Instrumentenentwicklungen für anwendungsaufgaben der fernerkundung photogrammetrie,geophysik und geodäsie

(Instrument Developments for Applications in Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, Geophysics and Geodesy) The Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Seanner MOMS-01, a CCD camera using the push-broom scanner principle, is presented in this paper in its flight configuration. This instrument will be the first European-built spaceborne unaging system for remote sensing applications (launch with Shuttle flight No. 7).Follow-on developments of this initial two-channel version are oriented to an extension of capabilities by a panchromatic high-resolution stereoscopic module for thematic mapping and two additional spectral channels in the reflective IR (up to 2.3 μm) offering a high interpretation potential for future earth resources exploration missions. Furthermore the subjects of advanced laser technology studies are introduced: A picosecond pulse laser system for detection of tectonic motions and for geodetic application, a CO laser for ultra precise range rate determination (Earth potential and Geoid) and a laser range finder for intersatellite distance measurements.     

Remote sensing and strengthening European security

Remote sensing and the use of satelites to monitor compliance with arms control and disarmament agreements have been among the focal points of the International Space Year. The interdisciplinary research project, Remote Sensing and European Security, is addressing this question. This article gives a brief survey of the latest developments in the field and summarizes the project's findings.     

The promise and problems of the land remote sensing policy act of 1992

After nearly a decade of attempting to guide the complex process of land remote sensing in the US, the 1984 Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act was repealed. In its place, Congress passed the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992. This action was prompted by what many observers consider a failed attempt at commercialization and the inability of the old law's provisions to meet the compelling needs of scientific research. The new law attempts to address these failures and, in many respects, is successful. Nonetheless it still embodies some of the problems associated with the earlier law. This article compares the provisions of the two laws and provides an analysis of the new law's strengths and weaknesses.     

闪电成像仪的实验室定标

闪电成像仪是对地静止的天底成像遥感器,被优化适于在白天和夜间探测和定位闪电。实验室定标是发射前的业务,其作用在于保证遥感器在轨运行的性能。文章着重讨论实验室性能定标。     

Educating Europe - finding the best way

The subject of space education is attracting increasing attention, but there are diverging views as to how it should be approached, as can be seen from the following two reports of Education Remote Sensing '92, a conference held in Cardiff, Wales, 28–30 June 1992.     

A slotted waveguide array antenna from carbon fibre reinforced plastics for the European space SAR

This paper deals with the design of a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-antenna for the proposed European Remote Sensing Satellite. Electrical performance requirements and geometric constraints impose stringent conditions upon structural configuration and mechanical tolerances. A slotted waveguide array antenna is presented in a deployable configuration. It is composed of 5 radiating panels, and a foldable truss structure. Carbon fibre reinforced plastic material is used for structural elements and waveguides.     

The land remote sensing commercialization Act of 1984

This article examines the effect that private-sector remote sensing activities might have on the international community and on the future of international cooperation in space. It describes in detail The Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984, recently passed by the US Congress and signed by President Reagan. The article concludes that it is possible to develop domestic regulations that balance the economic interests of the private sector with the legal and political concerns of the international community.     

The european space agency's earth observation satellite programmes

After a short presentation of the Meteosat and Sirio-2 programmes, the paper describes the elements of the ESA Remote Sensing Programmes for polar, Sun-synchronous orbits: Earthnet, a network of ground stations receiving data for present and future American satellites, and future European programmes; Spacelab, whose first flight will include high resolution visible and IR cameras, and radar; ERS-1, for radar observation of oceans and polar caps. Future ESA programmes are outlined.     

Strategic plan for civilian remote sensing

The following is a brief to the US Congress of a report prepared by the Office of Technology Assessment, The Future of Remote Sensing from Space: Civilian Satellite Systems and Applications. The report argues that a flexible, long-term interagency plan is needed to maximize the return on US investment in remote sensing. This in turn will require funding to ensure continuity of data collection and use, and suggests the need to form a broad-based international cooperative programme to avoid redundancy and promote more effective application of data.     

Satellite remote sensing in aid of development: the Tunis Declaration

A policy statement of the Centre Régional de Télédétection des Etats de l’Afrique du Nord (CRTEAN) (North African Centre for Remote Sensing) was prepared in the wake of a conference, held in Tunis, on the use of remote sensing to aid development. This report briefly describes the areas covered by the seminar, provides information on the structure and activities of the CRTEAN and reproduces the policy document, known as the Tunis Declaration.     

基于遥感影像的油罐自动检测算法

油罐自动检测和识别对于大比例尺、自动／半自动计算机制图具有重要的意义。提出的油罐检测算法利用改进的随机Hough变换（RHT），改进的Canny算法和模板匹配算法，不仅在识别率上有较大的提高，同时也缩短了检测时间，并解决了油罐识别中模板匹配模板选择问题，降低了RHT计算复杂度。通过实验证明，采用本文提出的油罐自动检测算法识别率优于80％，满足了75％的指标要求。     

Orbiting spies—opportunities and challenges

The great improvement in civil observation satellite capabilities over the past two decades—such that the image quality of civil and military satellites is now converging—is demonstrated with the aid of illustrations. The advantages of such progress, eg. new tools for treaty verification, are discussed. Potential problems, including censorship and denial of access to images of one's own country, which may conflict with the UN Remote Sensing Principles, are also highlighted. It is suggested that work on an ASAT treaty should be made a priority for the future.     

