超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动问题的数值验证

基于三维可压缩RANS方程,结合有限速率化学反应模型,发展了一套模拟多组元化 学 反应与湍流流动的计算程序。通过对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的几种典型流动问题,如横 向喷流问题、后向台阶流动问题和氢／空气化学反应问题进行数值模拟,验证计算程序的可 靠性,将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,结果吻合较好。     

Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

Multi-objective design optimization of the transverse gaseous jet in supersonic flows

The mixing process between the injectant and the supersonic crossflow is one of the important issues for the design of the scramjet engine, and the efficiency mixing has a great impact on the improvement of the combustion efficiency. A hovering vortex is formed between the separation region and the barrel shock wave, and this may be induced by the large negative density gradient. The separation region provides a good mixing area for the injectant and the subsonic boundary layer. In the current study, the transverse injection flow field with a freestream Mach number of 3.5 has been optimized by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) coupled with the Kriging surrogate model; and the variance analysis method and the extreme difference analysis method have been employed to evaluate the values of the objective functions. The obtained results show that the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is the most important design variable for the transverse injection flow field, and the injectant molecular weight and the slot width should be considered for the mixing process between the injectant and the supersonic crossflow. There exists an optimal penetration height for the mixing efficiency, and its value is about 14.3 mm in the range considered in the current study. The larger penetration height provides a larger total pressure loss, and there must be a tradeoff between these two objection functions. In addition, this study demonstrates that the multi-objective design optimization method with the data mining technique can be used efficiently to explore the relationship between the design variables and the objective functions.     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

混合室对零二次流环形超声速引射器性能的影响

采用二维轴对称雷诺平均方程和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,研究了不同混合室结构对零二次流环型超声速引射器的流场结构、盲腔真空度和引射器出口总压力等性能的影响,较好地模拟了引射器内由激波、边界层干扰诱导的复杂流场特性.结果表明,在收敛混合室前端增加适当长度的平直段可大大提高零二次流环型超声速引射器的性能.     

超声速燃烧不稳定性研究进展

对超声速燃烧不稳定性这一新兴领域的研究进行了综合评述,并对未来研究进行了展望。首先分析了超声速燃烧不稳定性现象的基本特性及其影响因素;随后讨论了超声速燃烧不稳定性的多种机理;接着概括了基于上述机理的超声速燃烧不稳定性建模;最后对超声速燃烧不稳定性还需重点研究的方向给出建议。综述表明,超声速燃烧不稳定性的现象、机理和建模都还需持续开展研究,特别需要关注的是燃烧室构型布局和燃料喷注方式对超燃冲压发动机燃烧不稳定性现象的影响,在超声速混合层和射流等典型流动中更深入探索超声速燃烧不稳定性机理,基于超声速燃烧系统的湍流时空演化特性进一步发展超声速燃烧不稳定性模型。     

高超声速进气道优化设计初探

以总压恢复系数为目标,利用无粘流斜激波关系式和约束最优化计算方法,在考虑混合气体比热随温度变化的条件下,对二维混压式高超声速进气道设计方法作了初步探索,利用数值模拟软件对附面层作了修正,研究了进气道的基本性能。数值模拟结果表明:该进气道在飞行马赫数Ma=4～6.5范围内能够可靠工作。     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

SMC模式下RBCC发动机4Ma工况性能仿真

为研究SMC模式下火箭混合比对RBCC发动机性能的影响规律,完成了氢/氧火箭推力室中心布局、二元定几何结构模型发动机飞行马赫数Ma0=4、高度H=17 km弹道点流场仿真,获得了不同火箭混合比(MR=2、3、4、5、6、8)及燃烧室长度的推力、比冲性能.研究表明:在火箭燃气富燃条件下(MR<8),产生了正的火箭推力增益...     

空气涡轮火箭发动机内外涵气流掺混研究

通过无化学反应、均匀进气条件下肼单组元空气涡轮火箭发动机混流燃烧室内流场的数值计算,得到了流向涡与正交涡系产生、衰减演变过程及其对内外涵气流掺混效率的影响规律。结果表明,大尺度阵列二次环流诱导形成的流向涡对内外涵气流掺混起主导作用,大波瓣穿透率的斜切波瓣混流器的综合性能较优。结合热试车结果,分析了包括波瓣混流器在内的两类掺混方案的强化掺混效率。分析表明,非均匀进气条件对小尺寸空气涡轮火箭发动机掺混燃烧效率影响很大。     

RBCC燃烧室超声速反应混合层特性的大涡模拟

以飞行马赫数为4.5Ma的RBCC发动机典型工作状态为研究背景,采用大涡模拟研究了支板火箭射流和空气来流形成的超声速反应混合层的掺混燃烧过程,获得了燃烧室内详细的流场结构和流动特征,分析了强射流条件下超声速反应混合层的特性。结果表明由于速度梯度的存在,火箭射流进入燃烧室后与空气来流形成环形剪切层,剪切层内丰富的旋涡结构主导火箭射流和空气来流的掺混燃烧,随着湍流能量的串级输运,化学反应过程中释放的能量将被转化成细观尺度的湍流动能,大尺度旋涡将能量传递给小尺度旋涡并最终耗散,细小尺度的旋涡一方面能够促进燃烧反应物的掺混并强化燃烧过程,另一方面会给化学反应过程带来强烈的脉动,使得局部火焰淬灭,火焰结构表现出明显的非定常性。     

