On the application of the boundary element method in coronal magnetic field reconstruction

Solar magnetic field is believed to play a central role in solar activities and flares, filament eruptions as well as CMEs are due to the magnetic field re-organization and the interaction between the plasma and the field. At present the reliable magnetic field measurements are still confined to a few lower levels like in photosphere and chromosphere. Although IR technique may be applied to observe the coronal field but the technique is not well-established yet. Radio techniques may be applied to diagnose the coronal field but assumptions on radiation mechanisms and propagations are needed. Therefore extrapolation from photospheric data upwards is still the primary method to reconstruction coronal field. Potential field has minimum energy content and a force-free field can provide the required excess energy for energy release like flares, etc. Linear models have undesirable properties and it is expected to consider non-constant-alpha force-free field model. As the recent result indicates that the plasma beta is sandwich-ed distributed above the solar surface (Gary, 2001), care must be taken in modeling the coronal field correctly. As the reconstruction of solar coronal magnetic fields is an open boundary problem, it is desired to apply some technique that can incorporate this property. The boundary element method is a well-established numerical techniques that has been applied to many fields including open-space problems. It has also been applied to solar magnetic field problems for potential, linear force-free field and non-constant-alpha force-free field problems. It may also be extended to consider the non-force-free field problem. Here we introduce the procedure of the boundary element method and show its applications in reconstruction of solar magnetic field problems. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of areal expansion and coronal heating on the solar wind

Empirical studies have shown that the solar wind speed at Earth is inversely correlated with the areal expansion rate of magnetic flux tubes near the Sun. Recent model calculations that include a self-consistent determination of the coronal temperature allow one to understand the physical basis of this relationship; they also suggest why the solar wind mass flux is relatively constant.     

Tracing the magnetic topology of coronal mass ejection events by Ulysses/HI-SCALE energetic particle observations in and out of the ecliptic

In January 2000, the Ulysses spacecraft observed an ICME event at 43° S heliographic latitude and ∼ 4.1 AU. We use electron (E _e>38 keV) observations to trace the topology of the IMF embedded within the ICME. The still controversial issue of whether ICMEs have been detached from the solar corona or are still magnetically anchored to it when they arrive at the spacecraft is tackled. An in ecliptic ICME event is also presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the derivation of empirical limits on the helium abundance in coronal holes below 1.5R s

We present a simple technique describing how limits on the helium abundance, , the ratio of helium to proton number density, can be inferred from measurements of the electron density, temperature and their gradients below 1.5R _s. As an illustration, we apply this technique to emission line intensities in the extreme ultraviolet, measured in polar coronal holes. The example indicates that can be significantly large in the inner corona. This technique could be applicable to the more extensive data to be obtained from coordinated ground and space-based observations during the Ulysses south polar passage and the Spartan flight, and subsequently during the SOHO mission. Limits on the helium abundance in the solar wind can thus be derived from its source region and compared to interplanetary values.     

明渠恒定均匀流试验中尾门的影响范围

利用PIV测量了明渠恒定均匀流中离尾门（活页式及闸板式）不同距离的9条断面中垂线的流速分布,分析了尾门对中垂线时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力及能谱特征的影响范围。对比活页式和闸板式两种尾门的差异可以发现,闸板尾门对时均流速的影响要明显大于活页尾门,而对于脉动强度、雷诺应力和能谱特征的影响,二者差异可以忽略。对于时均流速,在距离50h后两种尾门的影响均小于1.0%;对于纵向紊动强度、垂向紊动强度及雷诺应力,以4.0%、4.0%、10.0%作为衡量标准,尾门的影响距离分别为35h、25h、30h;对于纵、垂向能谱特征参数k50,以偏差值15.0%、6.0%作为标准,尾门的影响距离分别为35h和40h。     

基于CFX的涡轮叶片流场及温度场的数值模拟

涡轮叶片作为航空发动机重要的热端部件,其工作情况直接影响到涡轮的机械效率.利用流体计算软件CFX研究了涡轮叶片工作时的流场及温度场,并进行了较为深入的分析,较真实地展现了叶片工作时的情况,为验证冷却方式的有效性及对涡轮叶片进行热-结构耦合计算奠定了基础.     

Effect of heating on the load-carrying structure mass

The effect of heating on the mass of load-carrying structures is analyzed using the weight Komarov formula in the framework of the design calculations by examples of a panel and spar. The results obtained have been compared with the data on real structures of supersonic passenger aircraft and aerospace aircraft of reusable transport systems.     

