微纳卫星新型动力系统研究进展

微纳卫星指采用现代技术、微电子技术、机械技术等设计制造的具有高性价比的现代微小卫星。因其具有发射成本低廉、应用灵活等特点,微纳卫星受到各国的广泛关注。微纳卫星动力系统具有良好的发展前景。本文综述了微纳卫星动力系统的发展现状,针对自中和射频离子推力器、离子液体推力器、碳纳米管阵列推力器、石墨烯材料光驱动等几种新型且有望用于微纳卫星推进的方案,简要说明其工作原理,并分析其核心技术以及性能优势。给出了发展建议:提升总冲、功耗、调节精度等参数是微纳卫星动力系统未来主要的发展方向;研发工作中需要重点关注结构工艺、离子束流中和等关键技术。     

液体冲压发动机技术发展趋势和方向

液体冲压发动机是超声速巡航导弹和无人驾驶飞行器的理想动力装置,各军事大国都在积极研究液体亚燃/超燃冲压发动机技术。对国外液体亚燃/超燃冲压发动机的研制历程进行了回顾和论述,提出了冲压发动机技术发展的主要方向和趋势。     

Hyper-interspersed nano/MEMS-architecture design for new concepts in miniature robotics for space exploration

Launch weight and volume requirements are substantially decreased by reduction of probe size in exploration mission systems, as mass and volume both scale as the third power of system size. Accordingly, the already quite developed MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) technology, that offers low cost, small, light weight, and increasingly reliable devices through durability and redundancy, is strongly attractive as a near-term technology for significantly reducing the cost to launch and operate space systems. It is shown that the final goal of MEMS technology, i.e. the merging through solid state microdcvices of the functions of sensing, computation, communication and actuation, can lead to a new, biomimetic kind of miniature robotics, particularly suitable for planetary exploration, through molecular mono- electronics/MEMS integration jointly with a hyper-interspersed architecture made up of autonomous units embodying sensors, information processors and actuators. The problem tackled here concerns the basic design of such miniature robots, from some μm to insect size, featuring finely structured intelligent autonomous parts as smart skins, sensory and manipulating members working on the analogue external reality and communicating with their inner molecular level nondiscrete pseudo-analogue information processing networks. The (mesoscopic network)/MEMS units are shown to embody a quantum mechanical/macroscopic world connection, in which the nondiscrete molecular devices allow the automaton parts to perform very complex, fast information processing operations as metaphores of bionic functions like learning, attention, and decision making under uncertain conditions, this last due to the stochasticity inherent in the quantum network. Flexible architectures instead of von Neumann type rigid architectures in addition to hyper-interspersion of autonomous units can be realized through such nano/MEMS devices, and the μm — cm size of the whole robots and their organs allow dynamic biochemical, possibly reaction - diffusion, spatially separated highly nonlinear systems to be exploited as additional primitive computing devices (e.g. chemical oscillators, dissipative biomolecular distributed systems, planar photoactivated enzyme biosensors). Each interspersed unit can be designed as a multilevel nondiscrete system according to the information processing “rank” to be obtained in simulating the biological nervous system activity.     

MIRKA小型再入返回舱

“米尔卡(MIRKA)”是德国研制的小型再入返回舱,将由俄罗斯“光子”号返回式卫星搭载发射。文中介绍了球形“米尔卡”再入返回舱的基本结构和工作特点。     

远征上面级研制技术发展

远征上面级研制自2009年开始,经过6年研制工作后,2015年3月30日成功首飞,至今已发展形成了适应不同发射需求的远征系列上面级,累计发射近20次,将40余颗大型航天器精准送入中轨道(MEO)、地球同步轨道(GEO)、倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)、太阳同步轨道(SSO)、再入轨道等多种空间轨道,实现了空间运输系统跨越式发展。对10年来远征上面级的研制技术发展进行了回顾,分析了其技术优势和关键技术研究情况,并对我国上面级的后续发展提出建议。     

月/火探测软着陆制导技术发展综述

面向未来复杂区域精确软着陆需求,对月/火探测任务软着陆制导技术进行了综述。首先回顾了目前已开展的月/火探测任务,分析了探测任务的发展趋势;其次就软着陆技术的发展进行了归纳整理,给出了发展趋势分析及难点浅析;最后对月/火探测任务进行了总结及展望。通过本文的研究,以期为软着陆制导技术方向发展提供一定参考。     

空间推进技术需求与发展分析

在分析国内外空间推进技术（内容涵盖了星、船、弹、箭、器等领域）现状的基础上,梳理了空间推进技术的发展趋势和对我国的启示。在对未来任务和技术需求分析的基础上,对空间推进技术的发展趋势进行了预测,对存在的差距进行了分析,提出了发展思路和重点发展方向建议。     

微纳卫星混合推进技术研究综述

首先介绍了微纳卫星混合推进系统的特点与优势,总结了星载混合推进技术的发展现状,并结合微纳卫星动力系统要求,指出了星载混合推进技术的发展趋势及存在的问题.然后在此基础上,从卫星工程应用的角度,重点综述了星载混合推进系统需攻克的主要关键技术,包括先进一体化制造、可靠低功耗多次点火启动、比冲提升、高效燃烧等,并分析了相应关键...     

