The magnetohydrodynamic development of two-ribbon flares or a five-finger theory for solar flares

A semi-analytical model for the electrodynamic development of two-ribbon flares is presented. A current filament above a bipolar active region starts rising according to the model of Van Tend and Kuperus. Due to this motion large induced electric fields arise at a magnetic neutral line far below the filament, resulting in and associated with magnetic reconnection and the formation of a current sheet. The interaction of this current sheet with the original current filament, the background magnetic field and the boundary layer of the photosphere determine the further electrodynamic development of the flare. The model predicts the energy release, the time of maximum, the height of the energy source and other quantities reasonably well.     

The stability of magnetic fields relevant to two-ribbon flares

The preflare structure, prior to two-ribbon flares, is thought to consist of magnetic field arcades. As a first approximation, the magnetic field is assumed to be invariant along the length of the arcade. The ideal MHD stability of such structures is studied using the energy method. The dense photosphere is simulated by line-typing the magnetic field and a discussion of boundary conditions is presented. Using the energy method, sufficient conditions for stability are obtained for certain magnetohydrostatic fields that also include the effect of gravity. Under certain circumstances, these conditions become necessary and sufficient. Some comments on resistive effects are mentioned.     

Solar radiometry: Spectral irradiance measurements

The present measurement accuracy of the solar spectral irradiance is insufficient to derive the real long-term solar spectral irradiance variability at all wavelengths. Possible error sources are discussed. A series of new second generation solar irradiance photometers are now under construction which should considerably improve these measurements. At the same time, efforts are made to improve the absolute UV calibration methods to derive a unified UV radiation scale.     

Spectral and temporal studies of various late-type stars

The RS CVn stars Capella and σ² CrB have been measured with EXOSAT in soft and medium X-rays for about 24 hours each and the less active late-type star Procyon for about 6.5 hours. In addition, the RS CVn star γ. And was twice observed about one month apart for a total of about 7 hours, with the ME and the LE in the photometer mode only. All three RS CVn stars were detected with the ME-detector. The star σ² CrB showed a flare both in LE and ME with a rise time of about twelve minutes and a decay time of three hours. The active late-type stars σ² CrB and Capella show in the spectral region between 90 and 140 A lines from Fe XVIII to Fe XXIII, which can be resolved with the moderate resolution (Δγ ≈ 5 A) of the spectrometer. These lines are indicative of the presence of hot (≈ 10 MK) plasma like that in a Solar flare. In contrast, the spectrum of the cooler corona of the star Procyon does not show the hot Fe XXII and Fe XXIII lines but instead a blend at 175 A of Fe IX, X and XI lines that are formed in a typically quiet corona of a temperature around 1.5 MK. From the spectral intensities and the additional results of the simultaneous multi-color photometry coronal temperatures and emission measures are derived. There are indications in the spectra that the emission should be interpreted in terms of differential emission measure distribution models.     

原子钟噪声的高阶谱分析

处理随机信号通常使用现代谱估计方法,但是这种方法一般只能处理平稳的高斯信号,使用高阶谱分析可以克服这些缺陷。利用现代谱估计法和高阶谱法分别估计原子钟数据的功率谱,并对功率谱进行拟合,可分析原子钟的噪声特性。理论分析及实验结果表明,高阶谱分析能有效处理实际信号中的非平稳非高斯问题。     

Spectral composition of light and plant productivity.

Among other problems the Institute of Biophysics is working on the development of physiological and fundamental aspects of intensive light cultivation of higher plants. These technologies can be used in life support systems for stationary space station such as a Lunar base, a planetary base or a large orbital station. The source of energy may be the Sun or a nuclear reactor. In certain conditions, such sources of energy allow the use of a very broad range of irradiance of plants, in particular in the light energy range up to 2-3 times the solar energy (up to 100-1200 W/m2 PAR). Our Institute was the first to show that under such a high irradiance, some plants (radish, wheat, for example) can actively photosynthesize and exhibit high productivity on a sowing area basis. These results were later confirmed in the laboratory of Prof. Salisbury (USA).     

Spectral and temporal characteristics of aerosol optical depth over a wet tropical location in North East India

A network of multi wavelength solar radiometer (MWR) stations has been in operation since the 1980s in India for measurement of aerosol optical depth (AOD). This network was augmented recently with the addition of a large number of stations located across the length and breath of India covering a variety of climate regimes. The spectral and temporal variations of aerosol optical depths observed over Dibrugarh located in the North East of India (27.3°N, 94.5°E) are investigated by analyzing the data obtained from a MWR during October 2001–September 2003 using the Langley technique. AOD varies with time of the day, month of the year and season. From January to April and October to December, aerosol optical depth decreases with wavelength whereas during May–September aerosol optical depth has been found to be nearly independent of wavelengths. AOD is higher during pre-monsoon season (March–May) and lower in the monsoon (June–September) season at about all wavelengths. The temporal variation of AOD over Dibrugarh have also been compared with those reported from selected locations in India.     