Influences of mass flow rate on heat and mass transfer performances of water sublimator combined with fluid loop

For spacecraft working in vacuum environment, sublimator is an effective heat rejection approach to reject system's peak heat load, and supplement spacecraft radiation heat rejection. For a spacecraft active fluid loop thermal control system combined with sublimator, waste heat generated from multi-point distributed heat sources could be collected by the fluid loop efficiently. However, the heat and mass transfer performances of the sublimator combined with fluid loop have not been adequately studied in previous research, especially for the influences of the heat load. Since work fluid mass flow rate is the main factor affecting heat load of the fluid loop, this context experimentally studied influences of the fluid loop mass flow rate on sublimator start-up transient characteristics, including heat transfer performances, response time, and work stability. Results indicated that the fluid loop mass flow rate affected the sublimator heat and mass transfer performances obviously, but the heat rejection ability is not always increase with the increasing of the fluid loop mass flow rate. In addition, we obtained the condition to judge whether there is a positive correlation between heat rejection ability and fluid loop mass flow rate.     

基于Internet/Intranet的高校开放实验室管理信息系统的研究

本文在高校开放实验室教学管理中提出应用Internet／Intranet技术，建立基于B／S模式的高校开放实验室管理信息系统．在对系统的组织结构、系统软件设计思路进行介绍的同时，根据高校开放实验室教学管理中的需求分析提出了管理信息系统的实现办法和主要特点。     

Effects of doors on an open cavity flow at Mach number 6

Open cavities with different door-opening angles are investigated using high-speed schlieren visualization and dynamic pressure measurements in hypersonic flow with a freestream Mach number of 6.With the help of numerical simulations,the shear layer deformation and pressure increase in the cavities due to the impingement of the door-leading-edge shocks are identified via comparison with those in the cavity without doors.As the door-opening angle decreases from90°,the shear layer above the forepart of the cavity is gradually raised by the high pressure in the cavity.When the door-opening angle decreases to 30° and 15°,the boundary layer on the upstream flat plate of the cavity separates,and separation shock is observed.The doors enhance the instability of the cavity flow and increase the pressure fluctuations in the cavities.A new oscillation pattern,referred to as coupled oscillation,is observed in the cases with separation on the upstream flat plate,in which the separation shock oscillates at the same dominant frequency as the flow inside the cavity.Compared with the cavity without doors,this coupled oscillation causes a lower oscillation frequency and a larger overall sound pressure level.Cross-correlation analyses between pressure signals indicate that the disturbances generated at the trailing edge of the cavity can propagate to the separation on the upstream flat plate and cause coupled oscillation of the separation shock.The fundamental frequencies of the coupled oscillations can be normalized to approximately the same Strouhal number as that of the cavity without doors.These findings support that the oscillation mechanisms of hypersonic cavities without and with doors are primarily dominated by acoustic feedback.     

思想政治理论课多元化开放式考试模式的探索

以改革创新精神,建构多元化开放式的考试模式,从一元化考试模式向多元化考试模式的转化,从封闭式考试模式向开放式考试模式的转化,有利于提高学生的综合素质,提升考试的综合评价功能,达到思想政治理论课的教学目的.     

High energy cosmic-ray nuclei results on Ulysses: 2. Effects of a recurrent high-speed stream from the southern polar coronal hole

Since June 1992 the Kiel Electron Telescope on board ULYSSES measures 26-day variations of the order of 6% in the fluxes of high energy H and He. In May 1993 ULYSSES entered into the unipolar region of the southern polar coronal hole, but continued to observe similar effects: increases in the MeV proton channels due to acceleration near the shocks of the corotating interaction region and decreases in the intensity of galactic nuclei associated with the same region. Amplitude variations are presented for different magnetic rigidities and the effects are discussed in view of corotating shock development in a 3-dimensional heliospheric structure.     

