The Primordial Helium-4 Abundance from Observations of a Large Sample of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies

We use a sample of 45 low-metallicity H II regions in blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies to determine the primordial helium abundance YP with a precision better than 5%. We have carefully investigated the physical effects which may make the He I line intensities deviate from their recombination values such as collisional and fluorescent enhancements, underlying He I stellar absorption and absorption by Galactic interstellar Na I. By extrapolating the Y vs. O/H and Y vs. N/H linear regressions to O/H = N/H = 0, we obtain YP = 0.244±0.002 and 0.245±0.001, respectively, higher than previous determinations (YP = 0.230 - 0.234). Part of the difference comes from the fact that previous investigators have not taken into account underlying He I stellar absorption, especially in the NW component of the BCD I Zw 18 which, because of its extremely low metallicity plays a key role in the determination of YP. We derive a slope dY/dZ = 2.3±1.0, considerably smaller than those derived before. With this smaller slope and taking into account the errors, chemical evolution models with an outflow of well-mixed material can be built for star-forming dwarf galaxies which satisfy all the observational constraints. Our YP gives _bh ₅₀ ² = 0.058±0.007,f consistent with the lower limit set by dynamical measurements and X-ray observations of clusters of galaxies. It is also consistent, within the framework of standard big bang nucleosynthesis theory, with measurements of primordial 7Li in galactic halo stars and with the D/H abundance measured in absorption systems toward quasars by Burles and Tytler (1997).     

The primordial Helium-4 abundance determination: systematic effects

By extrapolating to O/H = N/H = 0 the empirical correlations Y–O/H and Y–N/H defined by a relatively large sample of 45 Blue Compact Dwarfs (BCDs), we have obtained a primordial ⁴Helium mass fraction Y _p=0.2443±0.0015 with dY/dZ=2.4±1.0. This result is in excellent agreement with the average Y _p=0.2452±0.0015 determined in the two most metal-deficient BCDs known, I Zw 18 (Z /50) and SBS 0335–052 (Z /41), where the correction for He production is smallest. The quoted error (1) of 1% is statistical and does not include systematic effects. We examine various systematic effects including collisional excitation of hydrogen lines, ionization structure and temperature fluctuation effects, and underlying stellar Hei absorption, and conclude that combining all systematic effects, our Y _p may be underestimated by 2–4%. Taken at face value, our Y _p implies a baryon-to-photon number ratio =(4.7^+1.0 _–0.8)×10^–10 and a baryon mass fraction _b h ² ₁₀₀=0.017±0.005 (2), consistent with the values obtained from deuterium and Cosmic Microwave Background measurements. Correcting Y _p upward by 2–4% would make the agreement even better.     

激光清洗技术的现状及展望

介绍了激光清洗技术的原理和方法,并展望了激光清洗技术在空间领域,海洋船舶甚至日常工作中的应用前景.     

人机耦合振荡的研究现状与展望

文章综述了人机耦合振荡(APC)的分析预测方法、预测准则和相关飞行模拟技术方面的研究成果．以及APC抑制和在线探测技术的进展，分析给出了各种预测准则针对不同类型APC的有效性．提出了未来APC的研究重点。     