航天产品试验数据分析与管理系统设计研究

结合航天产品研制特点,针对研制过程产生的大量不同种类试验数据,提出了试验数据分析与管理系统的设计目标、组成与基本要求,解决试验数据有效便捷使用、深层次价值挖掘问题.从整体设计角度,对系统设计思想、软件架构技术( B/S,C/S)、数据库技术(ORACLE,SQLSERVER等)进行了研究.并对设计实施过程中所采用的策略、开发平台、技术手段进行了论述.实践表明,采用B/S软件架构和“富”客户端技术构建的系统,能够较好地解决试验数据分析与管理问题.     

The Creative Application of DIY Manufacturing Technology in Remote Sensing Satellite

Based on the concept of DIY, this paper demonstrates the essential potential of DIY manufacturing technology in the application of space equipment. According to the future space technology development trends, the future spacecraft DIY idea and system standard are proposed. The standardized, modularized and serialized micro/nano-satellite DIY products are introduced. Finally, a commercial remote sensing satellite system based on spacecraft DIY is designed and its application prospect is analyzed.     

大推力氢氧发动机关键技术及解决途径

200吨级大推力氢氧发动机是重型运载火箭的基础,是航天强国的重要标志.与以往氢氧发动机相比,大推力氢氧发动机推力量级和结构参数均有大幅度提高,是目前世界上推力最大的高空发动机,发动机的设计、生产和试验技术跨度大、要求高,需要开展一系列的技术攻关工作.根据200吨级大推力氢氧发动机技术特点,介绍了发动机的总体技术方案,根据发动机技术特点和使用要求,梳理了一批制约发动机技术水平提高、系统方案优化和工程实施的关键技术,并提出了解决途径.     

组合导航制导系统的容错技术及特点

论述了组合导航制导系统的容错设计方案，其中包括ＩＮＳ／ＧＰＳ（惯性导航／全球定位系统）组合系统容错技术、ＳＩＮＳ／ＧＰＳ／多普勒组合系统的容错技术及ＩＮＳ／ＧＰＳ／ＣＮＳ组合系统的容错技术；然后分析了组合导航制导系统的抗故障问题，给出了组合导航、制导系统的故障分类和系统出故障后的运用情况；最后，对其发展进行了展望，并提出了今后有待进一步研究的问题。     

航天系统雷电防护技术发展综述及展望

为满足航天系统的全天候发射任务需求,加强航天系统对于雷电环境的适应性,对航天系统雷电防护技术的发展情况进行了综述。首先分析雷电环境对于航天系统产生的破坏效应,追踪了世界航天史上典型的雷击案例,系统梳理了国内外航天系统雷电防护标准规范。针对运载火箭雷电效应数值仿真技术、雷电防护设计技术和试验验证技术,雷电气象监测预警技术,地面雷电防护技术和接地技术等关键技术的发展情况进行了追踪。在此基础上,从我国航天工程雷电防护的实际需求出发,对未来我国航天系统雷电防护技术重点研究方向进行了展望。     

空间核反应堆电源研究进展

随着航空航天领域对能源需求的不断扩大,核能的空间应用迎来了新的发展高潮。本文针对空间核反应堆技术的发展现状进行综述,重点关注了空间核反应堆与静态能量转换、动态能量转换技术结合供电的研究进展,总结分析了空间核反应堆电源技术的发展特点,并指出未来发展中需要重点关注的内容,为未来空间核反应堆电源的发展提供指导。     

我国大推力补燃氢氧发动机研究进展

氢氧火箭发动机因具有很高的性能,在国内外运载火箭中得到了广泛应用。为了更好地开展深空探测,必须研制大推力氢氧火箭发动机。本文综合分析了国内外氢氧发动机的发展历史和现状,简要介绍了我国220 t补燃循环氢氧发动机方案和关键技术研制进展,该技术方案先进。通过开展试验件冷态试验和缩尺组件热试验等,研究了核心部组件的关键技术和方案选型。开展全尺寸预燃室热试验等分系统热试验,研究组件级技术,初步突破了部分关键技术。建议加快开展大推力氢氧发动机工程研制,促进我国航天推进技术发展。     

Innovations for competitiveness: European views on “better-faster-cheaper”

The paper elaborates on “ lessons learned” from two recent ESA workshops, one focussing on the role of Innovation in the competitiveness of the space sector and the second on technology and engineering aspects conducive to better, faster and cheaper space programmes. The paper focuses primarily on four major aspects, namely:

1. a) the adaptations of industrial and public organisations to the global market needs;

2. b) the understanding of the bottleneck factors limiting competitiveness;

3. c) the trends toward new system architectures and new engineering and production methods;

4. d) the understanding of the role of new technology in the future applications.

