Variable structure control for satellite attitude stabilization in elliptic orbits using solar radiation pressure

The paper proposes the use of solar radiation pressure for satellite attitude control in elliptic orbits based on variable structure control. The system comprises of a satellite with two-oppositely placed solar flaps. Sliding mode control and terminal sliding mode control techniques have been adopted to develop nonlinear control laws for suitably rotating the control solar flaps to neutralize the adverse effect of eccentricity normally responsible for a considerable deterioration in the attitude control performance. The detailed numerical simulation of the governing nonlinear equation of the motion including the effects of various system parameters on the controller performance, establishes the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. The proposed controller is found to be robust against parameter uncertainties and external disturbances and thereby, the control strategy presented in the paper may be applicable to future satellite missions.     

Attractive manifold-based adaptive solar attitude control of satellites in elliptic orbits

The paper presents a novel noncertainty-equivalent adaptive (NCEA) control system for the pitch attitude control of satellites in elliptic orbits using solar radiation pressure (SRP). The satellite is equipped with two identical solar flaps to produce control moments. The adaptive law is based on the attractive manifold design using filtered signals for synthesis, which is a modification of the immersion and invariance (I&I) method. The control system has a modular controller–estimator structure and has separate tunable gains. A special feature of this NCEA law is that the trajectories of the satellite converge to a manifold in an extended state space, and the adaptive law recovers the performance of a deterministic controller. This recovery of performance cannot be obtained with certainty-equivalent adaptive (CEA) laws. Simulation results are presented which show that the NCEA law accomplishes precise attitude control of the satellite in an elliptic orbit, despite large parameter uncertainties.     

Inertially fixed pitch stabilization of satellites by solar radiation pressure

Utilization of solar radiation pressure to stabilize the pitch attitude of an unsymmetrical satellite along an inertially-fixed orientation is investigated. A controller employing two rotatable highly reflective control surfaces is proposed and a control strategy involving both nominal and feedback controls is synthesized. Accounting for the apparent annual motion of the Sun, the validity of the concept throughout the year is established through a stability analysis of the system. The influence of the Earth's shadow on the controller performance is also analyzed. The speed of response as well as the pointing accuracy capabilities of the system appear to be quite acceptable for long-life scientific missions.     

地球同步卫星远地点变轨期间的三轴姿态稳定

本文提供了地球同步三轴稳定卫星在远地点变轨机动过程中的卫星动力学模型,其中考虑了刚体、液体晃动和帆板振动的耦合,这些模型经过实际工程验证,证明是正确的。本文还给出了控制器结构,它由PID和各种晃动滤波器及帆板挠性滤波器组成。工程设计证明,这种控制器结构可满足设计要求且简单可靠。本文还给出了系统稳定性分析结果及数字仿真结果。     

帆板驱动影响下的卫星姿态高精度高稳定度控制

受步进电机驱动作用,太阳帆板对日定向时卫星姿态受到影响。本文针对帆板驱动不平稳引起的同卫星姿态耦合干扰,提出了一种卫星姿态稳定和太阳帆板对日定向的复合控制方法。卫星姿态稳定采用自抗扰控制器,以估计补偿由帆板驱动和系统不确定性引起的干扰,并在此基础上,设计了步进电机自适应电流补偿驱动器,以克服帆板驱动机构摩擦力矩和谐波力矩影响。仿真结果表明,该方法能大大提高卫星姿态控制精度和稳定度,同时还改善了帆板对日定向的精度。
     

绳系太阳能发电卫星姿态机动的主动振动控制

针对绳系太阳能发电卫星大角度回转机动时太阳能板的振动抑制问题,提出了主姿态控制和基于绳中张力的主动振动控制技术相结合的复合控制方法。建立了绳系太阳能发电卫星系统的动力学方程,并基于任务函数控制算法设计了主控制器保证卫星姿态的渐近稳定和挠性结构振动的衰减性;考虑到绳的非线性特性,基于任务函数控制算法设计了绳系卫星系统的主动振动抑制辅助控制器来抑制挠性结构的振动。设计的同时证明了系统的稳定性。将该方法应用于绳系卫星的大角度单轴回转机动的仿真研究,结果表明:该方法不仅能够使绳系卫星完成姿态机动,而且能够有效地抑制太阳能板的振动。     