3D打印材料应用和研究现状

综述了3D打印领域内六种典型3D打印工艺各自所用的3D打印材料,从物理形态上主要包含液态光敏树脂材料、薄材(纸张、塑料膜)、低熔点丝材和粉末材料四种;从成分上则几乎涵盖了目前生产生活中的各类材料包括塑料、树脂、蜡等高分子材料,金属和合金材料,陶瓷材料等.立体光刻(Stereo Lithigraphy Apparatus,SLA)工艺的材料为感光性的液态树脂,即光敏树脂;叠层实体制造(Laminated Object Manufacturing,LOM)工艺的材料为纸张、塑料膜等薄材;熔融沉积成型(Fused Deposition Modeling,FDM)工艺的材料主要为便于熔融的低熔点丝状材料,主要为蜡丝、聚烯烃树脂丝、聚酰胺丝、ABS塑料丝等高分子材料;选择性激光烧结(Selective Laser Sintering,SLS)的材料是各类粉末,包括尼龙粉、覆裹尼龙的玻璃粉、聚碳酸脂粉、聚酰胺粉、蜡粉、金属粉(打印后常须进行再烧结及渗铜处理)、覆蜡陶瓷粉、覆蜡金属粉以及覆裹热凝树脂细沙等;选择性激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)工艺使用与SLS一样的粉末材料,不仅具有SLS优点,而且成型件致密度更高,力学性能更好;三维打印与胶粘(Three Dimensional Printing and Gluing,3DP)工艺的材料同样为粉末材料,但这些粉末是通过喷头喷涂黏结剂被黏结在一起,同时将零件的截面“印刷”在材料粉末上面,类似于纸张彩色打印,可通过设置三原色黏结剂及喷头系统,实现彩色立体打印.对3D打印材料质量和产量的发展方向也进行了分析和展望.     

湍流大涡数值模拟的现状与展望

近年来,随着计算机技术和计算流体力学(CFD)技术的发展,大涡数值模拟(LES)越来越多地应用于解决湍流流动问题.本文介绍了当前LES研究与应用的主要领域以及取得的成果,分析了LES的局限及实施的难点,并对LES未来的研究方向和重点进行了总结.     

The synthesis of helium and CNO isotopes in massive stars

We present helium and CNO isotopic yields for massive mass-losing stars in the initial mass range 15M M _i 50M . We investigate their dependence on assumptions about mass loss rates, internal mixing processes, and metallicity, and specify the contributions from stellar winds and from supernova ejecta.     

固体火箭发动机材料现状和前景展望

介绍当今导弹和航天用固体火箭发动机主要构件燃烧室绝热壳体和喷管材料应用现状,讨论了该领域金属材料、聚合物基复合材料、碳基和陶瓷基复合材料的技术发展趋势和应用前景。     

计算机辅助工业设计（CAID）技术研究与展望

本文论述了计算机辅助工业设计（ＣＡＩＤ）的基本内涵,技术研究现状及其发展趋势,阐明了ＣＡＩＤ将使工业设计朝着多元化、优化、一体化的方向发展,使人机交互方式更加自然,创新设计的手段更为先进,有效。     

Small-Angle Scattering and Diffusion: Application to Relativistic Shock Acceleration

We investigate ways of accurately simulating the propagation of energetic charged particles over small times where the standard Monte Carlo approximation to diffusive transport breaks down. We find that a small-angle scattering procedure with appropriately chosen step-lengths and scattering angles gives accurate results, and we apply this to the simulation of propagation upstream in relativistic shock acceleration. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Galactic Evolution of D and 3He

The most recent chemical evolution models for D and 3He are reviewed and their results compared with the available data.Models in agreement with the major galactic observational constraints predict deuterium depletion from the Big Bang to the present epoch smaller than a factor of 3 and therefore do not allow for D/H primordial abundances larger than 5 × 10-5. Models predicting higher D consumption do not seem to be able to reproduce other observed features of our galaxy (e.g. SFR, abundances, abundance ratios and/or gradients of heavier elements, metallicity distribution of G-dwarfs).Observational and theoretical 3He abundances can be reconciled with each other if the majority of low mass stars experience in the red giant phase a deep mixing allowing the consumption of most of the 3He produced during core-hydrogen burning.     

Interstellar-Terrestrial Relations: Variable Cosmic Environments, The Dynamic Heliosphere, and Their Imprints on Terrestrial Archives and Climate

In recent years the variability of the cosmic ray flux has become one of the main issues interpreting cosmogenic elements and especially their connection with climate. In this review, an interdisciplinary team of scientists brings together our knowledge of the evolution and modulation of the cosmic ray flux from its origin in the Milky Way, during its propagation through the heliosphere, up to its interaction with the Earth’s magnetosphere, resulting, finally, in the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the Earth’ atmosphere. The interpretation of the cosmogenic isotopes and the cosmic ray – cloud connection are also intensively discussed. Finally, we discuss some open questions.     