太阳辐射对航空发动机露天试车台热变形的影响

航空发动机露天试车台暴露于室外大气环境中,太阳辐射将导致其结构热变形,直接影响测试精度。首先使用ASHRAE模型对ANSYS Workbench中Solar Calculator功能模块的辐射计算结果进行验证,确定了模块计算的准确性;然后基于Solar Calculator功能模块对露天试车台结构温度场进行计算分析,探究了太阳辐射对露天试车台结构热变形的影响。结果表明,利用Solar Calculator功能模块计算太阳辐射强度最大误差为5.20%,露天试车台因温度变化导致在x、y、z方向上分别伸长0.033%、0.107%和0.020%。还对基于有限元结构建模与利用线膨胀系数估算的结构变形进行了计算,两种算法的平均误差在6.52%以内,验证了有限元模型用于热变形计算的合理性。     

基于实测的古斯塔夫飓风非平稳特性分析

根据美国路易斯安娜州立大学飓风研究中心对古斯塔夫（Gustavo）飓风的实测资料,首先采用传统方法统计出不同高度处强风的基本参数特性,然后运用轮次法对不同高度、时距和起始点的风速样本进行非平稳特性检验,最后基于希尔伯特一黄变换（HHT）方法对于呈现非平稳特性的风速序列进行经验模式分解（EMD）和时一频一谱联合特征分析。分析发现,飓风的湍流强度和积分尺度较良态风场相差较大,并且其平均风速也极不稳定;通过轮次法对不同高度和时段的风速时程检验发现,非平稳特性与高度和统计时段大小密切相关,相应的10min时距的风速样本也存在非平稳特性;HHT对非平稳风速序列分析结果表明,飓风的非平稳特性主要是由时变的平均风速引起,其能量和频率随着时间的变化明显,并且主要能量集中在0．05～0．2Hz频段内,但EMD分解和Hilbert谱结果表明高频能量同样不能忽略。最终得出的结论为：基于传统的分析方法可以很好地获得基于平稳假定的飓风统计参数,但不能获取其非平稳信息,而轮次法和HHT方法是识别非平稳和分析其时频谱联合特性的良好方法。     

Influence of the open end geometry on resonance oscillations of a gas in a tube

Resonance oscillations of a gas in an open-ended tube of different geometry are investigated. The calculation is made by means of a one-parametric model using the experimental data for a pointed end and flanged ends. The distributions of the absolute values for dimensionless amplitudes of gas velocity and pressure variations along the tube are presented. The theoretical calculations are compared with the experimental results.     

微射流作动器三维外流场数值模拟

采用有限体积法求解Faver平均N—s方程,对三维、粘性、非定常、不可压微作动器外流场进行数值模拟。计算结果揭示了微射流产生、发展与耗散的过程,和实验中观察到的现象比较吻合。旋涡对沿展向的不稳定性是涡环破裂、旋涡对的相干性消失的主要原因。二次涡的发现为以后研究微射流旋涡对的细微结构打下良好的基础。     

改型尾缘对翼型流场影响的数值模拟

建立了NACA23012翼型后缘加装Gurney襟翼模型和高度为2%弦长的Gurney襟翼翼型的后缘表面曲率进行修改的模型,并利用FLUENT软件对其进行数值模拟,得到不同模型在不同风速,不同攻角下的空气动力学性能（Cl、Cd）以及翼型表面压力、速度、马赫数的分布等.计算结果表明：四种单纯的加装Gurney襟翼的模型中,高度为2%弦长的Gurney襟翼模型具有最高的升阻比.而与单纯加装Gurney襟翼的模型相比,修改下表面后缘曲率的模型的升阻比可提高14%左右.在0.5度攻角以下及负攻角时,与 NACA23012原型相比,各改型的升阻比都有所提高.     

通用航空领域直升机安全运行研究

<正>直升机作为通用航空器的一个重要组成部分,由于其自身的特点,在运行的过程中存在不少影响安全运行的因素。本文对直升机的安全运行情况进行分析,着重探讨了导致不安全因素的原因,为直升机的安全运行提供些许参考。直升机可以在小面积场地上垂直起降,并且可以做低空、低速和机头方向不变的机动飞行,这是许多其他飞行器难以办到或不能办到的,因而直升机在应用方面具有不可替代性。在我国通航事业大力发展的今天,直升机的显著特点使其具有广阔的应用领域     

冲角变化对涡轮静叶栅流场的影响

为了研究亚临界600MW汽轮机高压第九级静叶原型和改型叶栅的变冲角气动特性,对两套环形叶栅在0°和±10°冲角下在哈尔滨工业大学能源科学与工程学院的低速环形风洞中进行了对比实验研究。实验结果表明,冲角变化仅影响改型和原型叶栅流道前半部分的横向压力梯度,对流道后半部分的流动影响不大;与原型叶栅相比较,改型叶栅不仅降低了流动损失,而且比原型叶栅具有更好的变冲角特性。