Evolution of the Orbit of an Earth Satellite with a Solar Sail

The efficiency of using the light pressure of solar radiation for increasing the semimajor axis of the orbit of an Earth Satellite carrying a solar sail is estimated. The orbit is nearly circular and has an altitude of about 900 km. The satellite is in the mode of single-axis solar orientation: it rotates at an angular velocity of 1 deg/s around the axis of symmetry, which traces the direction to the Sun. This mode is maintained by the solar sail, which serves in this case as a solar stabilizer. The following method of increasing the semimajor axis of the orbit (which is equivalent to increasing the total energy of the satellite's orbital motion) is considered. On those sections of the orbit, where the angle between the light pressure force acting upon the sail and the vector of geocentric velocity of the satellite does not exceed a specified limit, the sail is functioning as a solar stabilizer. On those sections of the orbit, where the above-indicated angle exceeds this limit, the sail is furled by way of turning the edges of the petals towards the Sun. Such a control increases the semimajor axis by more than 150 km for three months of flight. In this case, the accuracy of solar orientation decreases insignificantly.     

模糊神经网络控制器在卫星姿态控制系统中的应用

现代卫星的姿轨控制面临着挠性附件对本体姿态的耦合作用。本文将卫星太阳帆板挠性结构对本体姿态的影响增广进系统方程 ,在PID控制器控制刚体卫星的基础上 ,设计了模糊神经网络控制器 ,采用反向传播和最小方差估计的学习方法进行模糊规则的学习 ,仿真表明 ,模糊神经网络特有的学习和处理定性与定量知识的优点 ,将使卫星姿态在参数变化与外部干扰情况下具有较好的姿态稳定度与精度。     

创新一号微小卫星电源分系统

介绍了我国第一颗微小卫星创新一号(CX-1)电源分系统的性能、组成、工作原理,以及太阳电池阵、镉镍电池组和电源控制器等的设计和相应参数。分析了设计中采用的三域控制统一母线调节、高效三结砷化镓太阳电池发电和充电V-T曲线智能化控制管理等关键技术。飞行试验结果表明,CX-1卫星电源分系统的性能优良、工作可靠,达到了设计要求。     

An attitude control approach for compensation of satellite drift in elliptic synchronous orbits

This paper explores the possibility of developing a new attitude control method for satellites in elliptic, 24-hour orbits, in order to compensate for the effect of longitudinal periodic drift relative to the ground station. A simple solar attitude control technique has been proposed for achieving the fixed apparent satellite orientation with respect to the ground segment of the space mission. The proposed control approach appears to be quite attractive for various satellite applications as it can substantially overcome the problems created by the continual periodic angular drift as well as undesirable pitching excitation in the elliptic orbits. Generalizing the analytically developed open-loop control policy results in a significant improvement of the controller performance.     

基于T-H方程的卫星轨迹模型参考输出跟踪控制方法

当目标卫星沿椭圆轨道运行时,描述追踪星与目标星相对运动的线性化方程为T-H方程。将描述航天器相对运动的T-H方程变换为周期系统的状态空间形式,并给出卫星轨迹跟踪控制问题的数学描述。基于周期系统的参量Lyapunov方法和模型参考跟踪控制理论,提出了卫星轨迹跟踪控制器的设计方法。利用该方法设计了带有收敛速率保障的反馈镇定控制器和具有自由参数的前馈控制器。对追踪星相对目标星悬停任务进行了数值仿真,仿真结果表明提出的控制方案是有效的。     

Single-Axis Solar Orientation of a Satellite of the Earth

The possibility of using the mode of single-axis solar orientation is considered for a satellite placed into a nearly circular orbit with an altitude of 900 km and bearing a solar sail. The satellite (together with the sail) has an axisymmetric structure, its symmetry axis being the principal central axis of the maximum moment of inertia. The center of the sail pressure lies on this axis and is displaced with respect to the satellite's center of mass. The symmetry axis of the satellite is set to the Sun so that its center of mass would be located between the Sun and the pressure center and would rotate around this axis with an angular velocity of a few degrees per second. The satellite's axis of symmetry makes a slow precession under the action of the gravitational moment and the moment of light pressure forces. Though the maximum magnitudes of these moments are comparable, the moment of the light pressure forces dominates and controls the precession in such a way that the symmetry axis orientation to the Sun remains unchanged.     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