Cr3C2／Ni3Al复合材料的组织与耐磨性能

采用氩弧焊将Cr3C2-Al-Ni焊丝堆焊于碳钢表面制成Cr3C2/Ni3Al高温耐磨复合材料.利用电弧物理热与Ni,Al反应热在线生成复合材料,增强相尺寸由原料中150μm经溶解析出减小到平均10μm以下,组织均匀稳定.复合材料常温下耐磨粒磨损性能是传统高温耐磨合金Stellite12的2倍.分析认为,在硬度几乎相同情况下,增强相体积分数、增强相尺寸、Ni3Al形变硬化能力是决定复合材料在常温下耐磨粒磨损性能的主要因素.     

加力燃烧室三维两相化学反应流数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对某型发动机加力燃烧室进行了三维两相化学反应流的数值计算;应用有限速率化学反应模型和离散相雾化模型描述了加力燃烧室中复杂的三维两相化学反应过程。计算中给出了冷热态的流场变量和化学组分分布,以及燃烧效率和总压恢复系数沿流程的变化关系,与试验结果符合较好。     

CISA 3D Navier-Stokes程序在压气机中的鉴别和应用

用压气机叶栅试验数据、多级压气机的第4级静子计算结果和跨声速转子试验结果对CISA 3D N-S程序的计算精度进行了鉴别研究。结果表明,该程序对设计点的落后角的计算精度较高,而对损失的计算还存在一定的分散度。采用 CISA 3D N-S程序和S_2-S_1程序对一台多级压气机试验件的第3级静子进行三维造型修改设计,取得了预期的效果。     

Ho_2O_3掺杂对原位合成HoAl-Al_2O_3/TiAl复合材料显微组织及性能的影响

采用固态置换反应原位合成工艺,利用Al—Ti—TiO2-Ho2O3体系的放热反应合成了HoAl-Al2O3／TiAl复合材料。利用XRD和SEM分析了Ho2O3掺：枭对原位合成HoAl,Al2O3颗粒强化钛铝基复合材料显微组织的影响,探讨了稀土氧化物（Ho2O3）的细化机制。测试了力学性能。结果表明：Al—Ti—TiO2-Ho2O3系原位合成的HoAl-Al2O3／TiAl复合材料由TiAl,Ti3Al,Al2O3以及HoAl相组成;HoAl金属间化合物弥散分布于基体晶粒和Al2O3颗粒交界处,限制颗粒长大,细化基体晶粒与Al2O3,颗粒,同时提高了HoAl,Al2O3颗粒在基体中的分散度;Ho2O3的引入改善了复合材料的力学性能。     

PWE3技术概述和参考模型

PWE3是IETF提出的一种基于IP或者MPLS分组交换网络传送仿真业务的技术。本文主要讨论PWE3的技术体系和各种参考模型,解释了PWE3体系中的常用术语,同时对各协议层的要素和功能作出了描述。     

热处理对9 Cr13 Mo3 Co3 Nb2 V组织与硬度的影响

采用金相分析、硬度测试等技术手段,研究热处理对马氏体不锈钢9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V组织和硬度的影响。结果表明：9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V经淬火、冰冷处理及多次回火后,残余奥氏体充分转变为回火马氏体,并产生较强的二次硬化效果,进而获得稳定的组织和高的硬度;在350℃以上回火时,由于组织中二次碳化物的析出,开始出现二次硬化倾向,至480~520℃时,回火硬度达到了最大值。     

关系数据库二三范式判别算法

第二范式(2NF)和第三范式(3NF)在关系数据库规范化中起着重要作用.然而,所有的文献都没有给出第二、三范式的判别算法,当关系模式属性较多或数据依赖较复杂时,很难通过手算做出正确的判断.本文首先给出判别给定属性集是否键码的算法以及求给定关系模式的所有键码和所有非主属性的算法,然后在简单刻划函数依赖特征的基础上提出2NF和3NF的判别算法.这些算法与现有文献上的各种算法一起便于在计算机上编程实现,从而使关系规范化理论变成应用软件.