空间站诱发污染环境评估与光学表面污染分析技术综述

文章在调研NASA、ESA和俄罗斯相关研究组织的研究结果的基础上,对空间站自身运行引起的外部诱发污染环境对空间站功能表面、敏感载荷和科学试验载荷的影响以及国外在此领域的技术发展水平进行了全面的评述,阐明了深入开展空间站外部诱发污染环境分布规律和空间站表面污染分析技术研究的必要性。     

航天光学系统的污染控制技术

文章介绍了国外航天光学系统的污染控制方法,研究了航天光学系统的污染效应和航天用非金属材料放气污染引起的光学透射率的变化。针对航天光学系统对污染高度敏感的特点,探讨了航天器研制全过程针对航天光学系统的污染控制措施。     

空间光学系统真空热试验污染控制经验综述

真空热试验过程中光学系统可能受到严重污染,因此需制定严格的污染控制措施。文章对NASA、ESA、JAXA 等航天机构的卫星光学系统真空热试验中典型、有代表性的污染控制经验进行了综述,并对我国光学系统真空热试验污染控制提出了若干建议。     

空间站机械臂人机系统设计与验证

在充分调研国际空间站机械臂人机系统设计的基础上,结合中国空间站机械臂人机协同作业需求,建立了空间站机械臂“管理-设计-验证”全周期人机设计体系,通过人机项目规划、人机功能分配等管理要素,针对性地开展了空间机械臂人机系统详细设计,最后,从仿真分析、地面验证、在轨验证三大方面对人机系统进行了全要素全流程的验证,结果表明空间站机械臂人机系统设计合理,可应用于后续航天员出舱活动,保障航天员出舱活动安全、高效。研究结果将为空间机械臂人机系统设计与验证提供体系借鉴和工程指导。     

航天器污染控制与标准化工作

概述了国内外污染控制和标准化工作的现状,介绍了我国和国际标准化组织及美国等用于空间系统、材料和污染控制标准化方面的进展情况,并阐述了根据航天领域的特殊要求建立相关的污染控制标准体系是十分重要的。     

空间站产品保证工作探索与实践

针对空间站技术跨越大、工作模式多、产品状态新、工作寿命长、协作单位广、验证难度高等任务特点,总结了空间站研制过程强化风险识别与控制、强化关键产品管理、强化三舱通用化设计、强化要求传递与落实检查、强化试验覆盖性和有效性验证、强化产品状态控制和归零管理、强化研制过程正向质量确认方面采取的主要产品保证工作措施。通过上述措施的实施,有效保证了空间站研制过程质量,为空间站建造完成奠定了坚实的基础。     

航天器污染控制与标准化工作

污染控制标准是航天产品质量体系的重要组成部分,通过污染控制标准化可以增加产品可靠性、安全性以及降低成本.文章主要总结了国内外污染控制和标准化工作状况,说明这些标准贯穿于航天产品的原材料、计划、设计和研制全部过程,以及介绍了污染控制标准化方面的进展情况.     

国外航天器推进剂在轨吹除技术跟踪研究

受大气阻力的影响,空间站长期在轨的轨道维持需要消耗大量的推进剂,因此有必要进行推进剂补给。而补给结束后的管路内残留推进剂在轨吹除,是保障空间站任务安全的必要条件。文章对国外航天器液体真空排放的研究现状进行了跟踪,重点就液体温度、压力、饱和蒸气压、液体中气体含量以及喷口尺寸外形等因素对液体排放特性的影响进行了分析和评价。在国外跟踪调研的基础上,对我国开展空间站推进剂在轨吹除的研究提出了启示。     

中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展研究

光学遥感载荷的空间站平台相比卫星平台具有很大的优势,吸引了包括俄罗斯、美国和欧空局在内的国际空间站成员国争相进行空间站光学遥感载荷的新技术实验验证和对地观测研究。文章介绍了国际空间站光学遥感载荷的观测方式和特点,结合国际空间站光学遥感载荷的应用情况,从新技术实验验证和对地观测两个方面分析了中国空间站光学遥感载荷发展应该注意的问题,为中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展提出了几点建议。     

载人航天器内腐蚀材料表面原位修护装置设计

为了能够快速有效地修护空间站等载人航天器舱内的微生物腐蚀材料表面，提出了一种腐蚀材料表面原位修护装置设计方案，从装置原理结构、载荷强度仿真、原理样机验证方面进行了阐述。初步应用验证结果表明:装置具备快速修护功能且操作便捷，能够实现对材料表面菌斑清除后的快速涂抹修护；材料修护装置操作过程中无紫外光泄漏，无臭氧污染，总挥发性有机化合物没有超过密闭舱内的最大允许浓度，具有良好的安全性。该装置的应用有望提升我国载人航天器在轨防控微生物污染与腐蚀的能力。     

Canada's role on space station

The paper addresses the evolution of the Canadian Space Station Program between 1981 and 2003. Discussions with potential international partners, aimed at jointly developing the current International Space Station program, were initiated by NASA in 1982. Canada chose, through the further development of the technologies of Canadarm on the space shuttle, to provide and operate an advanced and comprehensive external robotics system for space station, and to use the space station for scientific and commercial purposes. The program was to become a corner-stone of the new Canadian Space Agency. The development phase of the Canadian Space Station Program has been completed and two of the three major elements are currently operational in space.     