低轨对地凝视卫星姿态模糊控制器设计

设计了一种用于低轨道小卫星对地凝视姿控的模糊控制器。根据刚体动力学导出的基于欧拉角的运动学和动力学方程,设计了对地凝视小卫星的姿态模糊控制器。仿真结果表明:与传统控制方法相比,该控制器具快速性和鲁棒性。     

空间太阳能电站的准对日定向姿态

针对空间太阳能电站的俯仰姿态运动,提出一种能追踪太阳运动的准对日定向(QSP)姿态方案。此方案的太阳能电池阵列在万有引力梯度力矩的作用下,始终在垂直于太阳光的方向附近作幅值约为18.8°的振动,且几乎不需要姿态控制力矩。准对日定向姿态方案解决了大型太阳能电池阵列对日定向所需的巨大俯仰姿态控制力矩问题。准对日定向姿态的发电效率为对日定向姿态的97.3%,对Abacus空间太阳能电站而言每年可节省燃料约36791 kg。通过数值方法得到了准对日定向姿态的精确初始条件。随后,设计了比例-微分控制器,保证了系统存在初始姿态误差的条件下收敛到准对日定向姿态。最后研究了轨道、姿态和结构振动对准对日定向姿态的影响,并发现准对日定向姿态下的结构振动幅值比对日定向姿态减小约40倍。     

Stochastic control of pitch motion of satellites using stabilizing flaps

The modelling, analysis and synthesis of an attitude control system for low orbit artificial satellites using stabilizing flaps are presented. The function of the system is to maintain the satellite aligned with the local vertical. The aerodynamic forces on the satellite are modelled assuming free molecular flow using the kinetic theory of gases. The control system development is considered through the application of stochastic control concepts. The satellite motion is described by the equations of motion based on Newtonian formulation. Starting from the separation principle, a sequential procedure is developed in which the state estimation and control problems are handled simultaneously. State estimate is provided by Kalman filter using the information about the position of the satellite and of the flaps. The controller acts on satellite in real time, and the stabilizing flaps are the only control elements.     

卫星编队飞行相对位置自适应协同控制

针对卫星编队飞行相对位置协同控制问题,基于编队卫星相对运动非线性动力学方程和一致性理论设计了两种自适应协同控制器。首先,在卫星质量不确定和星间信息交互存在通信时延的条件下,设计了一种全状态反馈自适应协同控制器,并证明了该控制策略对空间摄动力的鲁棒性。其次,进一步考虑速度信息不可测的条件下,采用滤波器设计了一种无速度反馈的自适应协同控制器。最后,以编队构型重构为例对两种自适应协同控制器进行了仿真校验。仿真结果表明：两种自适应协同控制器均可有效应用于卫星编队飞行相对位置的协同控制,能够保证编队卫星对各自期望轨迹跟踪的同时暂态保持编队构型的稳定,具有较高的控制精度。     

SATSIM—A real-time multi-satellite simulator for test and validation in formation flying projects

The satellite simulator SATSIM was developed during the experimental PRISMA multi-satellite formation flying project and was primarily aimed to validate the Guidance, Navigation and Control system (GNC) and the on-board software in a simulated real-time environment. The SATSIM system has as a main feature the ability to simulate sensors and actuators, spacecraft dynamics, intra-satellite communication protocols, environmental disturbances, solar illumination conditions as well as solar and lunar blinding. The core of the simulator consists of MATLAB/Simulink models of the spacecraft hardware and the space environment. The models run on a standard personal computer that in the simplest scenario may be connected to satellite controller boards through a CAN (Controller Area Network) data bus. SATSIM is, in conjunction with the RAMSES Test and Verification system, able to perform open-loop, hardware-in-the-loop as well as full-fledged closed-loop tests through the utilisation of peripheral sensor unit simulators. The PRISMA satellites were launched in June 2010 and the project is presently in its operational phase. This paper describes how a low cost but yet reliable simulator such as the SATSIM platform in different configurations has been used through the different phases of a multi-satellite project, from early test of onboard software running on satellite controller boards in a lab environment, to full-fledged closed-loop tests of satellite flight models.     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

帆板转动时卫星姿态的非线性控制

当帆板转动时，卫星姿态因系统质量特性的改变和帆板驱动力矩的作用而发生扰动，本文采用一种具有鲁棒性的非线性控制方法，实现了高精度的卫星姿态控制。