法进行了计算机仿真研究,并对仿真结果进行了误差分析.      

A balloon-borne sun-tracking multichannel photometer for atmospheric aerosol measurements

A balloon borne multichannel photometer for measurement of atmospheric scattering in the near ultraviolet and the visible wavelength regions has been developed at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad for study of the size distribution and number density of aerosols at tropospheric and lower stratospheric altitudes. The instrumentation involves tracking the sun in elevation and scanning in azimuth. The payload was recently flown on a 100 kg. balloon from the Hyderabad Balloon Facility on 18 April 1984. The balloon reached a float altitude of 35 km and good quality data has been obtained from an altitude of 6 km upto float altitude. Data analysis is still in progress. The present paper details the instrument design and presents a few illustrations of the instrument performance from this flight.     

Performance of the IRI-2007 model for equatorial topside ion density in the African sector for low and extremely low solar activity

The recent availability of new data sets during the recent extreme solar minimum provides an opportunity for testing the performance of the International Reference Ionosphere in historically undersampled regions. This study presents averages and variability of topside ionospheric densities over Africa as a function of season, local time, altitude, and magnetic dip latitude as measured by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite. The results are compared to the three topside model options available in IRI-2007. Overall, the NeQuick model is found to have the best performance, though during the deepest part of the solar minimum all three options significantly overestimate density.     

活塞式航空发动机二级涡轮增压系统匹配分析

针对高空小型飞机的动力要求,对某一级增压的活塞式航空发动机进行了二级增压系统的匹配设计分析.利用AVL boost软件建立了原发动机的一级增压模型,并根据实验数据进行了校核.在原机模型的基础上,建立了二级增压发动机模型,并且进行了匹配计算.计算结果给出了发动机不同海拔高度下的运行情况,分析了发动机主要参数对性能的影响.研究了旁通阀对二级增压系统的调节规律,确定了高低两级压气机总压比随发动机海拔高度的变化趋势.结果表明,二级增压系统能够为发动机提供足够的进气充量,保证在大气密度降低后发动机还可以产生要求的功率,取得了预期的效果.      

Solar EUV energy budget of the thermosphere

Using the accumulation of experimental data and theoretical studies conducted on the terrestrial thermosphere since the mid seventies, we have re-evaluated the channels by which solar UV energy is transferred to the atmosphere. As an outcome of this evaluation we have redetermined the solar EUV heating efficiency for the thermosphere and find this to be considerably different from that established in earlier studies. The heating efficiency has strong altitude, solar cycle and diurnal dependencies. The values of this parameter vary from less than 10% to greater than 100%, with peak midday values of 50–55% In recent papers we have presented the results of this new UV heating efficiency determination using a steady state solution of the ionospheric model. In this paper we present the results obtained solving a time dependent model over a diurnal cycle. The time dependent effects are found to be significant, with certain longlived species acting as temporary reservoirs of latent heat that is released to the neutral atmosphere at later times.     

考虑高度参数的摆动式红外地球敏感器模型研究

本文考察了摆动式红外地球敏感器测量的工作原理,在介绍敏感器两种数学模型—圆盘模型和三维模型的基础上,增加卫星轨道高度参数为变量,讨论了在不同轨道高度下,敏感器数学模型的变化.利用小角度条件下的一阶近似处理,对敏感器模型所关心的弦宽与姿态角转换关系给出了解答.通过进行带有高度参数的修正,把敏感器的圆盘模型和三维模型推广到了其他轨道高度下.     

Characteristics of cosmic ray cutoffs for a satellite orbiting at 400 km; The effect of the solid earth

Studies of galactic cosmic ray intensity and composition by means of earth orbiting space vehicles often rely on the earth's magnetic field as a momentum analyzer or threshold energy indicator. We have determined, by the trajectory-tracing process, cosmic ray cutoff characteristics for a satellite at 400 km altitude. These calculations indicate that cosmic rays have direct access to the satellite from the magnetic west down to angles of 135° from the zenith. For spacecraft observations it is necessary to employ additional definitions of cutoff beyond the classical Stormer definition because there are regions with allowed orbits where the cutoff, in the classical sense, does not exist.     

F-Region ion composition modeling

Measurements of the principal ion species of the F₁- and F₂- regions have been used to develop an empirical model of the ion composition for altitudes between 150 and 500 km. The species measured by the S3-1 satellite include N⁺, O⁺, N₂⁺, NO⁺ and O₂⁺. The data were obtained near the minimum of the solar cycle, thus limited information on the ionospheric variation with solar flux is available. However, the range of latitude, altitude, local time and geomagnetic activity does provide a useful basis for modeling the F-region. The ion composition measurements have been used to provide a model for relative ion composition which is compatible with the total ion density from the International Reference Ionosphere model.     

主动雷达导引头多路径效应的数字仿真

对于平整和起伏的地面或海面,分别给出了一种基于多反射点复杂目标的多路径回波的时域复包络波形数字仿真模型.采用随机分形插值算法利用地形实测数据对复杂的起伏地面和海面进行三维地形建模.对不同粗糙度地面上的低空目标的多路径回波进行了仿真计算,并使用主动雷达导引头数字仿真模型进行了多路径干扰环境下对低空目标的跟踪实验.仿真实验表明,多路径效应对雷达跟踪低空目标会产生较大的误差.     

Trace constituents measurements deduced from spectrometric observations on-board spacelab

The observation of infrared absorption lines by means of a grille spectrometer on board Spacelab 1 allows the determination of Co₂ and CO in the low thermosphere and in the middle atmosphere. Equal abundances of CO and CO₂ are found at 115 ± 5 km altitude. CO₂ is observed to depart from its homospheric volume mixing ratio near 100 km, dropping by a factor of 10,15 km higher. The CO largest number density is observed near 70 km altitude, close to the H Lyman alpha photoproduction peak.The analysis of one run dedicated to the observation of water vapor shows a middle atmospheric mixing ratio of this species within the limits : 3 to 8 ppmv up to 70 km altitude, with the indication of an increase from 30 to 50 km altitude. The H₂O mixing ratio drops very rapidly above 70 km.The comparison of the results from strong and weak H₂O and CO₂ lines shows the need to refine the line profile model.