Some Methods of Automatic Control of Relative Motion of Objects in Near-Earth Orbits

The methods of automatic control of motion of a free-flight platform near the orbital space station are considered. The satellite-inspector intended for service of the International Space Station is an example of such objects. The algorithms of control of the platform motion along a trajectory specified by the space station operator are developed, and control of the station keeping mode for visual observation of the state of the space station's external surface is considered. The problem of control of a platform landing on a specially equipped docking unit of the orbital space station is also considered.     

国际空间站环境试验标准及力、热试验方法综述

国际空间站是目前在轨运行的最大空间平台,具有系统体积庞大、构型复杂、接口众多、载荷种类不确定等特点。因此,系统级力学试验、热试验以及组件环境试验对空间站的设计和工艺验证非常重要。文章调研了国际空间站各舱段的系统级力学试验、热试验以及组件环境试验情况,以期为我国空间站的地面试验系统设计、研制提供参考。     

EVA worksite analysis—Use of computer analysis for EVA operations development and execution

To sustain the rate of extravehicular activity (EVA) required to assemble and maintain the International Space Station, we must enhance our ability to plan, train for, and execute EVAs. An underlying analysis capability has been developed to ensure EVA access to all external worksites as a starting point for ground training, to generate information needed for on-orbit training, and to react quickly to develop contingency EVA plans, techniques, and procedures. This paper describes the use of computer-based EVA worksite analysis techniques for EVA worksite design. EVA worksite analysis has been used to design 80% of EVA worksites on the U.S. portion of the International Space Station. With the launch of the first U.S. element of the station, EVA worksite analysis is being developed further to support real-time analysis of unplanned EVA operations. This paper describes this development and deployment of EVA worksite analysis for International Space Station (ISS) mission support.     

NASA's in-space technology experiments program: Status and plans

Experience with the Shuttle and free-flying satellites as technology test beds has shown the feasibility and desirability of using space assets as facilities for technology development. Thus, by the time the space station era arrives, technologists will be ready for an accessible engineering facility in space. Along with the scientific and commercial space development communities, the technology development community has been participating in defining requirements for this in-space facility. As the 21st century is approached, it is expected that many flights to the Space Station Freedom will carry one or more RT&E experiments. The experiments are likely to utilize both the pressurized volume, and the external payload attachment facilities. Based on the success of instrumenting the Shuttle itself to obtain ascent and descent aerothermodynamic data a unique, but extremely important, class of experiments will use the space station itself as an experimental vehicle.     

俄罗斯空间站推进剂补加程序分析

补加程序是推进剂补加系统的关键技术之一,而目前也仅有俄罗斯有成功应用的经验.根据目前获取的资料,经过计算、仿真和论证,对俄罗斯空间站的补加系统进行了研究,分析了ATV对空间站进行推进剂补加的程序,初步得到了俄罗斯空间站推进剂补加的特点,可作为目前我国空间站方案论证期间补加程序的参考.     

国外载人航天器热控技术发展分析

文章对国外载人航天器热控技术的发展进行了调研,介绍了国外典型载人航天器的主动热控系统组成,特别是国际空间站美国实验舱的主动热控系统,并对热控技术的发展进行了评述,旨在为我国空间站建设提供参考。     

Challenges and perspectives of transport cargo vehicles utilization for performing research in free flight

Russian Progress transport cargo vehicles have successfully been used in different space station programs since 1978. At present time, they play an important role in the International Space Station (ISS) project. Main tasks performed by the transport cargo vehicle (TCV) in the station program are the following: refueling of the station, delivery of consumables and equipment, waste removal, station attitude control and orbit correction maneuver execution.     

Leadership issues with multicultural crews on the international space station: lessons learned from Shuttle/Mir

In isolated and confined environments, two important leadership roles have been identified: the task/instrumental role (which focuses on work goals and operational needs), and the supportive/expressive role (which focuses on morale goals and emotional needs). On the International Space Station, the mission commander should be familiar with both of these aspects of leadership. In previous research involving a 135-day Mir space station simulation in Moscow and a series of on-orbit Mir space station missions during the Shuttle/Mir program, both these leadership roles were studied. In new analyses of the Shuttle/Mir data, we found that for crewmembers, the supportive role of the commander (but not the task role) related positively with crew cohesion. For mission control personnel on the ground, both the task and supportive roles of their leader were related positively to mission control cohesion. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of leadership on board the International Space Station.     

空间站能源系统并网供电技术研究

空间站结构复杂,通常由多个舱段组成,与飞船等飞行器进行交会对接后,各舱段和对接飞行器自有的能源系统可能会由于空间位置及相互遮挡等原因而无法满足自身供电需求,这就需要对舱体电源系统进行并网供电。文章论述了“天宫一号”目标飞行器与“神舟”飞船采用的并网供电方案,通过并联冗余及自动均流控制实现不同舱体间的功率传输;在此基础上,通过调研国外空间站并网供电技术,比较了空间飞行器组合体并网供电中的技术方案及特点,总结了目前空间站并网供电模式可采用的类型,最后提出了我国未来空间站并网供电可采取的方案。