冲压发动机超声速进气道研究进展

超声速进气道是冲压发动机的关键部件之一。简要介绍了冲压发动机常用的典型进气道。重点叙述了进气道的最新研究成果,主要包括等溢流角弯曲前缘侧壁压缩进气道设计概念、支板引射压缩进气道、双模态超燃冲压发动机变几何进气道、全外压缩式超声速“参数进气道”、固定型面方转椭圆形超声速进气道（REST）等的设计概念与方案。最后概括了先进进气道的发展趋势。     

超燃冲压发动机推阻力特性研究综述

超燃冲压发动机由进气道、燃烧室和尾喷管等部件构成,推阻力是其最重要的特性参数。回顾了超燃冲压发动机部件级推阻力特性和整体推阻力特性研究现状,介绍了超燃冲压发动机推阻力特性研究方法和测量技术。建议今后研究过程中关注以下几个问题：研究精确的自由射流试验测量技术,研究流场均匀性对发动机性能的影响,开发高精度仿真平台。     

基于等效理论的RQL燃烧室掺混特性研究

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对RQL（rich—burn／quick—quench／lean—burn）燃烧室内气流的掺混过程进行了数值模拟,运用等效思想,通过对混合流场内部温度、近壁区温度以及出口温度的分析,讨论不同掺混角度和掺混射流速度对RQL燃烧室混合特性的影响,进而了解RQL燃烧室工作时热流流场的结构状况。研究结果表明,不同的掺混气流入射角度和速度,对RQL燃烧室内气流掺混的高温区位置、壁面温度以及出口温度分布的影响明显。     

超音速流在正规反射激波系后的参数优化特性

研究了超音速气流中正规反射波加一正激波结构下的参数优化特性，给出了求解这种优化结构的方法，通过计算得到了优化条件存在的区域和优化解的特性，它用可于指导超音速飞行器的进气道及相关装置的设计。     

固体燃料超燃冲压发动机研究概况

对固体燃料超燃冲压发动机的应用背景、潜在优势,以及国内外研究现状和进展做了详细阐述。从固体燃料超燃冲压发动机工作原理、固体燃料类型、数值模拟以及实验研究等方面出发,论述了固体燃料超燃发动机研究的进展和难点,并对固体燃料超燃冲压发动机未来研究趋势进行了展望。研究认为:固体燃料在超声速流动下的热量分布与表面火焰传播等方面还需要深入研究,需建立不同固体燃料的受热行为模型;应用大涡模拟方法分析微尺度下流场结构并耦合固体燃料传热传质过程的可行性需进一步确认;考虑飞行参数,进气道与隔离段性能的发动机整体数值模拟工作需要进一步加强。     

空气节流对煤油燃料超燃燃烧室燃烧性能影响

采用非定常数值模拟方法研究了空气节流对煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧性能的影响,并研究了节流流量和节流撤去时间对节流效果的影响。在发动机入口马赫数2.0、静温656.5K、静压0.125MPa的条件下,无空气节流时发动机下壁面稳焰失败,壁面压力较低;有空气节流时发动机下壁面燃料稳定燃烧,壁面压力较高。空气节流可以有效地提高发动机的推力性能,可以改变发动机的燃烧模态。随着节流流量和节流撤去时间的增加,燃烧越来越剧烈,壁面压力逐渐升高,可能影响进气道的起动。节流可能促使流场产生振荡现象,通过改变节流流量也可以消除振荡现象。     

斜切反喷管性能分析

固体火箭发动机前端斜切反喷管，其结构简单、作用时间短、气动型面具有尖点，并在超音速区有台阶，喷管内存在一系列激波，并伴有流动分离现象。本文从雷诺平均的非定常Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程出发，结合采用Ｂｏｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数湍流模型，利用时间相关法及ＭａｃＯｃｏｒｍａｒｋ两步显格式求解，模拟了斜切反喷管流场。计算得到的壁面压强分布与风洞吹风实验测得的压强分布相一致。该方法可应用于斜切反喷管的     

高超声速乘波飞行器气动实验研究

以绕楔高超声速流场为基础，用流线追踪法生成了一种高超声速飞行器气动概念构形、初步探索了高超声速飞行器机身/推进系统一体化气动构形设计方法，开展了高超声速测压实验，结果表明：该类构形飞行器在高超声速飞行时，可以产生较高的升阻比，前体的预压缩效果明显，是以吸气式冲压发动机动力的有效途的飞行器构形。     

超声速进气道流场三维数值模拟

超声速进气道是固体火箭冲压发动机至关重要的部件之一,直接影响燃烧室的燃烧及发动机性能。基于N-S方程、标准k-ε双方程湍流模型,利用FLUENT软件对某型固体火箭冲压发动机楔形超声速进气道内外流场进行了三维数值模拟。计算得到了超声速进气道在飞行马赫数为Ma=3.5的情况下的流场性能。并在相同马赫数下,研究了等比压缩和攻角条件下的进气道流场的分布情况。模拟结果表明：进气道的总压恢复系数和流量系数等性能指标受到攻角的影响而发生变化。