两种低噪声放大器性能对地面接收系统影响的分析

针对进口和国产低噪声放大器（ＬＮＡ）的增益和噪声温度指标，就中科院遥感卫星地面站运行接收系统的主要系统性能指标即Ｇ／Ｔ值和误码率进行了理论分析和实际测量。结果表明，国产ＬＮＡ比进口ＬＮＡ的增益提高９．８ｄＢ，噪声温度降低４Ｋ，接收系统增益改善约０．２５ｄＢ／Ｋ，１０－７误码率对应的Ｅｂ／Ｎ０改善约０．７ｄＢ。     

Remote sensing and the first amendment

The images and information available from remote-sensing satellites are potentially valuable to a large market. The news media is part of this market, ready to make major use of new near real-time information offered by the latest technology, which can provide images with resolution of less than 10 metres. A media business consortium (‘Mediasat’) could be created. However, the US Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984 places tough licensing restrictions on any US company wanting to put a camera into orbit. The author argues that these restrictions clash with the US Constitutional right of freedom of information, and the press's right to gather information.     

Towards a new remote sensing order?

This Viewpoint argues that the 1986 UN Principles on Remote Sensing have failed to anticipate the growth and broadening of the Earth observation field and are now less relevant. It traces the development of remote sensing: from a narrow government-controlled base, three distinct sectors of military, civil (i.e. public) and commercial Earth observation can now be distinguished and the latter is making images ever more widely and easily available. There has been no international effort to adjust the international legal regime to this changing environment and even the USA's remote sensing policy has basically been reactive. It is impossible now to conceive an overarching remote sensing policy and the challenge will be to shape each sectoral regime appropriately.     

Improving space knowledge in Africa: The ARCSSTE-E

The African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in English (ARCSSTE-E) was inaugurated in November 1998, with a mandate for the development of indigenous skills, knowledge and capacity, through rigorous theory, research, applications, field exercises and pilot projects that can enhance socioeconomic development. The institution runs a nine-month Postgraduate Diploma (PGD) programme in the areas of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (RS/GIS); Satellite Communications; Satellite Meteorology and Global Climate; and Basic Space Science and Atmospheric Physics (BSS), as well as short courses and outreach programmes. This paper describes the impact of the space postgraduate diploma programmes in the African region, highlighting the capabilities of the centre. Using a survey of participants in its courses, it notes where changes are needed and makes recommendations to this end.     

An international remote sensing system: A possibility

There have been growing national capabilities in the observation of Earth from space and a corresponding increase in the global awareness of environmental problems. In response, within the past decade consensus has been reached with respect to the recommendations of Unispace-82, the Principles of Remote Sensing and Agenda 21 of the June 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED); the latter was convened ‘to lay the foundation for a global partnership between developing and more industrialized countries, based on mutual needs and common interests, to ensure the future of the planet’. Similarly, the framework for international cooperation in such programmes as the US-led Earth Observing system (EOS) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) have been established. An international remote sensing system that is user-driven may be the next logical step.     

Processing/analysis capabilities for data acquired with hyperspectral spaceborne sensors

The Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis System (ISDAS) is being developed by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates on Sun Microsystems SPARC workstations using the Application Visualization System (AVS) software package to meet the requirements for efficient processing and analysis of hyperspectral data acquired with airborne as well as future spaceborne sensors. Various visualization tools have been developed for rapid exploratory analysis together with preprocessing and information extraction tools for numerical analysis. Linkages to a spectral database and a conventional image analysis system were established to support the analysis. ISDAS is being used for multidisciplinary applications development in areas such as agriculture, environment, and exploration geology using physically based analysis approaches to retrieve information from hyperspectral data. This continuing effort, in collaboration with industry will lead to streamlined procedures that are important to take hyperspectral satellite remote sensing towards an operational mode.     

国际空间法中的限制性义务及其他规则概要

国际空间法是指调整国家、国际组织之间开展外空探索、利用、开发活动中权利义务规则的总称。狭义的国际空间法仅指以联合国外空五大公约为核心的国际条约体系,对于缔约国是具有强制的法律约束力的;广义的国际空间法还包括联合国大会决议和联合国外空委大会文件在内的不具有法律约束力、但具有很强的政治约束力的外空国际活动规则。中国1983年加入《外空条约》,1988年加入《营救协定》、《责任公约》和《登记公约》,没有加入《月球协定》。文章分析前4个公约以及《遥感原则》、《防止在外空部署武器条约草案》、"外空透明与建立信任措施"联大决议、《外空活动长期可持续准则草案》等不具有法律约束力的文件,简要分析其对中国航天活动可能产生的限制和影响,并提出对策、建议。     

Möglichkeiten und grenzen von mikrowellensystemen zur fernerkundung von satelliten

(Possibilities and Limitations of Microwave Systems for Satellite Remote Sensing)—Microwaves are applied in satellite remote sensing in both active, i.e. radar systems and in passive, i.e. microwave radiometer systems. The advantages and disadvantages of active and passive microwave systems in comparison to each other and to optical systems are discussed shortly. It becomes evident that radar has advantages over microwave radiometry due to its ranging and velocity-measurement capability, due to its SAR-capability with its extremely fine resolution and due to the fact that no major theoretical limitations exist for the obtainable measurement accuracy.The most important radar systems for Earth and ocean observations from satellites are altimeter, scatterometer and imaging radars with real or synthetic aperture. The physical and technical basics of these types of radar are presented together with some applications. Examples for remote sensing data and results obtained from different microwave remote sensing systems show the present state of the art and the present possibilities and limitations of microwave systems for satellite remote sensing.