紫外探测器光谱响应及噪声测量装置

介绍了紫外探测器相对光谱响应、绝对光谱响应、噪声测量装置,给出了测量结果,并进行了测量不确定度分忻。     

应用最大熵谱估计检测微弱信号

频谱分析是数字信号处理的主要内容之一 ,近年来 ,由于最大熵算法的一些优点 ,使它成为现代谱估计中一个比较活跃的领域。最大熵算法是 196 7年由Burg提出来的一种现代谱估计方法。提出了应用最大熵谱估计及LMS自适应算法 ,根据有限数据 ,在频域内提取被淹没在噪声中的有用信号的方法及应用MATLAB语言进行的仿真。     

Dynamical analysis of a spinning solar sail

This paper discusses the orbit and attitude dynamics of a solar sail, and gives the sufficient conditions of a stable orbit and attitude coupled system. The stability of the coupled system is determined by the orbit stability and attitude stability. Based on the sufficient conditions, a spin-stabilized solar sail of cone configuration is proposed to evolve in the heliocentric displaced orbit. For this kind of configuration, the attitude is always stable by spinning itself. The orbit stability depends on the orbit parameters of the heliocentric displaced orbit, the ratio of the orbit radius to displaced distance and orbit angular velocity. If the center of mass and center of pressure overlap, it can be proved that the coupled system is stable when the orbit parameters are chosen in the stable region. When the center of mass and center of pressure offset exists, the stability of the coupled system can not be judged. A numerical example is given and the result shows that both the orbit and attitude are stable for the case.     

Spectral line broadening by relativistic electrons in plasmas: Collision operator

In the present work we compute the real part of the impact collision operator for the electron broadening of ion lines in plasmas, taking into account relativistic effects in the dynamics of the perturbing electron. Specifically two relativistic effects are included: The modification of the trajectory due to non-Newtonian mechanics and the modification of the velocity distribution (Maxwell–Juttner). The results are compared to the non-relativistic case.     

Spectral response of Experimental Geodetic Satellite determined from high repetition rate SLR data

The design of the retroreflector array (RRA) of the fast spinning Experimental Geodetic Satellite (Ajisai) allows to determine orientation of its spin axis by means of frequency analysis. Moving spectral analysis (MSA) of the simulated Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data gives information about frequencies which can be obtained for the whole range of the incident angle between the laser beam vector and the spin axis of the spacecraft. This frequency signal changes as the incident laser beam crosses consecutive rings of the RRA.     

铷光谱灯老化自动测试设备研制与应用

介绍了铷光谱灯老化自动测试设备的研制与应用,应用ATE技术实现了铷光谱灯的批量老化及长期自动测量,为筛选评估提供数据,解决了高性能铷原子钟的产品化研制和小型铷原子钟批量生产中的重要问题。系统功能完善、测量准确度高、软件界面清晰、操作简单,有效改进了铷原子钟研制生产的工艺水平,提高了研制生产过程的信息化程度。     

Modeling and data analysis of a Forbush decrease

We study the Forbush decrease of the galactic cosmic ray intensity observed in 9–25 September 2005 using the experimental data and a newly developed time-dependent three dimensional modeling. We analyze neutron monitors and muon telescopes, and the interplanetary magnetic field data. We demonstrate a clear relationship between the rigidity (R) spectrum exponent (γ) of the Forbush decrease and the exponent (ν) of the power spectral density of the components of the interplanetary magnetic field in the frequency range of ∼ 10⁻⁶–10 ⁻⁵ Hz. We confirm that an inclusion of the time-dependent changes of the exponent ν makes the newly developed nonstationary three dimensional model of the Forbush decrease compatible with the experimental data. Also, we show that the changes of the rigidity spectrum exponent γ does not depend on the level of convection of the galactic cosmic rays stream by solar wind; depending on the changes of the exponent ν, i.e. on the state of the turbulence of the interplanetary magnetic field.     

基于低温辐射计的探测器绝对光谱响应率测量

探测器的绝对光谱响应率是衡量光电探测器性能优劣的重要参数,直接反映其光电转化的能力。通过对低温辐射计,功率稳定系统光路调整的介绍,基于低温辐射计,对探测器可见光范围的7个波长的绝对光谱响应率进行了高精度测量,分析了测量结果。     

Spectral quality may be used to alter plant disease development in CELSS.

Plants were grown under light emitting diode (LED) arrays with different spectral qualities to determine the effects of light on the development of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in peppers and powdery mildew on cucumbers. One LED array supplied 100% of the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) at 660 nm, a second array supplied 90% of the PPF at 660 nm and 10% at 735 nm, and a third array supplied 98% of the PPF at 660 nm with 2% in the blue region (380-500 nm) supplied by blue fluorescent lamps. Control plants were grown under metal halide (MH) lamps. Pepper plants inoculated with ToMV and grown under 660 and 660/735 LED arrays showed marked increases in both the rate and the severity of symptoms as compared to inoculated plants grown under the MH lamp or 660/blue array. Pepper plants grown under the 660/blue array did not develop symptoms as rapidly as inoculated plants grown under the 660 or 660/735 arrays, but they did develop symptoms faster than inoculated plants grown under the MH lamp. The numbers of colonies of powdery mildew per leaf and the size of each colony were greatest on inoculated cucumber plants grown under the MH lamp.     

地球敏感器光谱波段对红外带通滤光片的影响

从卫星用红外带通滤光片的膜系设计出发,分析了地球敏感器的不同光谱波段（工作波段）对锗基片和碲片铅镀膜材料的吸收和透射率的影响,以及对滤光片膜系的等效折射率和反射损失的影响。给出了设计结果,提出了卫星用地球敏感器的最佳光谱波段。     

Main conclusions of the international colloquium on “Spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing”

The colloquium held in Avignon (France) from September 8th to 11th 1981 within the framework of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, was the first international meeting to be given over exclusively to the question of spectral signatures.A number of general conclusions can be drawn from the working sessions :- present day knowledge is much more advanced concerning visible and near infrared than for thermal infrared and (more particularly) micro-waves ;- irrespective of the spectral range studied, radiometric signals reflected or emitted by a vegetative canopy are closely related to its geometry ;- the combination of the vertical and oblique views of a given zone should provide additional data leading to finer discrimination between different crops at any given time ;- by using polarization of light, it should be possible to identify certain phenological stages.