Under the pressure of market forces and the influence of many global and regional players, applications of space systems and technology are becoming more and more competitive. It is well recognised that without major effort for innovation in industrial practices, organisations, R&D, marketing and financial approaches the European space sector will stagnate and loose its competence as well as its competitiveness. It is also recognised that a programme run according to the “better, faster, cheaper” philosophy relies on much closer integration of system design, development and verification, and draws heavily on a robust and comprehensive programme of technology development, which must run in parallel and off-line with respect to flight programmes.

A company's innovation capabilities will determine its future competitive advantage (in time, cost, performance or value) and overall growth potential. Innovation must be a process that can be counted on to provide repetitive, sustainable, long-term performance improvements. As such, it needs not depend on great breakthroughs in technology and concepts (which are accidental and rare). Rather, it could be based on bold evolution through the establishment of know-how, application of best practices, process effectiveness and high standards, performance measurement, and attention to customers and professional marketing. Having a technological lead allows industry to gain a competitive advantage in performance, cost and opportunities. Instrumental to better competitiveness is an R&D effort based on the adaptation of high technology products, capable of capturing new users, increasing production, decreasing the cost and delivery time and integrating high level of intelligence, information and autonomy. New systems will have to take in to account from the start what types of technologies are being developed or are already available in other areas outside space, and design their system accordingly. The future challenge for “faster, better, cheaper” appears to concern primarily “cost-effective”, performant autonomous spacecraft, “cost-effective”, reliable launching means and intelligent data fusion technologies and robust software serving mass- market real time services, distributed via EHF bands and Internet.

In conclusion, it can be noticed that in the past few years new approaches have considerably enlarged the ways in which space missions can be implemented. They are supported by true innovations in mission concepts, system architecture, development and technologies, in particular for the development of initiatives based on multi-mission mini-satellites platforms for communication and Earth observation missions. There are also definite limits to cost cutting (such as lowering heads counts and increasing efficiency), and therefore the strategic perspective must be shifted from the present emphasis on cost-driven enhancement to revenue-driven improvements for growth. And since the product life-cycle is continuously shortening, competitiveness is linked very strongly with the capability to generate new technology products which enhance cost/benefit performance.     

空间技术实验与空间技术发展

空间技术实验是空间技术发展的需要,是空间技术发展的先驱和阶梯。本文以美国、苏联、印度、巴西为例说明空间技术实验在过去和未来对空间技术发展的必要性和迫切性。文中研究了90年代世界空间技术实验的发展趋势和具体项目,探讨了我国空间技术实验的现状。     

美国典型高超飞行器项目研发及启示

简要回顾了美国典型高超声速飞行器项目及其动力系统发展的历程,分析了其发展的态势、经验和教训。美国始终将高超声速技术作为航空航天事业发展的重要领域,高超声速飞行器和动力技术方案与国家战略及应用背景密切相关。为了降低技术风险,采取了多方案并行的研发模式。高超声速技术的研发应充分重视顶层设计,注重技术的继承性,发挥不同单位的技术优势,加强基础研究、关键技术攻关和实验设施建设。     

ELINT/ESM系统与有源对抗技术的发展现状综述

雷达对抗情报侦察(ELINT)和雷达对抗支援侦察(ESM)在信息战中发挥着越来越重要的作用,而有源对抗技术作为制衡ESM/ELINT系统的手段之一,目前发展相对滞后。基于复杂电磁环境下电子战的运用需求,分析了ESM/ELINT系统在测频、测向以及信号处理方面的技术体制和特点,重点从理论研究、对频域及空域参数测量和信号分选的影响、干扰效果评估等方面进行了探讨,对ESM/ELINT系统及其对抗技术的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Advanced flight computing technologies for validation by NASA's new millennium program

The New Millennium Program (NMP) consists of a series of Deep-Space and Earth Orbiting missions that are technology-driven, in contrast to the more traditional science-driven space exploration missions of the past. These flights are designed to validate technologies that will enable a new era of low-cost highly miniaturized and highly capable spacebome applications in the new millennium. In addition to the series of flight projects managed by separate flight teams, the NMP technology initiatives are managed by the following six focused technology programs: Microelectronics Systems, Autonomy, Telecommunications, Instrument Technologies and Architectures, In-Situ Instruments and Micro-electromechanical Systems, and Modular and Multifunctional Systems. Each technology program is managed as an Integrated Product Development Team (IPDT) of government, academic, and industry partners. In this paper, we will describe elements of the technology roadmap proposed by the NMP Microelectronics IPDT. Moreover, we will relate the proposed technology roadmap to existing NASA technology development programs, such as the Advanced Flight Computing (AFC) program, and the Remote Exploration and Experimentation (REE) program, which constitute part of the on-going NASA technology development pipeline. We will also describe the Microelectronics Systems technologies that have been accepted as part of the first New Millennium Deep-Space One spacecraft, which is an asteroid fly-by mission scheduled for launched in July 1998.